Use of e-cigarettes by young people in Great Britain before and after Tobacco Products Directive

Abstract Background Young people’s experimentation with e-cigarettes has increased in recent years, although regular use remains rare. In May 2016, the EU Tobacco Products Directive (TPD) introduced regulations aimed in part at preventing use by young people. It imposed warnings on e-cigarette packets, banned many forms of advertising, and restricted nicotine strength. This paper examines change in young people’s e-cigarette use after TPD, as well as complementary and alternative causal explanations for change, from young people’s perspectives. Methods Quantitative data sources were 2013, 2015 and 2017 School Health Research Network/Health Behaviour in School-aged Children surveys in Wales and 2014 and 2016 Smoking Drinking and Drug Use surveys in England. Data were analysed using segmented binary logistic regression in Wales, with simpler before and after analyses in England. Results were considered alongside qualitative interview data from young people aged 14-15 years in England, Wales and Scotland, collected in 2017 and 2018. Results Ever-use of e-cigarettes almost doubled from 2013-15, though subsequent increases were smaller. In Wales, where pre-legislation time series data were available, under a range of assumptions, prior growth in e-cigarette ever-use did not continue post-TPD. Change in trend post-TPD did not reach significance (OR = 0.96; 95%CI=0.91 to 1.01), but became significant after adjusting for change in smoking rates across the time-series (OR = 0.93; 95%CI=0.88 to 0.98). Regular use did not increase significantly from 2015 to 2017 in Wales, although ever and regular use in England both increased from 2014 to 2016. Young people described limited interactions with core components of TPD, while commonly describing e-cigarette use as a fad which was beginning to run its course. Conclusions Growth in youth experimentation with e-cigarettes may be slowing. Qualitative data from young people provide a range of explanations which appear largely unrelated to TPD itself. Key messages Survey data provide preliminary evidence that use of e-cigarettes may be plateauing among young people in the UK after a rapid initial increase in experimentation. Explanations position e-cigarettes as a passing fad which is beginning to lose its appeal in UK youth. Longer term monitoring of trends and perceptions remain vital.

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Have e-cigarettes renormalised or displaced youth smoking? Results of a segmented regression analysis of repeated cross sectional survey data in England, Scotland and Wales

Tobacco Control ◽

10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054584 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. tobaccocontrol-2018-054584 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Britt Hallingberg ◽

Olivia M Maynard ◽

Linda Bauld ◽

Rachel Brown ◽

Linsay Gray ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Young People ◽

Rapid Growth ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Series Data ◽

Youth Smoking ◽

Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rate Of Decline

ObjectivesTo examine whether during a period of limited e-cigarette regulation and rapid growth in their use, smoking began to become renormalised among young people.DesignInterrupted time-series analysis of repeated cross-sectional time-series data.SettingGreat BritainParticipants248 324 young people aged approximately 13 and 15 years, from three national surveys during the years 1998–2015.InterventionUnregulated growth of e-cigarette use (following the year 2010, until 2015).Outcome measuresPrimary outcomes were prevalence of self-reported ever smoking and regular smoking. Secondary outcomes were attitudes towards smoking. Tertiary outcomes were ever use of cannabis and alcohol.ResultsIn final models, no significant change was detected in the pre-existing trend for ever smoking (OR 1.01, CI 0.99 to 1.03). There was a marginally significant slowing in the rate of decline for regular smoking (OR 1.04, CI 1.00 to 1.08), accompanied by a larger slowing in the rate of decline of cannabis use (OR 1.21, CI 1.18 to 1.25) and alcohol use (OR 1.17, CI 1.14 to 1.19). In all models and subgroup analyses for smoking attitudes, an increased rate of decline was observed after 2010 (OR 0.88, CI 0.86 to 0.90). Models were robust to sensitivity analyses.ConclusionsThere was a marginal slowing in the decline in regular smoking during the period following 2010, when e-cigarettes were emerging but relatively unregulated. However, these patterns were not unique to tobacco use and the decline in the acceptability of smoking behaviour among youth accelerated during this time. These analyses provide little evidence that renormalisation of youth smoking was occurring during a period of rapid growth and limited regulation of e-cigarettes from 2011 to 2015.Trial registration numberResearch registry number: researchregistry4336

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Perbandingan Kontribusi Bruto Asuransi Syariah Sebelum dan Sesudah Pandemi Covid-19

Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance Studies ◽

10.47700/jiefes.v2i2.3461 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 142

Author(s):

Arin Ramadhiani Soleha ◽

Iza Hanifuddin

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Insurance Industry ◽

Series Data ◽

Islamic Finance ◽

Mutual Help ◽

Paired Samples ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Islamic Insurance

