Childhood Adversities, Midlife Health, and Elder Abuse Victimization: A Longitudinal Analysis Based on Cumulative Disadvantage Theory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott D Easton ◽  
Jooyoung Kong
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Elder Abuse ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Middle Adulthood ◽  
Childhood Adversities ◽  
Cumulative Disadvantage

Abstract Objectives Elder abuse victimization is increasingly recognized as a pressing public health concern. However, few empirical studies have investigated whether early life course adversities and midlife sequelae heighten risks for abuse in late life. Guided by cumulative disadvantage theory, the current study examined whether compromised health in middle adulthood (physical, psychological, cognitive) mediates the association between child abuse and elder abuse. Method This secondary analysis was based on data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, a population-based, multi-wave dataset. We analyzed responses from 5,968 participants (mean age = 71 years; 54% female) on adapted versions of standardized measures: elder abuse victimization (outcome variable), childhood adversities (independent variable), and midlife health (physical health, depressive symptoms, cognitive functioning; mediator variables). Serial multiple mediation models were conducted, controlling for background characteristics. Results Rates for any elder abuse and child adversities were, respectively, 16.34% and 47.98%. Multivariate analyses supported the cumulative disadvantage hypothesis. Childhood adversities (0.11, p < .001) and midlife health (physical, −0.10, p < .05; depressive symptoms, 0.09, p < .001; cognitive functioning, 0.02, p < .05) had significant direct effects on elder abuse victimization. Childhood adversities also had an indirect effect on elder abuse through physical health (0.002, p < .05) and depressive symptoms (0.01, p < .001), both in serial. Discussion This innovative study advances our understanding mechanisms through which childhood trauma influences abuse in late life. Boosting health in middle adulthood could help prevent elder abuse. Other implications for clinical practice, treatment, and future research on elder abuse are discussed.

scholarly journals Cognitive Functioning and Late-Life Depression

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 461-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron M. Koenig ◽  
Rishi K. Bhalla ◽  
Meryl A. Butters
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Neuropsychological Assessment ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Late Life Depression ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis brief report provides an introduction to the topic of cognitive functioning in late-life depression (LLD). In addition to providing a review of the literature, we present a framework for understanding the heterogeneity of cognitive outcomes in this highly prevalent disorder. In addition, we discuss the relationship between LLD and dementia, and highlight the importance of regularly assessing cognitive functioning in older adults who present with depressive symptoms. If cognitive deficits are discovered during a neuropsychological assessment, we recommend referral to a geriatric psychiatrist or cognitive neurologist, for evaluation and treatment of the patient’s symptoms. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–7)

scholarly journals Every Night and Every Morn: Effect of Variation in CLOCK Gene on Depression Depends on Exposure to Early and Recent Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorka Gyorik ◽  
Nora Eszlari ◽  
Zsofia Gal ◽  
Dora Torok ◽  
Daniel Baksa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Linkage Disequilibrium ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Negative Life Events ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Brief Symptom Inventory ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Childhood Adversities ◽  
Increased Risk

The role of circadian dysregulation is increasingly acknowledged in the background of depressive symptoms, and is also a promising treatment target. Similarly, stress shows a complex relationship with the circadian system. The CLOCK gene, encoding a key element in circadian regulation has been implicated in previous candidate variant studies in depression with contradictory findings, and only a few such studies considered the interacting effects of stress. We investigated the effect of CLOCK variation with a linkage-disequilibrium-based clumping method, in interaction with childhood adversities and recent negative life events, on two phenotypes of depression, lifetime depression and current depressive symptoms in a general population sample.Methods: Participants in NewMood study completed questionnaires assessing childhood adversities and recent negative life events, the Brief Symptom Inventory to assess current depressive symptoms, provided data on lifetime depression, and were genotyped for 1054 SNPs in the CLOCK gene, 370 of which survived quality control and were entered into linear and logistic regression models with current depressive symptoms and lifetime depression as the outcome variable, and childhood adversities or recent life events as interaction variables followed by a linkage disequilibrium-based clumping process to identify clumps of SNPs with a significant main or interaction effect.Results: No significant clumps with a main effect were found. In interaction with recent life events a significant clump containing 94 SNPs with top SNP rs6825994 for dominant and rs6850524 for additive models on current depression was identified, while in interaction with childhood adversities on current depressive symptoms, two clumps, both containing 9 SNPs were found with top SNPs rs6828454 and rs711533.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that CLOCK contributes to depressive symptoms, but via mediating the effects of early adversities and recent stressors. Given the increasing burden on circadian rhythmicity in the modern lifestyle and our expanding insight into the contribution of circadian disruption in depression especially as a possible mediator of stress, our results may pave the way for identifying those who would be at an increased risk for depressogenic effects of circadian dysregulation in association with stress as well as new molecular targets for intervention in stress-related psychopathologies in mood disorders.

