Dynamics and Determinants of Market Integration of Green, Clean, Dirty Energy Investments and Conventional Stock Indices

We examine market integration across and clean and green investments, crude oil, and conventional stock indices covering technology stocks, and United States and European stocks. Using daily data covering the period December 1, 2008—October 8, 2020, we first apply the dynamic equicorrelation (DECO) model and make inferences regarding the time-varying level of market integration. Then, we use several regression models and uncover the driving factors of market integration under lower and upper quantiles of the distribution of the equicorrelation. The results show that return equicorrelation varies with time and is shaped by the COVID19 outbreak. Various uncertainty measures are the main drivers of market integration, especially at high levels of market integration. During the COVID-19 outbreak period, the United States Dollar index, the term spread, and the Chinese stock market index have significantly increased market integration.

Cost-effectiveness of ocrelizumab for treatment of Iranian patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis

Background: The current study desired to conduct an economic analysis on ocrelizumab (OCR), a new relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) treatment strategy, in comparison to natalizumab (NTL), as one of the mostly-used disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) in Iran. Methods: A 31-health-state Markov model, based on Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), containing patients on- and off-treatment with annual cycles was developed. Baseline demographics and utility scores were extracted from OPERA 1 and 2 trials. Confirmed disability progression (CDP) and annualized relapse rates (ARR) were extracted from the literature. Mortality was calculated based on age, sex, and disease state. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and life years gained (LYG) were measurements of efficacy. Direct and indirect costs were identified and calculated based on the national book of tariffs in Iranian Rial (IRR) rates, then converted to the 2020 United States Dollar (USD). Final results were reported in terms of incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), which showed extra costs required for one additional QALY. Robustness of the model was analyzed through deterministic sensitivity analysis (DSA) and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA). Results: OCR dominated NTL and was associated with cost-savings of 6971 USD, longer LYG (0.004), and higher QALYs (0.27). Although OCR had higher acquisition costs, which was the main component in both comparator arms, it was associated with lower total costs, due to lower disability progression and productivity loss. Results remained robust in DSA and PSA (93.5% cost-effectiveness in Iran’s pharmacoeconomic threshold, 2709 USD). Conclusion: Results suggested that OCR was a more cost-effective option than NTL for the treatment of patients with RMS in Iran.

The influence of imports, foreign exchange reserves, external debt, and interest rates on the currency exchange rates against the United States Dollar in Southeast Asia Countries

This study aims to analyze the effect of imports, foreign exchange reserves, foreign debt, and interest rates on the currency exchange rates against the United States Dollar in Southeast Asia countries. The study results found that from 2010 to 2017, the currency exchange rates against the United States Dollar in Southeast Asian countries tended to weaken (depreciate). The highest growth in the exchange rate against the United States dollar was in Indonesia, while the lowest was in Singapore. Foreign exchange reserves negatively affect foreign debt, and imports positively affect countries' exchange rates in the Southeast Asia region against the United States dollar. On the other hand, interest rates do not show a significant effect.

One dollar incentive improves tuberculosis treatment outcomes in programmatic settings in rural Uganda

The study aim was to determine the association of a one United States dollar (USD) dollar incentive and tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes among people with TB receiving treatment at a rural hospital in Uganda under programmatic settings. We conducted a quasi-experiment in which people with TB were randomised (1:1 ratio) to receive either a one USD incentive at months 0, 2, 5 and 6 (Dollar arm) or routine care (Routine arm). A second control group (Retrospective controls) consisted of participants who had a treatment outcome in the preceding 6 months. Treatment outcomes were compared between the intervention and control groups using Pearson’s chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. The association between the incentive and treatment outcomes was determined using Poisson regression analysis with robust variances. Between November 2018 and October 2019, we enrolled 180 participants (60 in the Dollar arm and 120 in the Control group). TB cure (33.3% vs. 20.8%, p = 0.068) and treatment success (70.0% vs. 59.2% p = 0.156) were higher in the Dollar arm than the Control group, while loss-to-follow-up was lower in the Dollar arm (10.0% vs. 20.8% p = 0.070). Participants in the Dollar arm were more likely to be cured (adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR): 1.59, 95% CI 1.04–2.44, p = 0.032) and less likely to be lost to follow-up (aIRR: 0.44, 95% CI 0.20–0.96, p = 0.040). A one-dollar incentive was associated with higher TB cure and lower loss-to-follow-up among people with TB in rural Uganda.

