scholarly journals Bidirectional Longitudinal Associations Between Cognitive Abilities and Social Relationships in Old Age

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 576-576
Author(s):  
Minxia Luo ◽  
Peter Edelsbrunner ◽  
Jelena Siebert ◽  
Mike Martin ◽  
Damaris Aschwanden
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Free Time ◽  
Word Finding ◽  
Panel Model ◽  
Random Intercept ◽  
Picture Completion ◽  
Longitudinal Associations

Abstract Individuals’ social connections can both shape and be shaped by cognitive abilities in aging process. This study examined bidirectional longitudinal associations between cognitive abilities and social relationships using 12-year longitudinal data (3 waves) from 499 German older adults who were born between year 1930 and 1932. Cognitive abilities were assessed as a latent construct consisting of five cognitive tests, i.e., picture completion, block design, information, similarities, and word finding. Social relationships were assessed by the self-reported number of free time partners and scales of perceived social relationships. Using a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model, we focused on within-person causal relations. Results showed that higher cognitive abilities predicted higher number of free time partners over four years and that more positive perceived social relationships predicted higher cognitive abilities at four-year follow-up. In sum, the bidirectional longitudinal associations indicate social relationships and cognitive abilities mutually maintain each other in old age.

Longitudinal Links Between Self-Esteem and the Importance of Self-Direction Values During Adolescence

2021 ◽  
pp. 089020702110409
Author(s):  
Ella Daniel ◽  
Maya Benish Weisman ◽  
Ariel Knafo-Noam ◽  
Anat Bardi
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Partial Support ◽  
Panel Model ◽  
Random Intercept ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
Longitudinal Associations

Self-direction values (e.g., independence, curiosity) are among the most important values to people worldwide. However, it is not clear what encourages their development. We propose that self-esteem may be associated with the development of self-direction values because feelings of self-worth provide the confidence needed for independent pursuit. As both independence and self-esteem develop during adolescence, we examined longitudinal associations between self-direction values and self-esteem in adolescents. Study 1 ( NT1 = 527, 55.6% girls, Mage = 16.24, SD = .71, NT2 = 198) included two annual waves of data collection. Study 2 ( Noverall = 486, 55.6% girls, initial Mage = 13.76, SD = .51, NT1 = 418, NT2 = 420, NT3 = 426, NT4 = 387) included four annual waves. In the studies, a cross-lagged panel model and a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model showed that adolescents who feel worthy are more likely to experience an increase in the importance of values of independent thoughts and actions relative to other values. Partial support was found for the opposite direction of association. The results were replicated across longitudinal studies of varying duration and across measures. We discuss the results in light of theories of self-esteem, values, and specifically the development of self-direction values.

scholarly journals Study on Contribution of Genetic and Environment to Perceptual Cognitive Skills of Twins

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-76
Author(s):  
Annu . ◽  
Bimla Dhanda
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Twin Study ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Heritability Estimate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Picture Completion ◽  
Heritability Estimates

The contribution of genetic was ranging from 50-65% in the variations of perceptual cognitive skills of twins. The current twin study design elucidated the contribution of genetic and environment to a wide range of perceptual cognitive skills. To conduct twin study, 100 pairs of twins from two districts namely; Bhiwani (N = 90) and Hisar (N = 110) of Haryana State were taken. Genetic and environmental influences were assessed in twin study design. The perceptual cognitive skills of twins were measured using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children- Revised (WISC-R). Heritability estimate was used to examine the genes contributed to shape the cognitive skills of twins. The result of heritability estimates revealed that the heritability estimates of perceptual cognitive skills namely picture completion, picture arrangement, block design and object assembly in Bhiwani district were 63%, 57%, 61% and 60% and in Hisar district were 54%, 52%, 58% and 56% respectively. The findings clearly elucidated that the perceptual cognitive skills were more influenced by genetic background than the environmental factors. The monozygotic twins were more correlated in their general cognitive abilities than the dizygotic twins.

12-Year Associations of Health with Personality in the Second Half of Life

GeroPsych ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Wettstein ◽  
Benjamin Tauber ◽  
Hans-Werner Wahl ◽  
Claudia Frankenberg
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Objective Health ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Longitudinal Associations ◽  
Design Analyses

Abstract. We examined longitudinal associations between personality, objective (physician-rated) and self-rated health over 12 years in two German cohorts (midlife cohort, born 1950/52, nT0 = 502; late-life cohort, born 1930/32, nT0 = 500) from the Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study of Adult Development (ILSE). Based on cross-lagged panel design analyses controlling for sex, education, depression, and cognitive abilities, we found that after 12 years better baseline objective health predicted lower Neuroticism and higher Agreeableness, whereas baseline Extraversion and Conscientiousness were positive predictors of later self-rated health. Our findings thus illustrate that the direction of longitudinal personality-health associations is dependent on whether objective or self-rated health is considered, whereas relations do not seem to be considerably different in midlife vs. in old age.