scholarly journals Use of Passive Sensing in Psychotherapy Studies in Late Life: A Pilot Example, Opportunities and Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihui Lee ◽  
Nili Solomonov ◽  
Samprit Banerjee ◽  
George S. Alexopoulos ◽  
Jo Anne Sirey
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Behavioral Activation ◽  
Elder Abuse ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Late Life Depression ◽  
Sensing Data ◽  
Passive Sensing ◽  
Over Time

Late-life depression is heterogenous and patients vary in disease course over time. Most psychotherapy studies measure activity levels and symptoms solely using self-report scales, administered periodically. These scales may not capture granular changes during treatment. We introduce the potential utility of passive sensing data collected with smartphone to assess fluctuations in daily functioning in real time during psychotherapy for late life depression in elder abuse victims. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation of passive sensing among depressed elder abuse victims. We present data from three victims who received a 9-week intervention as part of a pilot randomized controlled trial and showed a significant decrease in depressive symptoms (50% reduction). Using a smartphone, we tracked participants' daily number of smartphone unlocks, time spent at home, time spent in conversation, and step count over treatment. Independent assessment of depressive symptoms and behavioral activation were collected at intake, Weeks 6 and 9. Data revealed patient-level fluctuations in activity level over treatment, corresponding with self-reported behavioral activation. We demonstrate how passive sensing data could expand our understanding of heterogenous presentations of late-life depression among elder abuse. We illustrate how trajectories of change in activity levels as measured with passive sensing and subjective measures can be tracked concurrently over time. We outline challenges and potential solutions for application of passive sensing data collection in future studies with larger samples using novel advanced statistical modeling, such as artificial intelligence algorithms.

Cognitive Functioning and the Natural Course of Depressive Symptoms in Late Life

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 664-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joost B. Sanders ◽  
Marijke A. Bremmer ◽  
Hannie C. Comijs ◽  
Dorly J.H. Deeg ◽  
Indrag K. Lampe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Natural Course

scholarly journals Elder abuse and depressive symptoms: Which is cause and effect? Bidirectional longitudinal studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Koga ◽  
T Tsuji ◽  
M Hanazato ◽  
N Suzuki ◽  
K Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Elder Abuse ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Temporal Relationships ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Background Elder abuse is a serious public health concern that increases the risks of negative health outcomes globally. It is well known that abuse in older adults is associated with depression; however, longitudinal studies investigating the causal relationship between these events are scarce. Because the cause precedes the result over time, the temporal relationships between abuse and depression should be verified from each direction. This longitudinal study therefore investigated and clarified whether depression causes or results from elder abuse among older Japanese adults. Methods Two longitudinal analyses were conducted using data derived from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study. The data were collected in 2010 and 2013 through a mail survey of 1737 people (983 females, 754 males) across Japan. Results Of those who did not experience abuse in 2010, 38 (5.0%) males and 53 (5.4%) females newly experienced abuse in 2013. Among respondents who did not have depressive symptoms in 2010, 60 (8.0%) males and 61 (6.2%) females newly reported depressive symptoms in 2013. After adjusting for demographic factors in analysis 1, people who experienced abuse were 2.28-fold (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.68-3.09) more likely to have depressive symptoms 3 years later than those who were not abused. In analysis 2, respondents who had mild or severe depression in 2010 were 2.23-fold (95% CI = 1.61-3.10) more likely to have experienced abuse after 3 years than those who did not have depression. Conclusions After adjusting for several demographic factors, the results showed that abuse can lead to depression and that depression can be a cause of abuse. Therefore, preventing abuse should be considered from both directions. Key messages Elder abuse could be a cause for depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms could be a cause of elder abuse.

scholarly journals Elder Abuse and Depressive Symptoms: Which is Cause and Effect? Bidirectional Longitudinal Studies From the JAGES

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052096713
Author(s):  
Chie Koga ◽  
Taishi Tsuji ◽  
Masamichi Hanazato ◽  
Norimichi Suzuki ◽  
Katsunori Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Elder Abuse ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Temporal Relationships ◽  
Using Data

