Physical Activity Trajectories and Associated Changes in Physical Performance in Older Men: The MrOS Study

Abstract Background Physical activity (PA) is important to maintaining functional independence. It is not clear how patterns of change in late-life PA are associated with contemporaneous changes in physical performance measures. Methods Self-reported PA, gait speed, grip strength, timed chair stand, and leg power were assessed in 3,865 men aged ≥ 65 years at baseline (2000–2002) and Year 7 (2007–2009). Group-based trajectory modeling, using up to four PA measures over this period, identified PA trajectories. Multivariate linear regression models (adjusted least square mean [95% confidence interval {CI}]) described associations between-PA trajectories and concurrent changes in performance. Results Three discrete PA patterns were identified, all with declining PA. Linear declines in each performance measure (baseline to Year 7) were observed across all three PA groups, but there was some variability in the rate of decline. Multivariate models assessing the graded response by PA trajectory showed a trend where the high-activity group had the smallest declines in performance while the low-activity group had the largest (p-for trend < .03). Changes in the high-activity group were the following: gait speed (−0.10 m/s [−0.12, −0.08]), grip strength (−3.79 kg [−4.35, −3.23]), and chair stands (−0.38 [−0.50, −0.25]), whereas changes in the low-activity group were the following: gait speed (−0.16 [−0.17, −0.14]), grip strength (−4.83 kg [−5.10, −4.55]), and chair stands (−0.53 [−0.59, −0.46]). Between-group differences in leg power trajectories across PA patterns were not significant. Conclusions Declines in functional performance were higher among those with lower PA trajectories, providing further evidence for the interrelationship between changes in PA and performance during old age.

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The Relationships Between Physical Performance, Activity Levels, and Falls in Older Men

The Journals of Gerontology Series A ◽

10.1093/gerona/gly248 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 74 (9) ◽

pp. 1475-1483 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Eric S Orwoll ◽

Nora F Fino ◽

Thomas M Gill ◽

Jane A Cauley ◽

Elsa S Strotmeyer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Activity ◽

Physical Performance ◽

Gait Speed ◽

Fall Risk ◽

High Performance ◽

Older Men ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Low Performance ◽

And Performance ◽

Low Activity

Abstract Background Physical performance and activity have both been linked to fall risk, but the way they are jointly associated with falls is unclear. We investigated how these two factors are related to incident falls in older men. Methods In 2,741 men (78.8 ± 5 years), we evaluated the associations between activity and physical performance and how they jointly contributed to incident falls. Activity was assessed by accelerometry. Physical performance was measured by gait speed, dynamic balance (narrow walk), chair stand time, grip strength, and leg power. Falls were ascertained by tri-annual questionnaires. Results Men were grouped into four categories based on activity and performance levels. The greatest number of falls (36%–43%) and the highest fall rate (4.7–5.4/y among those who fell) (depending on the performance test) occurred in men with low activity/low performance, but most falls (57%–64%) and relatively high fall rates (3.0–4.35/y) occurred in the other groups (low activity/high performance, high activity/high performance and high activity/low performance; 70% of men were in these groups). There were interactions between activity, performance (gait speed, narrow walk), and incident falls (p = .001–.02); predicted falls per year were highest in men with low activity/low performance, but there was also a peak of predicted falls in those with high activity. Conclusions In community-dwelling older men, many falls occur in those with the lowest activity/worst physical performance but fall risk is also substantial with better activity and performance. Activity/physical performance assessments may improve identification of older men at risk of falls, and allow individualized approaches to prevention.

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Influence of Physical Activity on Human Sensory Long-Term Potentiation

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society ◽

10.1017/s1355617715001095 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 21 (10) ◽

pp. 831-840 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Nicola Smallwood ◽

Meg J. Spriggs ◽

Christopher S. Thompson ◽

Carolyn C. Wu ◽

Jeff P. Hamm ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

High Activity ◽

Long Term Potentiation ◽

Self Report ◽

Activity Group ◽

Term Potentiation ◽

The Impact ◽

Low Activity

AbstractA growing body of literature has explored the influence of physical activity on brain structure and function. While the mechanisms of this relationship remain largely speculative, recent research suggests that one of the effects of physical exercise is an increase in synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP). This has not yet been explored directly in humans due to the difficulty of measuring LTP non-invasively. However, we have previously established that LTP-like changes in visual-evoked potentials (VEPs) can be measured in humans. Here, we investigated whether physical fitness status affects the degree of visual sensory LTP. Using a self-report measure of physical activity, participants were split into two groups: a high-activity group, and a low-activity group. LTP was measured and compared between the two groups using the previously established electroencephalography-LTP paradigm, which assesses the degree to which the N1b component of the VEP elicited by a sine grating is potentiated (enhanced) following a rapid “tetanic” presentation of that grating. Both groups demonstrated increased negativity in the amplitude of the N1b component of the VEP immediately after presentation of the visual “tetanus,” indicating potentiation. However, after a 30-min rest period, the N1b for the high-activity group remained potentiated while the N1b for the low-activity group returned to baseline. This study presents the first evidence for the impact of self-reported levels of physical activity on LTP in humans, and sheds light on potential neurological mechanisms underlying the relationship between physical fitness and cognition. (JINS, 2015, 21, 831–840)