AbstractIslamic insurance has a big role in the Islamic finance sector with the principle of mutual help. Gross contribution is one of the funds that can be utilized for insurance participants and companies. Covid19, which has an impact on the economic sector, makes understanding the growth of sharia insurance before and after the pandemic in terms of gross contribution very important. This study aims to further review the gross contribution from March-December to find out whether there is a significant difference from the gross contribution of sharia insurance before and after the Covid-19 pandemic. The study was conducted using a comparative quantitative approach with two paired samples. The research sample uses time series data, namely the gross contribution of sharia insurance in 2019 and 2020 for the period from March to December. The results of this study found that the comparison of gross contribution to the Islamic insurance industry seen before the 2019 pandemic and after the 2020 pandemic which was taken from March to December was normally distributed. This means that the development of sharia insurance when viewed before the 2019 pandemic and after the 2020 pandemic according to the gross contributions from sharia insurance participants did not experience a significant difference and will certainly increase.AbstrakAsuransi syariah memiliki peran besar pada sektor keuangan syariah dengan prinsip saling tolongmenolong. Kontribusi bruto merupakan salah satu dana yang dapat dimanfaatkan bagi peserta asuransi maupun perusahaan. Covid-19 yang berdampak pada sektor perekonomian, menjadikan pemahaman mengenai pertumbuhan asuransi syariah sebelum dan sesudah pandemi ditinjau dari kontribusi bruto sangat penting. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meninjau lebih lanjut kontribusi bruto dari Maret-Desember untuk mengetahui apakah ada perbedaan yang signifikan dari kontribusi bruto asuransi syariah sebelum dan sesudah pandemi Covid-19. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan kuantitatif komparatif dengan dua sampel berpasangan. Sampel penelitian menggunakan data time series yaitu kontribusi bruto asuransi syariah tahun 2019 dan 2020 periode bulan Maret hingga Desember. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa perbandingan kontribusi bruto pada industri asuransi syariah dilihat saat sebelum pandemi tahun 2019 dan sesudah pandemi 2020 yang diambil pada periode Maret hingga Desember berdistribusi normal. Hal tersebut berarti bahwa perkembangan asuransi syariah jika ditinjau pada saat sebelum pandemi tahun 2019 dan sesudah pandemi tahun 2020 menurut kontribusi bruto yang berasal dari para peserta asuransi syariah tidak mengalami perbedaan yang signifikan dan dapat dipastikan akan mengalami peningkatan.

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DAMPAK KETIDAKSTABILAN NILAI TUKAR RUPIAH TERHADAP PERMINTAAN UANG M2 DI INDONESIA

Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan ◽

10.23917/jep.v9i2.1020 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 121

Author(s):

Etty Puji Lestari

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Impulse Response ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Research Result ◽

Forecast Model ◽

Variance Decomposition ◽

Series Data ◽

Stationary Condition ◽

Before And After ◽

Structural Innovation

This article attempts to estimate demand for M2 money in Indonesia using time series non-stationary technique in 1997.1 - 2006.4. There are four methods are used in research, first, VAR estimation used to forecast model which have interaction of data time series. Second, function impulse response to see response from every variable to structural innovation of the other variables at the same time. Third, variance decomposition to know dissociating variation change of shock from each variable to other variables in model. Fourth method, ADL ECM to see long-range adjustment in variable, before and after addition of variable. The result, there are non-stationary condition in the time series data in the research. Result of VAR estimation show that there is no causality relation two ways among fifth of variable. From impulse, response known that response of M2 variable to other variable very fluctuative but finally the condition will return to stabilize.

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Effects of Speed Limit Enforcement Cameras on Accident Rates

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.3141/1830-04 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 1830 (1) ◽

pp. 25-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Stephane Hess ◽

John Polak

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Series Data ◽

Speed Limit ◽

Regression To The Mean ◽

Average Decrease ◽

The Best Approximation ◽

Before And After ◽

Accident Data ◽

Accident Rates

Speed limit enforcement cameras (SLECs) have been in operation in Great Britain since 1991. However, there is still considerable dispute regarding their effectiveness in reducing accident rates. The aim of this research was to analyze the effects of SLECs on accident rates in Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, using time series data collected over an 11-year period. A time series analysis of the accident data revealed the presence of both trend and seasonality components. A method was developed to remove the influence of these two components from the data and compare mean accident levels before and after installation of the camera. The method was also constructed in such a way that it would be able to distinguish between the actual effects of the camera installation and the effects of regression to the mean. The initial investigation into the effects of SLECs showed an average decrease over sites in the monthly accident frequency by around 18%; a more detailed analysis suggested that the best approximation of the effect of the introduction of a SLEC is a decrease in injury accidents by 31.26%, thus giving clear evidence that SLECs do indeed contribute to a significant decrease in accident numbers.

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Impact of the As Samra wastewater treatment plant upgrade on the water quality (COD, electrical conductivity, TP, TN) of the Zarqa River

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2013.686 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 67 (7) ◽

pp. 1455-1464 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

A. Al-Omari ◽

Z. Al-houri ◽

R. Al-Weshah

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Time Series ◽

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Wastewater Reuse ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Series Data ◽

Before And After ◽

Zarqa River

The impact of the As Samra wastewater treatment plant upgrade on the quality of the Zarqa River (ZR) water was investigated. Time series data that extend from October 2005 until December 2009 obtained by a state-of-the-art telemetric monitoring system were analyzed at two monitoring stations located 4 to 5 km downstream of the As Samra effluent confluence with the Zarqa River and about 25 km further downstream. Time series data that represent the ZR water quality before and after the As Samra upgrade were analyzed for chemical oxygen demand (COD), electrical conductivity (EC), total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN). The means of the monitored parameters, before and after the As Samra upgrade, showed that the reductions in the COD, TP and TN were statistically significant, while no reduction in the EC was observed. Comparing the selected parameters with the Jordanian standards for reclaimed wastewater reuse in irrigation and with the Ayers & Westcot guidelines for interpretation of water quality for irrigation showed that the ZR water has improved towards meeting the required standards and guidelines for treated wastewater reuse in irrigation.

