Does Adult Day Service Use Improve Well-Being of Black Caregivers of People Living with Dementia?

Dementia Caregivers ◽

The Past ◽

Black Caregivers ◽

Abstract Background and Objectives Despite adult day services (ADS) being the most racially diverse home-and-community based service (HCBS), there is a paucity of research that has examined the impact of ADS on well-being measures among Black caregivers of people living with dementia. To address this gap, this study examined the association between the use of ADS and depressive symptoms among Black dementia caregivers. Research Design and Methods Using baseline data from two behavioral intervention trials: Advancing Caregiver Training (ACT, n=72) and Care of Persons with Dementia in their Environments (COPE, n=63), we conducted ordinary least squares regression to examine the association between ADS use in the past six months and depressive symptoms (n=135). The dependent variable, depressive symptoms, was assessed by the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Scale (CES-D). The independent variable was assessed by self-report of ADS use in the past six months. Results Nearly 36% of the sample used ADS in the past six months. After controlling for caregiver characteristics associated with depression (burden, social support, self-rated health, caregiving relationship status, years caregiving, religious/spiritual coping and demographic characteristics), caregivers who utilized ADS had a lowered CES-D score (B= -1.97, p=0.03) compared to those who did not use ADS. Discussion and Implications Black dementia caregivers who utilized ADS had lower depressive symptoms compared to those who did not utilize ADS. ADS may be a critical HCBS that can provide relief to Black caregivers. Research is needed to examine additional benefits of ADS use among Black caregivers, and the policy and programming needed to enhance access to ADS.

Adult Day Service Use Decreases Likelihood of Depressive Symptoms Among Black Dementia Caregivers

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2102 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 618-618

Author(s):

Lauren Parker ◽

Laura Gitlin

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Service Use ◽

Demographic Variables ◽

Caregiver Training ◽

Dementia Caregivers ◽

Adult Day Services ◽

Black Caregivers ◽

Health Promoting ◽

Day Services ◽

Intervention Trials

Abstract Black Americans are more likely than others to age with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) in the community and rely on family members for support. Despite reported positive aspects of caregiving, Black caregivers report greater need for daytime respite and caregiving support. Little is known regarding the health-promoting benefits of daytime respite, like adult day services (ADS), among Black caregivers. Using a sample of 190 Philadelphia-area Black caregivers for community-living persons with dementia, pooled from two behavioral intervention trials: Advancing Caregiver Training and Care of Persons with Dementia in their Environments, the study examined the association between ADS use and depressive symptoms. About 36% of the caregivers used adult day services for their family member with AD. Controlling for demographic variables, social support, self-rated health, religious coping, caregiver burden, and number of years caregiving Black caregivers who utilized ADS had lower depressive symptoms (β= -1.60, p<.05) relative not using ADS.

Wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK: a secondary data analysis

10.31235/osf.io/pv4qs ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jen Murphy ◽

Mark Elliot

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Online Survey ◽

National Level ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Well Being ◽

Ordinary Least Squares ◽

The Uk ◽

Survey Responses ◽

Introduction: In March 2020 in response to the COVID pandemic the UK government declared a national lockdown where citizens were required to stay at home. The impact of this lockdown on levels of well-being has been a source of concern for citizens and mental health professionals.Objectives: We investigated the trajectory of well-being over the course of the ?first wave and sought to determine whether the change in well-being is distributed equally across the population. Speci?fically we investigated pre-existing medical conditions, social isolation, ?financial stress and deprivation as a predictor for well-being and whether there were community level characteristics which protect against poorer well-being.Methods: Using online survey responses from the COVID19 modules of Understanding society, we linked 8,379 English cases across ?five waves of data collection to location based deprivation statistics. We used ordinary least squares regression to estimate the association between deprivation, pre-existing conditions and socio-demographic factors and the change in well-being scores over time, as measured by the GHQ-12 questionnaire.Results: A decline in well-being was observed at the beginning of the fi?rst lock down period at the beginning of March 2020. This was matched with a corresponding recovery between April and July as restrictions were gradually lifted. There was no association between the decline and deprivation, nor between deprivation and recovery. The strongest predictor of well-being during the lockdown, was the baseline score, with the counterintuitive finding that for those will pre-existing poor well-being, the impact of pandemic restrictions on mental health were minimal, but for those who had previously felt well, the restrictions and the impact of the pandemic on well-being were much greater.Conclusion: These data show no evidence of a social gradient in well-being related to the pandemic. In fact, wellbeing was shown to be highly elastic in this period indicating a national level of resilience which cut across the usually observed health inequalities.