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The role of physical activity on cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi50.4.2010.220-5 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 220

Author(s):

Nadia Dwi Insani ◽

Sukman Tulus Putra ◽

Agus Firmansyah

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

High Activity ◽

Blood Lipid ◽

Waist To Hip Ratio ◽

Activity Group

Background Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerotic process increases rapidly during adolescence. Physical activity is considered important in this period to modify cardiovascular risk factors, thus preventing disease in the future.Objective To determine whether different physical activity status in adolescence can influence body mass index (BMBMI), waist-to-hip ratio, blood pressure (BP), and blood lipid profile.Methods This was a cross-sectional descriptive study, conducted from December 2009 to January 2010. Adolescents who fulfilled the study criteria were classified into high and low physical activity category. Further examination including body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, blood pressure, and blood lipid profile were performed.Results Adolescents with high physical activity had higher, but statistically insignificant, BMBMI compared to adolescents in the P=0.493] and significantly lower waist-to-hip ratio [0.80 (range 0.73-0.9) vs.. 0.82 (range 0.7-0.9), P=0.019]. Difference in BP was not statistically significant between both groups [diastolic BP (70 (range 60-90) mmHg vs. 70 (range 60-90) mmHg, P=0.148; systolic BP 100 (range 90-130) mmHg vs. 100 (range 90-140) mmHg, P=0.228)]. Blood lipid examination in the high activity group showed significantly higher HDL cholesterol and lower triglyceride compared to the low activity group [HDL 59.8 (SD 11.8) mg/dL vs. 54.7 (SD 8.9) mg/dL; p=0.044; triglyceride: 60 (range 32-203) mmHg vs. 82 (range 37-198) mmHg, P=0.014]. Total and LDL cholesterol [total cholesterol 169.8 (SD 28.6) mmHg vs. 181.2 (SD 30.8) mmHg, P=0.107; LDL 103.6 (SD 26.8) mmHg vs. 114.1 (SD 27.3) mmHg, P=0.100] were lower in the high activity group but not statistically different in both groups.Conclusions Adolescents with high physical activity show less cardiovascular risk factors compared to those in the low physical activity group.

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Relationship between the intention–behavior gap and self-efficacy for physical activity during childhood

Journal of Child Health Care ◽

10.1177/1367493518777297 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 79-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tsunenori Isa ◽

Yuya Ueda ◽

Ryo Nakamura ◽

Shogo Misu ◽

Rei Ono

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

High Activity ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Self Report ◽

Physically Active ◽

Education Interventions ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Low Activity ◽

Actual Participation

This study investigated the relationship of a gap between the intent to be physically active and actual participation in physical activity (‘intention–behavior gap’) and self-efficacy for physical activity during childhood. A self-report questionnaire was used to collect information from 946 children from the fourth and sixth grades in Japan on self-efficacy, intention, and physical activity. Children with an intention–behavior gap (high intent–low activity or low intent–high activity) had higher self-efficacy scores than those with low intent and low activity (27.66 or 27.65 vs. 21.69; p < .001). They had lower self-efficacy scores than those with high intent and high activity (27.66 or 27.65 vs. 30.56; p < .001). Children with an intention–behavior gap had lower self-efficacy for physical activity than those who intended to be and were physically active. Such children may benefit from education interventions that focus on improving self-efficacy.

