scholarly journals The Relationships Between Physical Performance, Activity Levels, and Falls in Older Men

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 1475-1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric S Orwoll ◽  
Nora F Fino ◽  
Thomas M Gill ◽  
Jane A Cauley ◽  
Elsa S Strotmeyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Activity ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Fall Risk ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Low Activity

Abstract Background Physical performance and activity have both been linked to fall risk, but the way they are jointly associated with falls is unclear. We investigated how these two factors are related to incident falls in older men. Methods In 2,741 men (78.8 ± 5 years), we evaluated the associations between activity and physical performance and how they jointly contributed to incident falls. Activity was assessed by accelerometry. Physical performance was measured by gait speed, dynamic balance (narrow walk), chair stand time, grip strength, and leg power. Falls were ascertained by tri-annual questionnaires. Results Men were grouped into four categories based on activity and performance levels. The greatest number of falls (36%–43%) and the highest fall rate (4.7–5.4/y among those who fell) (depending on the performance test) occurred in men with low activity/low performance, but most falls (57%–64%) and relatively high fall rates (3.0–4.35/y) occurred in the other groups (low activity/high performance, high activity/high performance and high activity/low performance; 70% of men were in these groups). There were interactions between activity, performance (gait speed, narrow walk), and incident falls (p = .001–.02); predicted falls per year were highest in men with low activity/low performance, but there was also a peak of predicted falls in those with high activity. Conclusions In community-dwelling older men, many falls occur in those with the lowest activity/worst physical performance but fall risk is also substantial with better activity and performance. Activity/physical performance assessments may improve identification of older men at risk of falls, and allow individualized approaches to prevention.

scholarly journals Physical Activity Trajectories and Associated Changes in Physical Performance in Older Men: The MrOS Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (10) ◽  
pp. 1967-1973
Author(s):  
Deepika R Laddu ◽  
Neeta Parimi ◽  
Katie L Stone ◽  
Jodi Lapidus ◽  
Andrew R Hoffman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
High Activity ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Functional Independence ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Activity Group ◽  
Low Activity

Abstract Background Physical activity (PA) is important to maintaining functional independence. It is not clear how patterns of change in late-life PA are associated with contemporaneous changes in physical performance measures. Methods Self-reported PA, gait speed, grip strength, timed chair stand, and leg power were assessed in 3,865 men aged ≥ 65 years at baseline (2000–2002) and Year 7 (2007–2009). Group-based trajectory modeling, using up to four PA measures over this period, identified PA trajectories. Multivariate linear regression models (adjusted least square mean [95% confidence interval {CI}]) described associations between-PA trajectories and concurrent changes in performance. Results Three discrete PA patterns were identified, all with declining PA. Linear declines in each performance measure (baseline to Year 7) were observed across all three PA groups, but there was some variability in the rate of decline. Multivariate models assessing the graded response by PA trajectory showed a trend where the high-activity group had the smallest declines in performance while the low-activity group had the largest (p-for trend < .03). Changes in the high-activity group were the following: gait speed (−0.10 m/s [−0.12, −0.08]), grip strength (−3.79 kg [−4.35, −3.23]), and chair stands (−0.38 [−0.50, −0.25]), whereas changes in the low-activity group were the following: gait speed (−0.16 [−0.17, −0.14]), grip strength (−4.83 kg [−5.10, −4.55]), and chair stands (−0.53 [−0.59, −0.46]). Between-group differences in leg power trajectories across PA patterns were not significant. Conclusions Declines in functional performance were higher among those with lower PA trajectories, providing further evidence for the interrelationship between changes in PA and performance during old age.

Gender-Related Differences in Physical Performance among Seniors

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Musselman ◽  
Brenda Brouwer
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Balance Confidence ◽  
Limits Of Stability ◽  
Gender Specific

This study examined gender differences in balance, gait, and muscle performance in seniors and identified gender-specific factors contributing to physical performance. Forty (20 men, 20 women) healthy, community-dwelling seniors (74.5 ± 5.3 years) participated. Limits of stability, gait speed, lower limb flexor and extensor isokinetic concentric peak torques, self-reported activity level, and balance confidence were measured. No gender differences were detected in gait speed, limits of stability when normalized to height, activity level, or balance confidence (p≥ .188). Women were weaker than men (p≤ .007), even after controlling for weight and body-mass index, suggesting that other gender-related factors contribute to strength. Gender accounted for 18–46% of the variance in strength and served as a modifier of the relationship between activity level and strength in some muscle groups. The primary factors relating to gender-specific strength was activity level in men and body weight in women.

scholarly journals 0393 The Effect of Trazadone Use on Non-REM Sleep Instability in Community-Dwelling Older Men

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A150-A151
Author(s):  
S Hartmann ◽  
M Baumert
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Antidepressant Medication ◽  
Osteoporotic Fractures ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Sleep Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cap Rate