Risk of Stress/Depression and Functional Impairment in Denmark Immediately Following a COVID-19 Shutdown

10.1101/2020.12.15.20248251 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lars H. Andersen ◽

Peter Fallesen ◽

Tim-Allen Bruckner

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Social Adjustment ◽

Functional Impairment ◽

Well Being ◽

Ordinary Least Squares ◽

World Health ◽

Living Situation ◽

Linear Probability ◽

The Impact ◽

At Home

Background This study aimed to investigate the impact of the first COVID-19 lockdown (March-April 2020) on risk for stress/depression and functional impairment in a representative sample of adult individuals in Denmark, and whether the impact of lockdown was heterogeneous across living situation. Methods: Using a representative, randomly drawn sample from the complete Danish adult population interviewed in March 2 to April 13, 2020 (n=2,836) and again in July 2020 (n=1,526, 54% retention rate), we study how the imposed lockdown announced March 11 following the onset of the first Danish wave of COVID-19 infections affected mental wellbeing. We use the World Health Organization Five Well-being Index (WHO-5) and the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) to capture wellbeing and functioning. Using covariate adjusted ordinary least squares linear probability models and exploiting variation in the timing of responses occurring just before and just after the introduction of lockdown, we compare respondents before lockdown to respondents that answered during lockdown, as well to answers in re-interviews in July. Results: We find reduced depressive symptoms among adults immediately after the shutdown, concentrated in adults with children living at home. Measures of functional impairment also decline immediately after the March shutdown among adults with children living at home. Impairment intensified for the entire sample between March and July, but depressive symptoms remained at lower rate in July. Conclusions: Findings in Denmark indicate that living with children at home may have, in the short term, buffered the potential mental health sequelae of the COVID-19 shutdown.

A life satisfaction approach to valuing the impact of health behaviours on subjective well-being

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-019-7896-5 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yipu Shi ◽

Craig Joyce ◽

Ron Wall ◽

Heather Orpana ◽

Christina Bancej

Keyword(s):

Life Satisfaction ◽

Health Behaviours ◽

Well Being ◽

Ordinary Least Squares ◽

Subjective Well Being ◽

Market Values ◽

Intermediate Outcomes ◽

Wide Range ◽

Abstract Background Increasingly, decision-makers are interested in understanding the returns on investments in programs and policies that promote health and prevent chronic diseases. While the costs of these programs are more easily quantified, many of the outcomes they aspire to achieve are intangible and lack obvious market values. The subjective well-being (SWB) method was developed to value a wide range of non-market goods, including health outcomes directly in monetary terms. This paper presents an application of the SWB approach to estimate the monetary value of health-promoting behaviours as the intermediate outcomes of health promotion and chronic disease prevention programs and policies. Methods Life satisfaction (LS) was used as a proxy of individuals’ SWB. Based on the combined Canadian Community Health Survey 2009–10 data, we modeled LS as a function of income and healthy behaviours, controlling for the socio-demographic factors associated with LS at the individual level using ordinary least squares regression. Equivalent effects of income and healthy behaviours on LS derived from the models allowed us to estimate the trade-off between income and healthy behaviours. Results We found that income and healthy behaviours were positively associated with LS. The values of increased physical activity, an additional daily serving of fruits/vegetables, and not smoking are respectively $631, $115 and $563 per week. These represent the amounts of additional weekly income required to maintain an individual at their level of LS in the absence of each of these behaviours. Conclusions The SWB method holds promise as a method to monetize the value of a range of non-market goods, including healthy behaviours for which market values do not exist. The SWB method can be applied efficiently and cost-effectively using readily available survey data.

Mental health, coping, and social support among people living with HIV in the Americas: A comparative study between Argentina and the USA during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

10.21203/rs.3.rs-109131/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Deborah L. Jones ◽

Jamile Ballivian ◽

Violeta J. Rodriguez ◽

Claudia Uribe ◽

Diego Cecchini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Social Support ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Ordinary Least Squares ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Coping With Stress ◽

Living With Hiv ◽

Abstract Background: The COVID-19 pandemic pose significant risk to mental health and may disproportionately affect people living with HIV (PLWH). This study examined the interaction of social support and resilient coping in predicting depressive symptoms among PLWH.Methods: PLWH residing in Buenos Aires, Argentina and in Miami, Florida (US) were asked to complete an anonymous survey on the impact of COVID-19. Statistical analysis included ordinary least squares regression.Results: A total of 1,554 participants were included. Mean age was 47.30 years; 63.7 % were men. A test of three-way interaction of social support resilient coping study site indicated differences by site (b = -0.63.862, p = .043010, 95% CI [-1.24, -0.02.205, 1.52]). In Argentina, at higher social support and resilient coping, depressive symptoms were lowest. At lower social support and resilient coping, depressive symptoms were highest.Discussion: The impact of COVID-19 on mental health illustrates the need to develop innovative strategies to support resilience and to enhance coping with stress and adversity among PLWH.