Elder abuse is a serious public health concern that increases the risks of negative health outcomes globally. It is well known that abuse in older adults is associated with depression; however, longitudinal studies investigating the causal relationship between these events are scarce. Because the cause precedes the result over time, the temporal relationships between abuse and depression should be verified from each direction. This longitudinal study, therefore, investigated and clarified whether depression causes or results from elder abuse among older Japanese adults. Two longitudinal analyses were conducted using data derived from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study. The data were collected in 2010 and 2013 through a mail survey of 1,737 people (983 females, 754 males) across Japan. Of those who did not experience abuse in 2010, 38 (5.0%) males and 53 (5.4%) females newly experienced abuse in 2013. Among respondents who did not have depressive symptoms in 2010, 60 (8.0%) males and 61 (6.2%) females newly reported depressive symptoms in 2013. After adjusting for demographic factors in Analysis 1, people who experienced abuse were 2.28-fold (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.68–3.09) more likely to have depressive symptoms three years later than those who were not abused. In Analysis 2, respondents who had mild or severe depression in 2010 were 2.23-fold (95% CI = 1.61–3.10) more likely to have experienced abuse after three years than those who did not have depression. After adjusting for several demographic factors, the results showed that abuse can lead to depression and that depression can be a cause of abuse. Therefore, preventing abuse should be considered from both directions.

scholarly journals Lifelong Engagement: The Role of Cognitive Reserve and Physical Health in Very Late Life

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 779-780
Author(s):  
Peter Martin ◽  
Bradley Willcox ◽  
D Craig Willcox
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Multiple Group ◽  
Occupational Complexity

Abstract At the end of a very long life, older adults often experience a significant decline in cognitive function. However, there are older adults who have maintained high levels of cognition and physical health. The purpose of this symposium is to illuminate interdisciplinary findings of cognitive engagement with late-life benefits of cognitive functioning and physical health. Components of cognitive reserve include sociodemographic variables (e.g., education, occupational complexity and responsibility), psychosocial variables (e.g., engaged life style and activity) and physical and genetic reserve (e.g., strength, APOE4). Based on three major research studies (the Japanese SONIC study; the Honolulu Asia Aging Study, HAAS; and the Georgia Centenarian Study, GCS), we highlight important aspects of building cognitive reserve and the implications for cognitive and physical health. The first presentation evaluates the importance of work complexity as a predictor of cognitive and physical health among participants of the SONIC study. Multiple group analyses yielded strong associations of occupational complexity with cognitive functioning for men. The second presentation reports logistic regression findings from the HAAS including education, strength and genetic markers, as well as mental health and their relatedness to cognitive abilities and physical health. The final presentation evaluates a structural equation model from the GCS, highlighting the interrelationship of cognitive reserve components (i.e., education, occupational responsibility, engaged lifestyle, social support, and activity) with cognitive and physical health in very late life. We will summarize and integrate the findings for their theoretical and practical implications and provide future directions.

Educational level influenced the gold standard diagnosis of late-life depression in the GreatAGE study

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S173-S173
Author(s):  
M. Lozupone ◽  
F. Veneziani ◽  
L. Lofano ◽  
I. Galizia ◽  
E. Stella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cognitive Variables ◽  
Late Life Depression ◽  
Axis I

IntroductionThe validity of the 30-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-30) in detecting late-life depression (LLD) requires a certain level of cognitive functioning. Further research is needed in population-based setting on other socio-demographic and cognitive variables that could potentially influence the accuracy of clinician rated depression.ObjectiveTo compare the diagnostic accuracy of two instruments used to assess depressive disorders [(GDS-30) and the Semi-structured Clinical Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders (SCID)] among three groups with different levels of cognitive functioning (normal, Mild Cognitive Impairment – MCI, Subjective Memory Complain – SMC) in a random sampling of the general population 65+ years.MethodsThe sample, collected in a population-based study (GreatAGE Study) among the older residents of Castellana Grotte, South-East Italy, included 844 subjects (54.50% males). A standardized neuropsychological battery was used to assess MCI, SMC and depressive symptoms (GDS-30). Depressive syndromes were diagnosed through the SCID IV-TR. Socio-demographic and cognitive variables were taken into account in influencing SCID performance.ResultsAccording to the SCID, the rate of depressive disorders was 12.56%. At the optimal cut-off score (≥ 4), GDS-30 had 65.1% sensitivity and 68.4% specificity in diagnosing depressive symptoms. Using a more conservative cut-off (≥ 10), the GDS-30 specificity reached 91.1% while sensitivity dropped to 37,7%. The three cognitive subgroups did not differ in the rate of depression diagnosis. Educational level is the only variable associated to the SCID diagnostic performance (P = 0.015).ConclusionsAt the optimal cut-off, GDS-30 identified lower levels of screening accuracy for subjects with normal cognition rather than for SMC (AUC 0.792 vs. 0.692); educational attainment possibly may modulate diagnostic clinician performance.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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