Abstract Introduction With steadily growing numbers of patients with a depressive disorder, the effect of antidepressants on sleep architecture is of increasing concern. One major oral antidepressant medication is trazadone, which has also been prescribed in low doses for sleep insomnia treatment. Here, we investigate the effect of trazadone on NREM sleep instability also known as cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in community-dwelling older men. Methods CAP was scored in overnight EEG recordings from 41 older men on trazadone (TRZ) and 50 age-matched men who did not use trazadone (NTRZ), participating in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Sleep Study. A high performance automated detection system determined the ratio between CAP time and NREM sleep time (CAP rate), the number of A1-phases per hour of NREM sleep (A1 index), and the number of A2+A3-phases per hour of NREM sleep (A2+A3 index). The effect of TRZ on CAP parameters was determined using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results CAP rate was significantly decreased in men using trazadone (NTRZ: 58.2±19.7%, TRZ: 47.9±15.9%) as compared to non-trazadone user (p < 0.01). Subtype indices did not show any significant difference between both groups but to some extent less frequent A2-A3 phases for TRZ user (A1-phases: NTRZ 13.0±18.7 no./h vs. TRZ 10.8±20.4 no./h, p = 0.35; A2+A3-phases: NTRZ 51.5±33.7 no./h vs. TRZ 44.7±23.3 no./h, p = 0.068). Conclusion CAP rate was significantly decreased in older men on trazadone as compared to older men who did not use trazadone, suggesting that trazadone usage has a stabilising effect on sleep micro-structure. Support The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) provides funding for the MrOS Sleep ancillary study “Outcomes of Sleep Disorders in Older Men” under the following grant numbers: R01 HL071194, R01 HL070848, R01 HL070847, R01 HL070842, R01 HL070841, R01 HL070837, R01 HL070838, and R01 HL070839.

scholarly journals Πότε τα χαρισματικά παιδιά παρουσιάζουν χαμηλή επίδοση;

2017 ◽  
Vol 2016 (1) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Ανδρονίκη Γάκη ◽  
Αλέξανδρος-Σταμάτιος Αντωνίου
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Educational Methods ◽  
Asynchronous Development ◽  
The Family ◽  
Biological Development ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
And Performance

The purpose of this chapter is to outline the phenomenon of low performance often seen in the training of charismatic children. In particular, charisma is considered to be the ability of the child to achieve a particularly high performance in one or more areas and is usually perceived as an asynchronous development between his cognitive, emotional and biological development. "Under-performance" means a student's low performance, which runs counter to his / her mental potential and the potential that this entails. In fact, it is a mismatch between possibilities and performance and refers to the pupil's image, which while having the potential, but the results of his effort are not the expected ones. The causes are attributed to the different way of learning adopted by charismatic children, to their desire to be accepted by their peers, while the family environment also plays an important role. For this reason, the role of the educator, who must be aware of the importance of timely intervention and of using the appropriate educational methods for the integration of the child into the group, is important. 

Abstract P335: Associations of Sleep Duration and Sleep Quality With Physical Performance in Older Adults --The Chicago Healthy Aging Study (CHAS)

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
ThanhHuyen T Vu ◽  
Kathryn J Reid ◽  
Martha L Daviglus ◽  
Daniel B Garside ◽  
Kiang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disturbance ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Short Sleep Duration ◽  
Aging Study ◽  
Normal Sleep ◽  
And Performance

Background: Sleep duration (too short or too long) is associated with lower physical performance. However, the association of sleep duration and physical performance, taking into account the quality of sleep (e.g., sleep disturbance) in older populations, has not been thoroughly investigated. Methods: Using data from the Chicago Healthy Aging study conducted in 2007-10, we investigated a cross-sectional association of a combination of sleep duration and sleep disturbance with muscle strength (hand grip), and performance [4m gait speed and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB)]. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess sleep duration [categorized as short (≤ 6 hours), normal (7-8 hours), and long (≥ 9 hours)] and sleep disturbance (defined as either cannot fall asleep within 30 minutes or waking up in the middle of the night or early morning three or more times per week). (See Table and Table Footnote for definitions of sleep duration and disturbance, and physical performance categories). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used. Results: The study sample consists of 952 men and 350 women, ages 65-84 (mean age 71) in 2007-10; 9% were African American.12.6 % had SPPB score ≤ 8, 6.8 % had gait speed on 4 meter course < 0.8 m/s, and 23.4 % had low sex-BMI specific handgrip strength. As compared to the group with normal sleep duration (7-8 hours) without sleep disturbance, adjusted odds (95% confidence interval) of low gait speed <0.8 m/s in those with short sleep duration (≤ 6 hours) and sleep disturbance was much higher [2.00 (1.06-3.75)]. Similarly, the odds of low sex-BMI specific handgrip strength was about 2 times higher in those with long duration of sleep (≥ 9 hours), compared to those with normal sleep duration without sleep disturbance. No association was found for Short Physical Performance Battery (see Table). Conclusion: In older age, short sleep duration with poor quality as well as excessive sleep duration were associated with the greater likelihood of having low muscle strength and performance.

