The prevalence of and major risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy in Gegharkunik region of Armenia, 2012

AimTo provide contemporary longitudinal data on the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a multi-ethnic population of whites, African Americans, Chinese and Hispanics in the United States.MethodsA prospective, multi-region, multi-ethnic population-based cohort study that included 498 participants with diabetes, aged 45–84 years at baseline, from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis with retinal images obtained twice, on average 8 years apart. Presence and severity of DR were graded from these retinal images according to the modified Airlie House classification system. Main outcome measures were 8-year incidence, progression and improvement of DR, and their associated risk factors.ResultsOver the 8 years, the cumulative rates were 19.2% for incident DR, 17.3% for DR progression, 23.3% for DR improvement, 2.7% for incident vision-threatening DR, 1.8% for incident proliferative DR and 2.2% for incident macular oedema. In multivariate analysis, significant risk factors associated with incident DR were higher glycosylated haemoglobin (relative risk (RR) 1.28; 95% CI: 1.16 to 1.41) and higher systolic blood pressure (RR 1.14; 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.25). Significant factors associated with DR progression were higher glycosylated haemoglobin (RR 1.20; 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.43) and higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (RR 1.01; 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.03).ConclusionOver an 8-year period, approximately one in five participants with diabetes developed DR, while almost a quarter of those with DR at baseline showed improvement, possibly reflecting the positive impact of clinical and public health efforts in improving diabetes care in the United States over the last two decades.

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Risk Factors Associated With Diabetic Retinopathy: A Cross-Sectional Study Within Palestinian Patients in Northern West Bank

Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare ◽

10.3389/fcdhc.2021.736715 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

Author(s):

Johnny Amer ◽

Raghad Suboh ◽

Manar Abualrob ◽

Amira Shaheen ◽

Abdul Raheem Abu Shanab

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

West Bank ◽

Total Cholesterol Level ◽

Strong Predictor ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated

Risk factors associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) have been widely researched worldwide, but the determinants of these factors among diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Palestine are currently unclear. We aimed to assess the prevalence of DR among DM in Northern West Bank and identify factors associated with DR natural history. Patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2D) (n = 300, age > 18 years) from a main diabetic center covering all northern provinces of Palestine were enrolled to this cross-sectional research. Demographic information including age, sex, and duration of T2D was obtained. Moreover, HbA1C, BMI, hypertension (HTN), controlled T2D, current smoking, and total cholesterol level were assessed. Potential correlations between these factors and DR diagnosed by ophthalmologist were evaluated using different tests on SPSS version 22. Prevalence of DR among our population was 30%; 47.8% of these patients showed mild non-proliferative DR (NPDR), 23.3% moderate NPDR, 16.7% severe NPDR, and 12.2% proliferative DR (PDR). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed age (p = 0.007), HTN (p = 0.022), uncontrolled T2D (p = 0.025), and duration of T2D (<0.001) were mostly associated with DR while multivariate logistic regression showed duration of T2D as the major and solely risk factor for prevalence of DR (p < 0.0001) and were positively correlated with severities of NPDR and being a strong predictor in the PDR (p = 0.001). We identified several important risk factors that affect DR, which could assist to develop effective strategies for metabolic disease prevention among populations in Palestine. Furthermore, our data suggest a necessity to control sugar serum levels and HTN.

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Factors Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

International Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1155/2012/157940 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Bin-Bin He ◽

Li Wei ◽

Yun-Juan Gu ◽

Jun-Feng Han ◽

Ming Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Glycated Albumin ◽

Chinese Patients ◽

Related Factors ◽

C Peptide ◽

Duration Of Diabetes ◽

Factors Associated

Objective.To investigate the risk factors of DR in Chinese T2DM patients.Methods.2009 patients with T2DM were included in this cross-sectional study. All patients underwent eye examination, and the DR stage was defined by an ophthalmologist. Correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the relation between DR and clinical variables. Logistic regression models were used to assess risk for those factors associated with DR.Results.A total of 597 T2DM patients (29.7%) had DR, of which 548 (27.3%) were nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and 49 (2.4%) were proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Positive correlations were found between DR and duration of diabetes, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin, glycated albumin, 24 hurinary albumin excretion, peripheral atherosclerosis (PA), diabetes nephropathy (DN), diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and anemia. Negative correlations were found between DR and C-peptide and glomerular filtration rate. Logistic regression analysis revealed that duration of diabetes, SBP, DN, anemia, PA, and C-peptide were each independent risk factors of DR.Conclusion.The duration of diabetes, SBP, DN, anemia, and PA are positively associated with DR in Chinese T2DM patients, while C-peptide is negatively associated with DR. Monitoring and evaluation of these related factors will likely contribute to the prevention and treatment of DR.

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Evaluating the Risk Factors of Development and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy: A Review Study

Shiraz E-Medical Journal ◽

10.5812/semj.117171 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol In Press (In Press) ◽

Author(s):

Seyed Ahmad Rasoulinejad

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Health System ◽

Visual Impairment ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Common Disease ◽

Multifactorial Disease ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Review Study

: Diabetes is a chronic, underlying, and common disease worldwide that imposes an enormous burden on the health system. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious complication in the eye caused by diabetes and may lead to visual impairment and blindness. The knowledge about the risk factors of DR is critical for the prevention of disease and developing treatment options. Moreover, DR is a multifactorial disease, and many studies have demonstrated various risk factors associated with it, such as hyperglycemia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, etc. In this review study, we survey the main risk factors of the development and progression of DR.

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Risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy in South Asian patients

Journal of Modern Optics ◽

10.1080/09500340600855270 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 54 (9) ◽

pp. 1289-1298

Author(s):

S. Pardhan ◽

I. Mahomed

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

South Asian ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Asian Patients

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THE PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH TYPE 2 DIABETIC RETINOPATHY IN RWANDA

International Journal of Advanced Research ◽

10.21474/ijar01/13559 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 402-410

Author(s):

A. Niyodusenga ◽

◽

T.N. Kiama ◽

C. Muhizi ◽

F. Bukachi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Ordinal Data ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Type 2 Diabetic ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Retinopathy

Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with type 2 diabetic retinopathy in Rwanda. Methods: A case-control study was conducted from January to September 2019 in four hospitals within the Republic of Rwanda. Type 2 diabetic patients were screened for retinopathy. Patients with retinopathy were considered as cases and those without retinopathy as controls. A study sample of 592 participants were enrolled, 66 cases and 526 controls. Diabetic retinopathy was assessed by indirect ophthalmoscopy performed for each eye with a slit-lamp +90D lens. Plasma glucose and Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were measured by colorimetric enzymatic tests. Albuminuria was measured by quantitative spectrophotometric method. Triglycerides, Total, HDL and LDL cholesterol, Urea and Creatinine were assayed by colorimetric methods. A questionnaire was used to assess medical history and demographic status. Data were analyzed by use of SPSS version 20. Statistical analyses were performed by Chi square to show association between nominal and ordinal data. Multivariate logistic regression analysis to select independent variables was performed. Odds ratio was used as a measure of association. Results: The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in this study population was 11.2%. Independent risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy were long duration of diabetes, hyperglycemia, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and albuminuria. Conclusion: The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy is high and is associated with traditional modifiable risk factors. Early detection and management of diabetes mellitus and these risk factors, combined with good adherence to scheduled eye examination would greatly improve the quality of life of affected patients.

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