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ASSOCIATION OF GRIP AND KNEE EXTENSION STRENGTH WITH WALKING SPEED OF OLDER WOMEN RECEIVING HOME-CARE PHYSICAL THERAPY

Journal of Frailty & Aging ◽

10.14283/jfa.2015.74 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

R.W. BOHANNON

Keyword(s):

Home Care ◽

Grip Strength ◽

Physical Performance ◽

Gait Speed ◽

Care Setting ◽

Knee Extension ◽

Women Patients ◽

Knee Extension Strength ◽

Relative Value ◽

Walking Performance

Background: Decreased muscle strength and limited physical performance are key elements of frailty and sarcopenia. The relative value of grip and knee extension strength for explaining walking performance has not been clearly established. Objectives: Compare the ability of grip and knee extension strength to explain gait speed. Design: Retrospective use of cross-sectionally obtained data. Setting: Patients’ homes. Participants:Forty-four ambulatory women patients at least 65 years of age. Measurements: Grip and knee extension forces obtained bilaterally with dynamometers and comfortable gait speed. Results: Knee extension forces were, but grip strength forces were not, correlated significantly with gait speed. Knee extension forces were able, but grip strength forces were not able, to satisfactorily identify patients with gait speeds < .40 m/sec. Conclusions:For women receiving therapy in a home-care setting, physical performance as reflected by gait speed is better explained by knee extension strength than by grip strength.

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Abstract 016: Muscular Strength Predicts All-Cause Mortality Independent of MVPA in Women Ages 63-99 Years

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.137.suppl_1.016 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Michael J LaMonte ◽

David M Buchner ◽

Cora E Lewis ◽

Eileen Rillamas-Sun ◽

John Bellettiere ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Grip Strength ◽

Gait Speed ◽

Muscular Strength ◽

Sedentary Time ◽

Lower Mortality ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Lower Mortality Risk

Background: While some studies report muscle strength is associated with mortality, independent of aerobic physical activity (PA), in older people, there are less data in women and lack of studies adjusting the association for objective measures of PA and physical performance. We prospectively examined this association in 5,061 multiethnic (White, 48.2%; Black, 34.0%; Hispanic, 17.9%) women ages 63-99 (mean 78.3) with complete information for analysis in the Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health Study. Methods: Quartile categories of dominant hand grip strength (<14, 14-18, 18.1-22.5, >22.5 kg) and EPESE categories of time to complete five consecutive unassisted chair stands (>16.6, 16.6-13.7, 13.6-11.2, <11.2 sec) were the muscle strength exposure measures. Primary covariables included age, race-ethnicity, current smoking, BMI, and number of comorbidities. Accelerometer measured moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and total sedentary time, and gait speed during a self-paced 8 meter walk test were further assessed as confounding factors. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: There were 306 (5.5%) all-cause deaths during a mean 3.3 year follow-up. Adjusting for primary covariables, significant inverse trends in mortality were observed across categories of grip strength, HR (95% CI) = 1.00 (ref), 0.70 (0.53, 0.93), 0.77 (0.56, 1.05), 0.59 (0.41, 0.87), trend p = .007, and chair stands, 1.00, 0.82 (0.62, 1.09), 0.76 (0.55, 1.04), 0.53 (0.36, 0.77), trend p <.001. Further adjustment for MVPA attenuated these associations which remained statistically significant, 1.00, 0.72, 0.81, 0.66, trend p = .032, and 1.00, 0.91, 0.88, 0.65, trend p = .033, respectively. Similarly, adding sedentary time or gait speed to the primary covariables did not eliminate significance of the inverse mortality trends with either muscle strength measure. Adjusting for primary covariables, each 1-standard deviation (6.2 sec) faster chair stand time was associated with 12% lower mortality risk (p = .004), which was attenuated to 8% risk reduction (p = .04) when further controlling for MVPA. Adjusting for primary covariables and MVPA, each 1-standard deviation (6.8 kg) increment in grip strength was associated with 13% lower mortality risk (p = .04), and this inverse association was generally consistent across subgroups defined by age (interaction p = .78), race-ethnicity (p = .19), and BMI (p = .88). Controlling for gait speed opposed to MVPA resulted in consistent findings. Conclusions: Higher muscular strength is associated with lower mortality in older women, independent of device-measured MVPA and sedentary time, and measured gait speed, an indicator of aerobic fitness. If results are confirmed, in addition to guideline recommendations regarding aerobic PA, promoting skeletal muscle strength is an important component of aging well.

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CHANGES OF BODY COMPOSITION, MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE DUE TO RESISTANCE TRAINING IN OLDER PERSONS WITH SARCOPENIC OBESITY

Journal of Frailty & Aging ◽

10.14283/jfa.2015.67 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

K. STOEVER ◽

A. HEBER ◽

S. EICHBERG ◽

W. ZIJLSTRA ◽

K. BRIXIUS

Keyword(s):

Resistance Training ◽

Grip Strength ◽

Physical Performance ◽

Gait Speed ◽

Older Persons ◽

Dynamic Strength ◽

Hand Grip Strength ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Hand Grip