Forecasting Malaysian Ringgit Using Exponential Smoothing Techniques

Forecasting the foreign currency exchange is a challenging task since it is influenced by political, economic and psychological factors. This paper focuses on the forecasting Malaysian Ringgit (MYR) exchange rate against the United States Dollar (USD) using Exponential Smoothing Techniques which are Single Exponential Smoothing, Double Exponential Smoothing, and Holt’s method. The objectives of this paper are to identify the best Exponential Smoothing Technique that describes MYR for 5 years period and to forecast MYR 12 months ahead by using the best Exponential Smoothing Technique. The comparison between these techniques is also made and the best one will be selected to forecast the MYR exchange rate against USD. The result showed that Holt’s method has the smallest value of error measure which depending on the Mean Square Error (MSE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) for the evaluation part. The MSE is 1.43915x10-14 and MAPE is 2.5413 x 10-6. Meanwhile, the forecast value of MYR in August 2019 is RM 4.30226.

Handmade solar dryer: an environmentally and economically viable alternative for small and medium producers

The solar dryer can reduce production costs, energy consumption, waste (use fruits outside the quality standard for fresh consumption) and is an alternative for small and medium producers. The solar dryer can reduce costs and is an alternative for small and medium producers worldwide. The consumption of fresh and processed tomatoes is high in the world, but post-harvest losses is also and drying is an alternative to reduce these losses. The temperature maintenance and drying time corresponds 30% of the costs. The objective was evaluated the tomato physicochemical characteristics after drying in handmade solar dryer. ‘Carmen’ tomato fruits were bleached in water, 2.5% NaCl solution, 2.5% NaCl + 0.5% CaCl2 solution and unbleached. Tomato slices were placed in a handmade solar dryer from 7:00 to 17:00. The solar dryer prototype was wood made, comprising a collector and a drying chamber. The average cost of the camera was US$ 13.08 (1 Brazilian Real = 0.26 United States Dollar). Water loss, drying kinetics, mathematical models and physicochemical characteristics of fresh and dried tomatoes were evaluated. The average length of solar drying for the four treatments was 30 h and the Midilli and Kucuk mathematical model was the most adjusted. The acidity, reducing sugars and soluble solids were concentrated by drying, while ascorbic acid was reduced. The pH did not change. Tomatoes 'Carmen' can be dried in a handmade solar dryer for 30 h while maintaining product quality.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Genomic Profiling in Early Breast Cancer in Colombia

Background: In Colombia, the best strategy to establish indication for adjuvant chemotherapy in early breast cancer (EBC) remains unknown. This study aimed to identify the cost-effectiveness of various strategies to establish the necessity of adjuvant chemotherapy.Methods: This study used an adapted decision-analytic model to compare cost and outcomes of care that includes Oncotype DX™ (ODX) or Mammaprint™ (MMP) tests with routine care without ODX or MMP tests (adjuvant chemotherapy for all patients) over a 5-year time horizon from the perspective of the Colombian National Health System (NHS; payer). Data were obtained from published literature and clinical trial database. The study population comprised women with hormone-receptor-positive (HR+), HER2-negative, lymph-node-negative (LN0) EBC with high-risk clinical criteria for recurrence. The outcome measures were incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER; 2019 United States dollar per quality-adjusted life-year [QALY] gained) and net monetary benefit (NMB).Results: ODX increases QALYs by 0.05 and MMP by 0.03 with savings of $2,445 and $570 compared with the standard strategy, respectively. ICER for ODX was −$41,857 and that for MMP was −$18,253 per QALY; NMB was $2,821 and $771, respectively. Both tests were cost-effective under the defined threshold. When the two tests were compared, ODX was more cost-effective than MMP. Sensitivity analysis revealed that with a threshold of 1 gross domestic product per capita, ODX will be cost-effective in 95.5% of the cases compared with 70.2% cases involving MMP. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis revealed that ODX was a consistently superior strategy.Conclusions: Genomic profiling using ODX or MMP tests to define the need of adjuvant chemotherapy treatment in patients with HR+ and HER2− EBC is a cost-effective strategy that allows Colombian NHS to maintain budget.