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Linkage Effects Mining in Stock Market Based on Multi-Resolution Time Series Network

Information ◽

10.3390/info9110276 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 276 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lingyu Xu ◽

Huan Xu ◽

Jie Yu ◽

Lei Wang

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Stock Market ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Financial Time Series ◽

Investment Strategy ◽

Series Data ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Evolution Characteristics ◽

Before And After ◽

Linkage Effects

Previous research on financial time-series data mainly focused on the analysis of market evolution and trends, ignoring its characteristics in different resolutions and stages. This paper discusses the evolution characteristics of the financial market in different resolutions, and presents a method of complex network analysis based on wavelet transform. The analysis method has proven the linkage effects of the plate sector in China’s stock market and has that found plate drift phenomenon occurred before and after the stock market crash. In addition, we also find two different evolutionary trends, namely the W-type and M-type trends. The discovery of linkage plate and drift phenomena are important and referential for enterprise investors to build portfolio investment strategy, and play an important role for policy makers in analyzing evolution characteristics of the stock market.

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Analysis of Tectonic Plate Velocity Variations in the Sunda Strait Based on GPS Time-series Data

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/873/1/012084 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 873 (1) ◽

pp. 012084

Author(s):

Y Dhira ◽

I Meilano ◽

D W Dudy

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Subduction Zone ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Series Data ◽

Time Interval ◽

Tectonic Plate ◽

Tectonic Plates ◽

Plate Velocity ◽

Before And After ◽

Gps Time Series

Abstract Indonesia is an earthquake-prone country located in the junction of four tectonic plates, namely the Indo-Australian, Eurasian, Philippine, and Pacific. The convergent boundary between tectonic plates is also called a subduction zone that can produce great earthquakes in the future. One of the subduction zones in Indonesia is the Sunda Strait subduction zone which predicted can release a M7.8 earthquake. Previous research stated that there is a change in tectonic plate velocity after an earthquake ruptured. It is likely that this could happen in the Sunda Strait area which has experienced several large earthquakes. In this study, we conducted research to find out the information on the tectonic plate velocity changes in the Sunda Strait. We used Global Positioning System (GPS) time-series data provided by Indonesia Geospatial Information Agency (BIG). The time series data is used to calculate the earthquake displacement, the changes in GPS velocity of before and after earthquake, and the changes in velocity of each time interval. Our results show that the horizontal displacement due to the earthquake at all GPS stations ranged from 3.34 mm to 7.36 mm in the north-south direction and -27.45 mm to 0.18 mm in the east-west direction. Furthermore, the result of the changes in GPS velocity before and after an earthquake ranged from 2.25 mm/year to 12.60 mm/year and 1.80 mm/year to 13.35 mm/year. The pattern of change in velocity is likely due to post-seismic deformation from the 2012 Indian Ocean earthquake, the 2016 Sumatra earthquake, and also other tectonic factors.

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Graphical Exploratory Data Analysis for Categorical Longitudinal and Time Series Data

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e634372013-001 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Stephen J. Tueller ◽

Richard A. Van Dorn ◽

Georgiy Bobashev ◽

Barry Eggleston

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Data Analysis ◽

Exploratory Data Analysis ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Series Data ◽

Exploratory Data

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Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Nilai Tukar Dollar Amerika Serikat Terhadap Rupiah Tahun 2000–2013

Jurnal Riset Manajemen Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Widya Wiwaha Program Magister Manajemen ◽

10.32477/jrm.v1i2.72 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 177-191

Author(s):

Rizki Rahma Kusumadewi ◽

Wahyu Widayat

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Exchange Rate ◽

Money Supply ◽

Time Series Data ◽

The United States ◽

Economic Conditions ◽

Series Data ◽

Arch Model ◽

United States Dollar ◽

The Exchange Rate

Exchange rate is one tool to measure a country’s economic conditions. The growth of a stable currency value indicates that the country has a relatively good economic conditions or stable. This study has the purpose to analyze the factors that affect the exchange rate of the Indonesian Rupiah against the United States Dollar in the period of 2000-2013. The data used in this study is a secondary data which are time series data, made up of exports, imports, inflation, the BI rate, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and the money supply (M1) in the quarter base, from first quarter on 2000 to fourth quarter on 2013. Regression model time series data used the ARCH-GARCH with ARCH model selection indicates that the variables that significantly influence the exchange rate are exports, inflation, the central bank rate and the money supply (M1). Whereas import and GDP did not give any influence.

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