scholarly journals Developmental analysis of two sex-determining genes, M and F, in the housefly, Musca domestica.

Genetics ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 1187-1194
Author(s):  
D Hilfiker-Kleiner ◽  
A Dübendorfer ◽  
A Hilfiker ◽  
R Nöthiger
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Sex Reversal ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Female Development ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Genotype ◽  
Developmental Analysis ◽  
Blastoderm Stage ◽  
State Of Activity

Abstract In the housefly, Musca domestica, a single dominant factor, M, determines maleness. Animals hemi-or heterozygous for M are males, whereas those without M develop as females. In certain strains, however, both sexes are homozygous for M, and an epistatic dominant factor, FD, dictates female development. The requirement for these factors was analyzed by producing, with mitotic recombination, mosaic animals consisting of genetically male and female cells. Removal of FD from an M/M;FD/+ cell at any time of larval development, even in the last larval instar, resulted in sex-reversal, i.e., in the development of a male clone in an otherwise female fly. In contrast, when M was removed from M/+ cells, the resulting clones remained male despite their female genotype, even when the removal of M happened at embryonic stages. The occurrence of spontaneous gynandromorphs, however, shows that the loss of M in individual nuclei prior to blastoderm formation causes the affected cells to adopt the female pathway. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that M is the primary sex-determining signal which sets the state of activity of the key gene F at around the blastoderm stage. Parallels and differences to the sex-determining system of Drosophila are discussed.

scholarly journals The Y-Chromosomal and Autosomal Male-Determining M Factors of Musca domestica Are Equivalent

Genetics ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-280
Author(s):  
R Schmidt ◽  
M Hediger ◽  
S Roth ◽  
R Nöthiger ◽  
A Dubendorfer
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Female Development ◽  
Dominant Female ◽  
Female Germ Line ◽  
Pole Cells ◽  
Determining Factor

Abstract In Musca domestica, male sex is determined by a dominant factor, M, located either on the Y, the X or on an autosome. M prevents the activity of the female-determining gene F. In the absence of M, F becomes active and dictates female development. The various M factors may represent translocated copies of an ancestral Y-chromosomal M. Double mutants and germ line chimeras show that MY, MI, MII, MIII and MV perform equivalent functions. When brought into the female germ line, they predetermine male development of the offspring. This maternal effect is overruled by the dominant female-determining factor FD. MI and MII are weak M factors, as demonstrated by the presence of yolk proteins in MI/+ males and by the occurrence of some intersexes among the offspring that developed from transplanted MI/+ and MII/+ pole cells. The arrhenogenic mutation Ag has its focus in the female germ line and its temperature-sensitive period during oogenesis. We propose that MI and Ag represent allelic M factors that are affected in their expression. Analysis of mosaic gonads showed that in M. domsticu the sex of the germ line is determined by inductive signals from the surrounding soma. We present a model to account for the observed phenomena.

Developmental analysis of the homoeotic mutation bithoraxoid of Drosophila melanogaster

Development ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-86
Author(s):  
Stephen Kerridge ◽  
James H. Sang
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Abdominal Segment ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Anterior Compartment ◽  
Developmental Analysis ◽  
Blastoderm Stage

The homoeotic transformations caused by bxd are described in detail. The anterior histoblast nests of the first abdominal segment are missing, and are replaced by one or two leg discs ventrally. Mainly anterior compartment patterns are found in the ectopic, abdominal legs of adult flies. However, cell lineage analyses show that both anterior and posterior polyclones are established early in the development of these ectopic legs, but the posterior polyclone is smaller. Cells of the anterior polyclone may regulate later in development to adjust for this and form pattern elements normally derived from the posterior polyclone. In addition, experiments show that bxd+ is required by the second larval instar stage, and possibly as early as the blastoderm stage.

scholarly journals The Mutation masculinizer (man) Defines a Sex-Determining Gene With Maternal and Zygotic Functions in Musca domestica L.

Genetics ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 145 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Schmidt ◽  
M Hediger ◽  
R Nöthiger ◽  
A Dübendorfer
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Maternal Effect ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
New Mutation ◽  
Yolk Proteins ◽  
Hypomorphic Allele ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
Primary Signal ◽  
Pole Cells

In Musca domestica, the primary signal for sex determination is the dominant factor M, which is assumed to regulate a postulated female-determining gene F. Presence of M prevents expression of F so that male development ensues. In the absence of M, F can become active, which dictates the female pathway. The existence of F is inferred from FD, a dominant factor that is epistatic to M. We describe a new mutation masculinizer, which has all the properties expected for a null or strongly hypomorphic allele of F: (1) it maps to the same chromosomal location as FD, (2) homozygous man/man animals develop as males, (3) homozygous man/man clones generated in man/+ female larvae differentiate male structures, (4) man has a sex-determining maternal effect. About a third of the morphological males synthesize yolk proteins, which indicates that they are intersexual in internal structures. The maternal effect of man is complete in offspring that derive from homozygous man/man pole cells transplanted into female hosts. In this case, all man/+ progeny become fertile males that do not produce yolk proteins. A sex-determining maternal effect has previously been demonstrated for FD. Like F, maternal man  + is needed for zygotic man  + to become active, providing further evidence that man is a loss-of-function allele of F.

scholarly journals Traits that influence longevity in mice: a second look.