When Do Intended Performance Standards Predict Goal-Related Affect? A Motivated-Reasoning Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-306
Author(s):  
Allison M. Sweeney ◽  
Antonio L. Freitas
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Performance Standards ◽  
Motivated Cognition ◽  
Longitudinal Methods ◽  
Diary Studies ◽  
Intensive Longitudinal Methods ◽  
Daily Diary Studies ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
And Performance

This research used intensive longitudinal methods to examine a motivated cognition perspective on intention–behavior discrepancies. We propose that under conditions of high performance, people are more inclined to evaluate their efforts in light of their intentions; thus, discrepancies between intentions and performance should have stronger impacts on goal-related affect under conditions of high (vs. low) performance. Secondary data analyses were conducted on two daily-diary studies in which participants reported their exercise, goal-related affect, and next-day intentions across 14 days. Under conditions of low performance, people felt negative about their performance irrespective of whether they typically set low versus high intentions. On days with high performance, average intentions significantly related to affect, such that those with low average intentions experienced the greatest satisfaction. Additionally, we observed that average (between-person) affect, but not within-person fluctuations in affect, predicted daily levels of exercise behavior. Implications for self-regulatory theories of affect are discussed.

Safety, Feasibility, and Reliability of the Maximal Step Length, Gait Speed, and Chair Test Measured by Seniors Themselves: The Senior Step Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 438-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim T.J. Bongers ◽  
Yvonne Schoon ◽  
Maartje J. Graauwmans ◽  
Marlies E. Hoogsteen-Ossewaarde ◽  
Marcel G.M. Olde Rikkert
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Fall Risk ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Training Effect ◽  
Community Dwelling Older Adults ◽  
At Home

Self-management of mobility and fall risk might be possible if older adults could use a simple and safe self-test to measure their own mobility, balance, and fall risk at home. The aim of this study was to determine the safety, feasibility, and intraindividual reliability of the maximal step length (MSL), gait speed (GS), and chair test (CT) as potential self-tests for assessing mobility and fall risk. Fifty-six community-dwelling older adults performed MSL, GS, and CT at home once a week during a four-week period, wherein the feasibility, test-retest reliability, coefficients of variation, and linear mixed models with random effects of these three self-tests were determined. Forty-nine subjects (mean age 76.1 years [SD: 4.0], 19 females [42%]) completed the study without adverse effects. Compared with the other self-tests, MSL gave the most often (77.6%) valid measurement results and had the best intraclass correlation coefficients (0.95 [95% confidence interval: 0.91−0.97]). MSL and GS gave no significant training effect, whereas CT did show a significant training effect (p < .01). Community-dwelling older adults can perform MSL safely, correctly, and reliably, and GS safely and reliably. Further research is needed to study the responsiveness and beneficial effects of these self-tests on self-management of mobility and fall risk.

scholarly journals Fall-related efficacy is a useful and independent index to detect fall risk in Japanese community-dwelling older people: a 1-year longitudinal study

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoto Kamide ◽  
Yoshitaka Shiba ◽  
Miki Sakamoto ◽  
Haruhiko Sato ◽  
Akie Kawamura
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Older People ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Fall Risk ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Community Dwelling Older People ◽  
Walking Time

Abstract Background Fall-related efficacy has been found to be associated with both falls and fall risk factors such as physical performance. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether fall-related efficacy is, independent of physical performance and other potential risk factors, associated with future falls in community-dwelling older people. Methods The study participants were 237 Japanese older people aged 65 years and over who were living independently in their community. Fall-related efficacy and physical performance were assessed at baseline using the short version of the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (short FES-I) and 5-m walking time, the Timed Up and Go Test, the 5 Times Sit to Stand Test, and grip strength. Physical performance was then again assessed at 1-year follow-up. The number of falls was obtained every 6 months for 1 year after the baseline survey. Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), depression, fall history, current medications, medical history, and pain were also investigated as potential confounding factors that have possible associations with falls. The associations between the short FES-I, physical performance, and number of falls were analyzed using Poisson regression analysis adjusted for physical performance and potential confounding factors. Results The mean age of the participants (75.9% women) was 71.1 ± 4.6 years, and 92.8% could perform IADL independently. The total numbers of falls and fallers during the 1-year follow-up period were 70 and 42, respectively. On Poisson regression analysis adjusted for walking time and potential confounding factors, independent of physical performance, the short FES-I was found to be significantly associated with number of falls (relative risk = 1.09, p < 0.05). On the other hand, physical performance was not significantly associated with the number of falls. Conclusions The findings of the present study suggest that the short FES-I, independent of physical performance and other potential risk factors, is a useful index to detect fall risk in community-dwelling older people, and that fall-related efficacy is an important factor in terms of fall prevention.

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