Background: At present, it is unclear whether older, obese persons with or without sarcopenia respond differently to training. Furthermore, there are no differentiated recommendations for resistance training for this special target group. Objectives: The objectives are to investigate the changes in the physical parameters of older, obese men caused by training and to reappraise the modalities of resistance training for older persons. Design: Pre-test-post-test design. Participants: The participants were 33 physically inactive and obese older men (≥ 65 years, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), with-out severe diseases. Subjects were divided into two groups: NSAR (no or presarcopenia, n= 15) or SAR (sarcopenia, n= 18). Intervention: The intervention consisted of progressive resistance training, twice a week for 16 weeks with finally 80-85% of maximum strength and three sets with 8-12 repetitions. The training contained six exercises for the major muscle groups. Measurements: Sarcopenia was assessed using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), hand-grip strength, skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), and gait speed over a 6-meter walkway. Furthermore, the maximum dynamic strength (1 RM) was assessed. Results: At baseline, the NSAR group had significantly better values in SMI, SPPB score, hand-grip strength, and 1 RM. After training, the results in both groups displayed an increase in 1 RM at the lower limbs (NSAR 18%, SAR 38%) and the upper limbs (NSAR 12%, SAR 14%). Also, the SPPB score (NSAR 11%, SAR 15%) and the 6-m-gait speed (NSAR 5%, SAR 10%) increased. The SAR group was able to increase their right hand-grip strength by 12%, whereas the NSAR group maintained their initial high strength values. SMI did not change in both groups. Conclusions: Both groups show improvements after resistance training with slightly more benefits for men with sarcopenia. Results of this study can be used to define specific training regimens for N(SAR) subjects.

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Abstract P270: The Association between Physical Performance Characteristics and Independence in Activities of Daily Living in Middle-aged and Elderly Men

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.125.suppl_10.ap270 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽

Author(s):

Marjolein E den Ouden ◽

Marieke J Schuurmans ◽

Ilse E Arts ◽

Yvonne T van der Schouw

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Lung Function ◽

Functional Status ◽

Grip Strength ◽

Physical Performance ◽

Performance Characteristics ◽

Lower Extremity Function ◽

Elderly Men ◽

Leg Strength ◽

Study Population

Introduction: The functional status at one moment in time is a strong determinant of future functional status and survival in older persons. Physical functioning is an important component of functional status. Physical deterioration tends to occur early in the disabling process and is therefore suitable to interventions. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of physical performance characteristics (muscle capacity, lung function, physical performance score and physical activity) and functioning independently in middle aged and elderly men. Methods: In a cross-sectional study 400 independently living men aged 40-80 were included. Preservation of function was measured using the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire. Physical characteristics were grip strength and leg strength by dynamometer, lung function by peak flow, lower extremity function by Guralniks physical performance score and physical activity by Voorrips questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between potential determinants and the dichotomized HAQ-score, adjusting for confounders. Results: After adjustment for confounders, higher walking speed (OR=2.96, [95% CI 1.31; 6.72]) and shorter time to perform the chair stand test (OR=0.84, [95% CI 0.76; 0.94]) were associated with a higher probability of being independent in activities of daily living (ADL). Borderline significant associations were found for higher lung function and higher leg strength with a higher probability of being independent in ADL. No associations were found for grip strength and physical activity. Discussion and conclusion: The results are in line with previous studies, except for the associations between grip strength and physical activity with ADL independency. Longitudinal studies showed associations between grip strength and the probability of being independent in ADL. These results might indicate that whereas grip strength at a particular moment is not a determinant of ADL independency, change in grip strength over several years is. In addition, grip strength changes little until the 6 th decade but then decreases 1.0% to 1.5% per year from 50 to 70 years. The (relatively young) age of our study population could explain why we did not find an association. The mean total score on the Voorrips questionnaire was much higher compared to previous studies and very low scores of physical activity did not occur, indicating that our study population was relatively active. In the present study, lower body function and peak flow were associated with a higher probability of being independent in ADL. Future research should focus on the relation of physical performance characteristics and living independently using a longitudinal design for better insight in the direction of the associations. It seems that even at a younger age lower extremity function is associated with living independently.