Genetics ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-239
Author(s):  
K B Dear ◽  
M Salazar ◽  
A L Watson ◽  
R S Gelman ◽  
R Bronson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Genetic Interactions ◽  
Chromosome 9 ◽  
Chromosome 4 ◽  
Histological Findings ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Genotype ◽  
Dominant Black

Abstract Analysis of genetic interactions in the F2 of an intercross of (C57BL/6 x DBA/2) F1J revealed influences of genetic factors on life span. Females lived longer than males. Dilute brown females died sooner than females of other colors. H-2b/H-2b males died sooner than H-2b/H-2d or H-2d/H-2d males, except that among dilute brown males those of typeH-2b/H-2d died sooner. Cluster analysis suggested that male and female genotypes each fall into two groups, with female dilute brown mice having shorter lives than other females, and male H-2b/H-2b mice except dilute brown and dilute brown H-2b/H-2d mice having shorter lives than other males. The association of heterozygosity with life span was clearer in females than in males, yet the longest-lived female genotype was homozygous H-2d/H-2d, of dominant Black phenotype at the Brown locus of chromosome 4, and homozygous dd at the Dilute locus of chromosome 9. The shortest-lived females were dilute brown H-2b/H-2b. The longest-lived and shortest-lived male genotypes were dilute brown H-2d/H-2d and dilute brown H-2b/H-2d, respectively. Although histological findings at postmortem differed between the sexes, there was no association of particular disorders with other genetic markers. The importance of H-2 in males was confirmed, but the allelic effects were perturbed, possibly by the absence of Sendai infection in this experiment. Overall our studies suggest that genetic influences on life span involve interactions between loci, and allelic interactions may change with viral infections or other environmental factors.

Hormonal control of vitellogenin mRNA levels in the male and female housefly, Musca domestica

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 383-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriaki Agui ◽  
Toru Shimada ◽  
Susumu Izumi ◽  
Shiro Tomino
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Vitellogenin Mrna

The sisterless-b function of the Drosophila gene scute is restricted to the stage when the X:A ratio determines the activity of Sex-lethal

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 715-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Torres ◽  
L. Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Dosage Compensation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Dual Function ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Blastoderm Stage ◽  
State Of Activity

The gene scute (sc) has a dual function: the scute function which is involved in neurogenesis and the sisterless-b function which is involved in generating the X:A signal that determines the state of activity of Sxl, a gene that controls sex determination and dosage compensation. We show here that the lethal phase of sc- females is embryonic and caused by the lack of Sxl function. We also analyze the time in development when sc and Sxl interact by means of (a) determining the thermosensitive phase (TSP) of the interaction between Sxl and sc and (b) a chimeric gene in which sc is under the control of a heat-shock promoter (HSSC-3). Pulses of sc expression from the HSSC-3 activate Sxl only at a very specific and early stage in development, which coincides with the TSP of the interaction between sc and Sxl. It corresponds to the syncytial blastoderm stage and coincides with the time when the X:A signal regulates Sxl. At this stage sc undergoes a homogeneous transient expression in wild-type flies. We conclude that the sc expression at the syncytial blastoderm is responsible for its sisterless-b function. Since sc expression from the HSSC-3 fully suppresses the sisterless-b phenotype, we further conclude that the sisterless-b function is exclusively provided by the sc protein. Finally, we have analyzed, by in situ hybridization, the effect of sc and sis-a mutations on the embryonic transcription of Sxl. Our results support the view that the control of Sxl by the X:A signal occurs at the transcriptional level.

scholarly journals The genomes of a monogenic fly: views of primitive sex chromosomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne A. Andere ◽  
Meaghan L. Pimsler ◽  
Aaron M. Tarone ◽  
Christine J. Picard
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Blow Fly ◽  
Chrysomya Rufifacies ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Single Sex ◽  
The Individual

Abstract The production of male and female offspring is often determined by the presence of specific sex chromosomes which control sex-specific expression, and sex chromosomes evolve through reduced recombination and specialized gene content. Here we present the genomes of Chrysomya rufifacies, a monogenic blow fly (females produce female or male offspring, exclusively) by separately sequencing and assembling each type of female and the male. The genomes (> 25X coverage) do not appear to have any sex-linked Muller F elements (typical for many Diptera) and exhibit little differentiation between groups supporting the morphological assessments of C. rufifacies homomorphic chromosomes. Males in this species are associated with a unimodal coverage distribution while females exhibit bimodal coverage distributions, suggesting a potential difference in genomic architecture. The presence of the individual-sex draft genomes herein provides new clues regarding the origination and evolution of the diverse sex-determining mechanisms observed within Diptera. Additional genomic analysis of sex chromosomes and sex-determining genes of other blow flies will allow a refined evolutionary understanding of how flies with a typical X/Y heterogametic amphogeny (male and female offspring in similar ratios) sex determination systems evolved into one with a dominant factor that results in single sex progeny in a chromosomally monomorphic system.

scholarly journals Male and female stem cells and sex reversal in Hydra polyps

1986 ◽  
Vol 83 (24) ◽  
pp. 9478-9482 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. G. Bosch ◽  
C. N. David
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Sex Reversal ◽  
Male And Female

Titer of Juvenile Hormone III in Drosophila hydei during Metamorphosis Determined by GC-MS-MIS

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1150-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Bührlen ◽  
H. Emmerich ◽  
H. Rembold
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Hormone ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Juvenile Hormone Iii ◽  
Drosophila Hydei ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy ◽  
Titer Curve

Abstract The titer of juvenile hormone III (JH-III) has been determined by the use of combined gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) in whole body extracts of the larvae, prepupae, pupae and adults of Drosophila hydei. A characteristic JH-III titer curve was established by use of the hormone derivatives. No other juvenile hormone homologs were detected. JH-III shows a broad peak maximum of about 30 pmol/g fresh weight during the last larval instar, whereas only traces of the hormone are detectable at pupariation. Prepupae and pupae exhibit about the same JH-III level. In older pupae and in the pharate adults there was no JH-III detectable but it reappeared soon after emergence. Low values of JH-III are found in young male and female flies. The JH contents rise to distinct peaks in older and reproductive adults, both in male and female animals.

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