Assessing the north Indian maritime cyclonic turbulences with extraordinary reference to incredibly serious cyclonic tempest Fani: Meteorological inconstancy, India's readiness with the awful consequences

Having a complete coastline region around 7516 km with a 5400 km. long territory coastline, India is exceptionally susceptible to common perils like tropical cyclones (TCs). The investigation dependent on the historic datasets (1891–2019) of TCs over the North Indian Ocean (NIO) additionally guarantees that the four seaside states (West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu) and one union territory (Pondicherry/Puducherry) on the east coast much of the time face cyclonic tempest than other seaside parts of India. The periodical pattern (pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon) of cyclonic tempests over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and Arabian Sea (AS) over the past 150 years likewise help to unfurl the way that the West Bengal and Odisha coast are unmasked to TCs generally during the storm season (June to September) including with robust winds, heavy precipitation, and high tempest surge. The extremely severe cyclonic storm (ESCS) Fani is the most extraordinary summer cyclones, the first one in quite a while to strike the seaside part of Odisha on May 3, 2019, and one of the three most exceedingly terrible cyclones over the past 150 years with a supported surface wind speed of 175–180 kph. Odisha has been influenced unpleasantly because of the supremacy of Fani. While the loss of life was restricted within 64 because of the fast evacuation of almost 1.68 million persons, the executioner cyclone has caused excessive destructions to sociable extents (lodging, education, and food security), beneficial areas (cultivation, fisheries, and domesticated animals), and informative zones (power, telecom, street, water offices, and public constructions). The measured costs have arrived at almost 4.18 billion United States Dollar (USD) just in Odisha. The southern portion of West Bengal has additionally been influenced severely because of extraordinary downpours and high tempest surges (2–3 m above mean sea level). In this study, we used remote sensing-based Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Ground Range Detected (GRD) Level-1 datasets through Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform for evaluating the fatal cyclone Fani. Hereafter, the current investigation effectively advocates the historic experience of TCs over NIO with specific reference to ESCS Fani including its meteorological instability, readiness, and the path of annihilation.