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Validation of a Claims-Based Frailty Index Against Physical Performance and Adverse Health Outcomes in the Health and Retirement Study

The Journals of Gerontology Series A ◽

10.1093/gerona/gly197 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 74 (8) ◽

pp. 1271-1276 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Dae Hyun Kim ◽

Robert J Glynn ◽

Jerry Avorn ◽

Lewis A Lipsitz ◽

Kenneth Rockwood ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Outcomes ◽

Grip Strength ◽

Physical Performance ◽

Gait Speed ◽

Daily Living ◽

Frailty Index ◽

Activity Of Daily Living ◽

Adverse Health ◽

Adverse Health Outcomes ◽

Retirement Study

Abstract Background A claims-based frailty index (CFI) was developed based on a deficit-accumulation approach using self-reported health information. This study aimed to independently validate the CFI against physical performance and adverse health outcomes. Methods This retrospective cohort study included 3,642 community-dwelling older adults who had at least 1 health care encounter in the year prior to assessments of physical performance in the 2008 Health and Retirement Study wave. A CFI was estimated from Medicare claims data in the past year. Gait speed, grip strength, and the 2-year risk of death, institutionalization, disability, hospitalization, and prolonged (>30 days) skilled nursing facility (SNF) stay were evaluated for CFI categories (robust: <0.15, prefrail: 0.15–0.24, mildly frail: 0.25–0.34, moderate-to-severely frail: ≥0.35). Results The prevalence of robust, prefrail, mildly frail, and moderate-to-severely frail state was 52.7%, 38.0%, 7.1%, and 2.2%, respectively. Individuals with higher CFI had lower mean gait speed (moderate-to-severely frail vs robust: 0.39 vs 0.78 m/s) and weaker grip strength (19.8 vs 28.5 kg). Higher CFI was associated with death (moderate-to-severely frail vs robust: 46% vs 7%), institutionalization (21% vs 5%), activity of daily living disability (33% vs 9%), instrumental activity of daily living disability (100% vs 22%), hospitalization (79% vs 23%), and prolonged SNF stay (17% vs 2%). The odds ratios per 1-SD (=0.07) difference in CFI were 1.46–2.06 for these outcomes, which remained statistically significant after adjustment for age, sex, and a comorbidity index. Conclusion The CFI is useful to identify individuals with poor physical function and at greater risks of adverse health outcomes in Medicare data.

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Sarcopenia in older black South African women and relationships with physical activity and protein intake

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665120000981 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽

Author(s):

Amy E. Mendham ◽

Naomi E. Brooks ◽

Lisa K. Micklesfield ◽

Mieke Faber ◽

Dirk L. Christensen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Physical Function ◽

Grip Strength ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Gait Speed ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Whole Body ◽

Ageing Population ◽

Hs Crp ◽

High Cadence

AbstractIntroductionSouth Africa (SA) is a developing country with an ageing population. Adequate nutrition and physical activity (PA) protect against the loss of muscle mass and physical function, both of which are important components of sarcopenia. This study aimed to measure the prevalence of sarcopenia in older black SA women and investigate its associations with PA and protein intake.Materials and MethodsOlder black SA women (age, 68 (range; 60–85 years) n = 122) completed sociodemographic questionnaires, 24 h urine collection (estimate protein intake), venous blood (hs-C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and ferritin), functional tests (grip strength, 3 m timed-up-and-go (TUG), 10 m walk test) and PA monitoring (activPAL). Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry whole-body scans assessed fat and fat-free soft tissue mass (FFSTM).ResultsAccording to the European Working group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP)2, 2.5% (n = 3) had confirmed sarcopenia of a low severity based on normal physical function. Of the total cohort, 9% (n = 11) had low grip strength, 22.1% (n = 27) had a low appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI), and no women had low TUG (s) or gait speed (m/s). Higher ASMI was associated with lower hs-CRP (p = 0.05; Rho = -0.209) and higher ferritin (Rho = 0.252; p = 0.019), grip strength (kg, Rho = 0.223; p = 0.015), and gait speed (m/s, Rho = 0.180; p = 0.050). Protein intake suggested intake of 41.8g/day/ or 0.51 g/kg of body mass/day. Higher total protein intake (g/24h), was associated with higher FFSTM (kg) and ASMI (p < 0.001). PA outcomes were not correlated with FFSTM or ASMI (p > 0.05), however, there was a strong positive correlation of TUG (s) and gait speed (m/s) with time spent: 1) stepping per day (min) and; 2) at a high cadence (> 100 steps/min) (all p < 0.01). Daily step count was 7137 ± 3233 (mean ± Standard deviation), with 97.9 ± 38.7 min of total time spent stepping and 12.6 ± 16.8 min spent stepping at a high cadence (> 100 steps/min). Of note, 13.9% (n = 17) of women were completing > 10,000 steps/day.DiscussionBased on the EWGSOP2 criteria, there is a low prevalence of sarcopenia in older black SA women, explained by the maintenance of strength and physical function that directly related to PA, especially that performed at higher intensities. In contrast, low muscle mass was relatively prevalent (22.1%) and was associated with low dietary protein and not PA. Notably, it may be important to review the cut-points of EWGSOP2 criteria to be specific to the older SA women from disadvantaged communities.

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