scholarly journals Retail price discrimination and food waste

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1861-1896
Author(s):  
Timothy J Richards ◽  
Stephen F Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Retail Price ◽  
The Us ◽  
Retail Prices ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Retail Food ◽  
Minimum Quality

Abstract We examine a food retailer’s incentive to use a minimum quality standard as part of a quality-based price-discrimination strategy and show how price discrimination can result in a substantial level of retail food waste. Using data from a major US food retailer, we estimate a structural model of retail price discrimination and conduct a series of counter-factual experiments to demonstrate that observed retail prices are consistent with quality-based price discrimination in the retail market. Our findings indicate that quality standards on fresh produce can explain a substantial proportion ($7.5\%$) of food waste by retailers in the US.

EXPRESS: Commercial Success through Commercials? Advertising and Pay TV Operators

2021 ◽  
pp. 002224372110281
Author(s):  
Joonhyuk Yang ◽  
Jung Youn Lee ◽  
Pradeep K. Chintagunta
Keyword(s):  
Television Advertising ◽  
Service Market ◽  
Unit Costs ◽  
Cost Efficiencies ◽  
Pay Television ◽  
National Advertising ◽  
The Us ◽  
Television Service ◽  
Asymmetric Cost ◽  
Using Data

The US pay television service market had been dominated by cable operators until the nationwide entry of satellite operators in the early 1990s. The latter have been consistently growing their footprints since. This study documents the role of television advertising to explain the success. Using data on US households’ subscription choices and operators’ advertising decisions, the authors document both demand- and supply-side conditions conducive to the growth of the satellite operators. First, the authors find consumers in this market were sensitive to advertising, and especially so to that of the satellite operators (ad-elasticities of about .05-.06 for satellite operators vs. .02 for cable operators). The authors employ a border strategy to demonstrate advertising-elastic demand and discuss its robustness to potential threats to identification. Second, the authors provide suggestive evidence that a form of asymmetric cost efficiencies in television advertising benefited the entrants more than the incumbents. Specifically, the unit costs of local advertising tend to be higher than of national advertising, which likely allowed the satellite operators to better leverage their national presence with (cheaper) national advertising. Overall, this study highlights the interaction between advertising efficiencies and the scale of entry in explaining the competition between market incumbents and entrants.

scholarly journals Batch Anaerobic Co-Digestion and Biochemical Methane Potential Analysis of Goat Manure and Food Waste

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1952
Author(s):  
Ayobami Orangun ◽  
Harjinder Kaur ◽  
Raghava R. Kommalapati
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Gompertz Model ◽  
Water Displacement ◽  
Biochemical Methane Potential ◽  
Greenhouse Gasses ◽  
Nonlinear Regression Models ◽  
The Us ◽  
Methane Potential ◽  
Goat Manure ◽  
Modified Gompertz Model

The improper management of goat manure from concentrated goat feeding operations and food waste leads to the emission of greenhouse gasses and water pollution in the US. The wastes were collected from the International Goat Research Center and a dining facility at Prairie View A&M University. The biochemical methane potential of these two substrates in mono and co-digestion at varied proportions was determined in triplicates and processes were evaluated using two nonlinear regression models. The experiments were conducted at 36 ± 1 °C with an inoculum to substrate ratio of 2.0. The biomethane was measured by water displacement method (pH 10:30), absorbing carbon dioxide. The cumulative yields in goat manure and food waste mono-digestions were 169.7 and 206.0 mL/gVS, respectively. Among co-digestion, 60% goat manure achieved the highest biomethane yields of 380.5 mL/gVS. The biodegradabilities of 33.5 and 65.7% were observed in goat manure and food waste mono-digestions, while 97.4% were observed in the co-digestion having 60% goat manure. The modified Gompertz model is an excellent fit in simulating the anaerobic digestion of food waste and goat manure substrates. These findings provide useful insights into the co-digestion of these substrates.

scholarly journals Strategic Analysis of the Pricing Mechanisms in an Online Book Supply Chain in the Presence of Reference Price Effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 1492-1516
Author(s):  
Wenhua Hou ◽  
Yuwen Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Discount Rate ◽  
Reference Price ◽  
Stackelberg Game ◽  
Lower Boundary ◽  
Retail Price ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Price Effects ◽  
Retail Prices ◽  
Online Book

(1) Background: A binding recommended retail price has been used in several markets in a variety of forms, and the book market is a typical example. Publishers sell books to online retailers at a unit wholesale discount computed on the cover price. Retailers are then allowed to set the retail price. Therefore, if consumers regard the cover prices as reference points, then they may be more likely to purchase books if retail prices are lower than the cover prices. (2) Methods: We develop a Stackelberg game model for a book supply chain to investigates how reference price effects affect retailers and publisher’s pricing strategies. (3) Results: The results show that retailers will sell printed books at a discount only when the publisher’s wholesale discount rate is not high. Further, as the intensity of the reference price effects increases, (a) the lower boundary of the wholesale discount rate rises, (b) publishers’ profits increase and (c) retailers’ profits increase relative to the level of consumers’ e-books acceptance. (4) Conclusions: This result is related to the fact that the online retailer, such as Amazon and JD.com, like to invoke reference price effects in consumers’ minds by highlighting the printed book’s discount rate.