The ‘loneliness pandemic’: implications for gerontological nursing

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 652-655
Author(s):  
Carlos Laranjeira
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Older People ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Gerontological Nursing

The COVID-19 pandemic compelled states to limit free movement, in order to protect at-risk and more vulnerable groups, particularly older adults. Due to old age or debilitating chronic diseases, this group is also more vulnerable to loneliness (perceived discrepancy between actual and desired social relationships) and social isolation (feeling that one does not belong to society). This forced isolation has negative consequences for the health of older people, particularly their mental health. This is an especially challenging time for gerontological nursing, but it is also an opportunity for professionals to combat age stereotypes reinforced with COVID-19, to urge the measurement of loneliness and social isolation, and to rethink how to further adjust interventions in times of crisis, such as considering technology-mediated interventions in these uncertain times.

scholarly journals Bullying Perpetration, Moral Disengagement and Need for Popularity: Examining Reciprocal Associations in Adolescence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva M. Romera ◽  
Rosario Ortega-Ruiz ◽  
Kevin Runions ◽  
Antonio Camacho
Keyword(s):  
Moral Disengagement ◽  
Motivational Factors ◽  
Bullying Perpetration ◽  
Random Intercept ◽  
Bidirectional Association ◽  
Bullying Behavior ◽  
Longitudinal Associations ◽  
Reciprocal Associations

AbstractPrecursors and consequences of bullying have been widely explored, but much remains unclear about the association of moral and motivational factors. This study examined longitudinal associations between need for popularity, moral disengagement, and bullying perpetration. A total of 3017 participants, aged 11 to 16 years in wave 1 (49% girls; Mage = 13.15, SD = 1.09), were surveyed across four waves with six-month intervals. At the between-person level, cross-lagged modeling revealed a positive bidirectional association between moral disengagement and need for popularity; bullying perpetration was predicted by both need for popularity and moral disengagement. From the within-person level, random intercept cross-lagged analyses revealed that need for popularity predicted both moral disengagement and bullying perpetration. The results highlight the interplay between motivational and moral mechanisms that underlies bullying behavior.

Cytomegalovirus infection and cognitive abilities in old age

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 1846-1852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan J. Gow ◽  
Charlotte M. Firth ◽  
Rowan Harrison ◽  
John M. Starr ◽  
Paul Moss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cytomegalovirus Infection

scholarly journals Longitudinal Associations Between Loneliness and Cognitive Ability in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 1376-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith A Okely ◽  
Ian J Deary
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Visuospatial Ability ◽  
Lothian Birth Cohort ◽  
Longitudinal Associations ◽  
Reciprocal Associations

Abstract Objectives Loneliness is associated with poorer cognitive function in old age; however, the direction of this association is unknown. We tested for reciprocal associations between loneliness and the cognitive ability domains of processing speed, visuospatial ability, verbal memory, and crystallized ability. Method We used three triennial waves of longitudinal data from the Lothian Birth Cohort Study 1936, and tested for cross-lagged associations between loneliness and cognitive abilities using cross-lagged panel models. Results Better processing speed, visuospatial ability, or crystallized ability at age 73, was associated with less positive changes in loneliness between ages 73 and 76; however, these associations were not replicated between ages 76 and 79. Loneliness at ages 73 and 76 did not predict subsequent changes in cognitive abilities. Discussion Our findings indicate an association between cognitive ability and loneliness, such that individuals with lower cognitive abilities at age 73 may be at a slightly higher risk of becoming lonely. However, we did not find support for the hypothesis that loneliness causes a decline in cognitive health.

scholarly journals The Role of L-ornithine-L-aspartate in the Management of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy among Patients with Liver cirrhosis: a Systemic review and Meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Winston C. Li ◽  
Maria Ana Louise M. Naidas ◽  
Karen Anjela M. Mondragon ◽  
Ruter M. Maralit
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Cochrane Collaboration ◽  
Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Systemic Review ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
P Value ◽  
Picture Completion

Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of L-ornithine-L-aspartate (LOLA) in improving minimal hepatic encephalopathy in adult patients with liver cirrhosis. Methods. A search in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Medline was made obtaining four qualified randomized controlled trials. Studies included adult cirrhotic patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy measured by the number connection test (NCT-A, B), figure connection test (FCT-A, B), picture completion, block design test, and critical flicker frequency (CFF) testing with a cut-off score of <39Hz. Methodologic assessment of studies was performed using Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool and Review Manager (RevMan) version 5.3 for statistical analysis. Results. Of the 29 studies identified, 4 fulfilled the inclusion criteria, which entailed analysis of 238 participants (LOLA: 116, Control: 122). Three out of the four studies were used in meta-analysis and one study was analyzed separately due to a difference in the neuropsychometric measure. The metaanalysis favored experimental group (LOLA), with a mean difference of 2.29 (95% CI 0.72 – 3.86), p-value = 0.004, and an I2 of 18%. Conclusion. LOLA provided great potential in managing encephalopathy since treating earlier related to better survival and prevention of disease progression. The results of our study supported such evidence and its use may be encouraged.

scholarly journals The Precipitous Decline in Reasoning and Other Key Abilities with Age and Its Implications for Federal Judges

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Alan S. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Computerized Adaptive Testing ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Test Construction ◽  
Federal Judiciary ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Federal Judges ◽  
The Impact

U. S. Supreme Court justices and other federal judges are, effectively, appointed for life, with no built-in check on their cognitive functioning as they approach old age. There is about a century of research on aging and intelligence that shows the vulnerability of processing speed, fluid reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory to normal aging for men and women at all levels of education; even the maintained ability of crystallized knowledge declines in old age. The vulnerable abilities impact a person’s decision-making and problem solving; crystallized knowledge, by contrast, measures a person’s general knowledge. The aging-IQ data provide a rationale for assessing the key cognitive abilities of anyone who is appointed to the federal judiciary. Theories of multiple cognitive abilities and processes, most notably the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model, provide a well-researched blueprint for interpreting the plethora of findings from studies of IQ and aging. Sophisticated technical advances in test construction, especially in item-response theory and computerized-adaptive testing, allow for the development of reliable and valid theory-based tests of cognitive functioning. Such assessments promise to be a potentially useful tool for evaluating federal judges to assess the impact of aging on their ability to perform at a level their positions deserve, perhaps to measure their competency to serve the public intelligently. It is proposed that public funding be made available to appoint a panel of experts to develop and validate an array of computerized cognitive tests to identify those justices who are at risk of cognitive impairment.

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