Hukum Kepabeanan dalam Kegiatan Pelaku Usaha Jasa Titip Online

ABSTRACTThe role of Customs and Excise Type C Soekarno-Hatta in carrying out supervision of onlne deposit service business operators who do not pay import duty and tax in the framework of import as well as the modus operandi carried out by online deposit service business actors to avoid payment of import duty and deeds of perpetrators online courier services business perspective criminal law because, the number of online entourage business operators who use passenger luggage facilities contained in Article 7 and Article 12 of the Minister of Finance Regulation Number 203 / PMK.04 / 2017 concerning the provisions on the export and import of goods carried by passengers and the crew of the means of conveyance, namely exemption of imported imported goods up to a maximum value of Free On Boad USD 500.00 (Five Hundred United States Dollars) per person for each arrival is exempted from import duty. However, this exemption from import duty is utilized by business people who entrust online services to carry out trading activities, because basically this regulation is for personal goods of passengers or personal use and not for goods. This research uses qualitative research by combining an empirical approach is legal research on law in fact and applied by humans who live in the community itself and to determine the implementation of legal norms that have been applied. The results of this study aimed that the role of Customs and Excise Soekarno-Hatta in carrying out complaints against business operators entrusting services online, using the category of passenger luggage control by conducting preliminary supervision by looking at, baggage x-ray analysis and looking at passenger profiles using the Passanger Name Record system For Government (PNR-GOV), then the modus operandi of online business services is to use deminimis threshold by recognizing that service goods are left as personal goods and not giving actual customs notification. Acts carried out by online deposit service business operators who do not pay taxes by physically smuggling by placing their merchandise in improper places have violated the rules of Article 102 letter (e) of Law Number 17 Year 2006 concerning Customs of the act of entrusted business services online by not notifying the type and / or quantity of imported goods in customs notification wrongly violating Article 102 letter (h) of Law Number 17 Year 2006 concerning Customs. The threat of criminal imprisonment is 1 (one) year and a maximum of 10 (ten) years and a fine of at least Rp.50,000,000.00 (fifty million rupiah) and a maximum of Rp.5,000,000,000.00 (five billion rupiah).Keywords: Business Executives Services Online, Customs Type C Soekarno Hatta, Exemption from Import Duties.ABSTRAKPeran Bea dan Cukai Tipe C Soekarno-Hatta dalam melakukan pengawasan terhadap pelaku usaha jasa titip onlne yang tidak melakukan pembayaran pajak bea masuk dan pajak dalam rangka impor serta modus operandi yang dilakukan oleh pelaku usaha jasa titip online untuk melakukan penghindaran pembayaran bea masuk serta perbuatan pelaku usaha jasa titip online perspektif hukum pidana karena, banyaknya pelaku usaha jasa titip online yang menggunakan fasilitas barang bawaan penumpang yang terdapat dalam Pasal 7 dan Pasal 12 Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 203/PMK.04/2017 tentang ketentuan ekspor dan impor barang yang dibawa oleh penumpang dan awak sarana pengangkut yaitu pembebasan barang impor bawaan sampai dengan nilai paling banyak Free On Boad USD 500.00 (Lima Ratus United States Dollar) perorang untuk setiap kedatangan diberikan pembebasan bea masuk. Namun pembebasan bea masuk ini dimanfaatkan oleh pelaku usaha jasa titip online untuk melakukan kegiatan perdagangan, karena pada dasarnya peraturan ini untuk barang pribadi penumpang atau personal use dan bukan untuk barang daganangan. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan menggabungkan pendekatan empiris adalah penelitian hukum tentang hukum pada kenyataanya dan diterapkan oleh manusia yang hidup dalam masyarakat itu sendiri dan untuk mengetahui implementasi norma hukum yang telah berlaku.Hasil penelitian ini menujukan bahwa peran Bea dan Cukai Soekarno-Hatta dalam melakukan pengawsaan terhadap pelaku usaha jasa titip online, menggunakan katagori pengawasan barang bawaan penumpang dengan melakukan pengawasan pendahuluan dengan melihat, analisis x-ray bagasi dan melihat profil penumpang dengan menggunakan sistem Passanger Name Record For Government (PNR-GOV), kemudian modus operandi yang di lakukan pelaku usaha jasa titip online adalah menggunakan deminimis threshold dengan mengakui bahwa barang jasa titip sebagai barang pribadinya dan tidak memberikan pemberitahuan pabean dengan sebenarnya. Perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh pelaku usaha jasa titip online yang tidak membayar pajak dengan melakukan penyeludupan secara fisik dengan meletakan barang daganganya di tempat yang tidak sewajarnya telah melanggar peraturan Pasal 102 huruf (e) Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2006 tentang Kepabeanan perbuatan pelaku usaha jasa titip online dengan tidak memberitahukan jenis dan/atau jumlah barang impor dalam pemberitahuan pabean secara salah melanggar Pasal 102 huruf (h) Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2006 tentang Kepabeanan. Ancaman pidananya pidana penjara 1 (satu) tahun dan paling lama 10 (sepuluh) tahun dan pidana denda paling sedikit Rp.50.000.000.00 (lima puluh juta rupiah) dan paling banyak Rp.5.000.000.000.00 (lima milyar rupiah).