scholarly journals Measuring Historical Urban Neighborhood Sustainability: America’s Grand Avenues

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1358
Author(s):  
Michael R. Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Kansas City ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
Urban Neighborhood ◽  
Industrial Cities ◽  
The Us ◽  
Education Medical ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Us Cities

From 1850 through approximately 1920, wealthy entrepreneurs and elected officials created “grand avenues” lined by mansions in New York City, Chicago, Detroit, and other developing US cities. This paper examines the birthplaces of grand avenues to determine whether they have remained sustainable as magnets for healthy and wealthy people. Using data from the US EPA’s EJSCREEN system and the CDC’s 500 cities study across 11 cities, the research finds that almost every place where a grand avenue began has healthier and wealthier people than their host cities. Ward Parkway in Kansas City and New York’s Fifth Avenue have continued to be grand. Massachusetts Avenue in Washington, D.C., Richmond’s Monument Avenue, St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans, and Los Angeles’s Wilshire Boulevard are national and regional symbols of political power, culture and entertainment, leading to sustainable urban grand avenues, albeit several are challenged by their identification with white supremacy. Among Midwest industrial cities, Chicago’s Prairie Avenue birthplace has been the most successful, whereas the grand avenues of St. Louis, Cleveland, Detroit, and Buffalo have struggled, trying to use higher education, medical care, and entertainment to try to rebirth their once pre-eminent roles in their cities.

Absence of the weekend effect and industry-style portfolios

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-475
Author(s):  
Selma Izadi ◽  
Abdullah Noman
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Structural Break ◽  
Weekend Effect ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Market Portfolio ◽  
The Us ◽  
Using Data

Purpose The existence of the weekend effect has been reported from the 1950s to 1970s in the US stock markets. Recently, Robins and Smith (2016, Critical Finance Review, 5: 417-424) have argued that the weekend effect has disappeared after 1975. Using data on the market portfolio, they document existence of structural break before 1975 and absence of any weekend effects after that date. The purpose of this study is to contribute some new empirical evidences on the weekend effect for the industry-style portfolios in the US stock market using data over 90 years. Design/methodology/approach The authors re-examine persistence or reversal of the weekend effect in the industry portfolios consisting of The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), The American Stock Exchange (AMEX) and The National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations exchange (NASDAQ) stocks using daily returns from 1926 to 2017. Our results confirm varying dates for structural breaks across industrial portfolios. Findings As for the existence of weekend effects, the authors get mixed results for different portfolios. However, the overall findings provide broad support for the absence of weekend effects in most of the industrial portfolios as reported in Robins and Smith (2016). In addition, structural breaks for other weekdays and days of the week effects for other days have also been documented in the paper. Originality/value As far as the authors are aware, this paper is the first research that analyzes weekend effect for the industry-style portfolios in the US stock market using data over 90 years.

Standard minimi di qualitŕ: un approccio teorico

2012 ◽  
pp. 29-41
Author(s):  
Grassi Iacopo
Keyword(s):  
High Standard ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Average Quality ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Positive Externality ◽  
Experience Good ◽  
The Government ◽  
Minimum Quality

At least since Akerlof (1970), asymmetric information in the case of experience goods has been a central issue in the economic literature. This paper studies regulation in markets where the quality of the experience good is never completely verifiable by consumers even after purchase. In the proposed model firms can decide the quality of the good: always producing a high quality good creates a positive externality in the market, but it causes an incentive to the firms to deviate and produce low quality goods. The main policy instrument for the government, in order to maximize Social Welfare, is to fix a minimum quality standard, but imposing a too high standard might, in some cases, lower the average quality of the good in the market.

Experimental Assessment of Strength Parameters of River Sand for Sandcrete Block Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Babatunde Ogunbayo ◽  
Clinton Aigbavboa ◽  
Opeoluwa Akinradewo
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Sieve Analysis ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Strength Parameters ◽  
River Sand ◽  
Sieve Analyses ◽  
Aggregate Material ◽  
Average Compressive Strength ◽  
Minimum Quality

Sandcrete block is a vital building material used in the construction of building structures. The sandcrete blocks are produced by different manufacturers using river sand obtained from different locations as aggregate material without recourse to the minimum quality standard for the blocks produced. The study assessed the strength parameters of river sand used as an aggregate material in block production to determine its quality and suitability in relation to the strength of block produced. Three (3) block manufacturing sites in Nigeria were visited and 27 (twenty-seven) blocks of size 450 mm x 225 mm x 225 mm were selected randomly from the sites. The properties of the river sand was analyzed through sieve analyses, bulk density, silt content and water absorption while the compressive strength of the blocks was also tested. The result of sieve analysis of the river sand used in block production for this study all satisfied the particle size requirements of BS EN 933-1:1997 for general construction work including block production. The result of the study also shows that blocks produced with the river sand after 28days have an average compressive strength of 1.23 N/mm2 (SW), 1.54 N/mm2 (SE) and 1.95N/mm2 (NE). The study, therefore, concluded and recommended that regulatory and professional bodies in partnership with relevant associations should organize seminars for producers of sandcrete blocks on the best practices involved in producing quality sandcrete blocks.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document