Moderating Effect of Psychological Resilience on Functional Impairment in Relation to Subsequent Depression

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1566 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 484-484

Author(s):

Shinae Choi ◽

Eun Ha Namkung

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Older Adults ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Functional Impairment ◽

Later Life ◽

Well Being ◽

The United States ◽

Ordinary Least Squares ◽

Psychological Resilience ◽

Abstract The growing prevalence of functional impairment is a serious concern due to its relation to decreased quality of life in later life. Guided by the social convoy model and the stress process model, the present study investigated whether psychological resilience, particularly optimism and mastery moderated an association between functional impairment and subsequent depressive symptoms in later life. This study used data derived from two population-based national studies in the United States: 2012 and 2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (N = 5,035) and 2004 and 2013 waves of the Midlife in the United States (N = 2,476). Ordinary least squares regression was used to estimate the impact of optimism and mastery, respectively, on the associations between functional impairment (baseline measure at wave(t-1), changes over the study period from wave(t-1) to wave(t)) on subsequent changes in depressive symptoms. Across both studies, we found that having and developing functional impairment are related to increased number of depressive symptoms. Optimism independently predicted decreased depressive symptoms over the study periods and buffered the negative effects of functional impairment on depressive symptoms across the two studies. Specifically, the mitigating effects of optimism on depressive symptoms were greater for those with more numbers of functional limitations. The findings suggest that psychological resilience plays a key role in decreasing depressive symptoms, especially for midlife and older adults with functional impairment. The results also demonstrate the importance of examining both optimism and mastery when investigating psychological resilience and emotional well-being in older adults.

Risk of stress/depression and functional impairment in Denmark immediately following a COVID-19 shutdown

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11020-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lars H. Andersen ◽

Peter Fallesen ◽

Tim A. Bruckner

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Functional Impairment ◽

Well Being ◽

Ordinary Least Squares ◽

World Health ◽

Mental Wellbeing ◽

Living Situation ◽

Linear Probability ◽

The Impact ◽

At Home

Abstract Background Existing estimates of the impact of the COVID-19 burden on mental wellbeing come from countries with high mortality rates. This study therefore aimed to investigate the impact of the first COVID-19 lockdown (March–April 2020) on risk for stress/depression and functional impairment in a representative sample of adult individuals in Denmark, which had lower infection rates, and whether the impact of lockdown was heterogeneous across living situation. Methods Using a representative, randomly drawn sample from the complete Danish adult population interviewed in March 2 to April 13, 2020 (n = 2836) and again in July 2020 (n = 1526, 54% retention rate), we study how the imposed lockdown announced March 11 following the onset of the first Danish wave of COVID-19 infections affected mental wellbeing. We use the World Health Organization Five Well-being Index (WHO-5) and the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) to capture risk for stress/depression (WHO-5 < 50) and functional impairment (WSAS > 10). Using covariate adjusted ordinary least squares linear probability models and exploiting variation in the timing of responses occurring just before and just after the introduction of lockdown, we compare respondents before lockdown to respondents that answered during lockdown, as well as to answers in re-interviews in July. Results In our fully controlled models, we find reduced depressive symptoms among adults immediately after the shutdown, concentrated in adults with children living at home (−.089, p < .01 (from pre lockdown baseline .273)). Measures of functional impairment also declined immediately after the March shutdown among adults with children living at home (−.066, p < .05 (from pre lockdown baseline .150)). Impairment intensified for the entire sample between March and July (+.199, p < .001 (from pre lockdown baseline .248)), but depressive symptoms remained at lower rate in July (−.033, p < .05 (from pre lockdown baseline .332). Conclusions Findings in Denmark indicate that living with children at home may have, in the short term, buffered the potential mental health sequelae of the COVID-19 shutdown.

Loneliness, age at immigration, family relationships, and depression among older immigrants: A moderated relationship

Journal of Social and Personal Relationships ◽

10.1177/02654075211061279 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 026540752110612

Author(s):

Heejung Jang ◽

Fengyan Tang

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Social Relations ◽

Family Relationships ◽

Well Being ◽

The United States ◽

Ordinary Least Squares ◽

Study Data ◽

Familial Relationships ◽

Older Immigrants

Guided by a convoy model of social relations, this study explores the complex relationships between loneliness, age at immigration, familial relationships, and depressive symptoms among older immigrants. This study used 2010 Health and Retirement Study data from a sample of 575 immigrants (52% female, age range 65–99 years). Ordinary least squares regression models were estimated. The findings indicate that for older immigrants who came to the United States at age 45 or older, loneliness was significantly positively associated with depressive symptoms. Further, perceived negative strain and hours spent helping family moderated this relationship such that the effect of loneliness on depressive symptoms was stronger among respondents who perceived more negative family strain and spent fewer hours helping family. Familial relationships are crucial for the psychological well-being of older immigrants because they can be a source of either stress or support. The results have implications for how research and practices can support the immigrant families.

Impact of COVID-19 on Meaning Making of Dementia Caregivers in Hong Kong: From the Generational Perspectives

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igab046.943 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 245-246

Author(s):

Reynold Leung ◽

W Q Lou Vivian

Keyword(s):

Hong Kong ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Generation X ◽

Meaning Making ◽

Well Being ◽

Dementia Caregivers ◽

Two Generations ◽

Education Support ◽

The Impact ◽

Mental Well Being

Abstract This study examined the impact of COVID-19 on meaning making among adult children dementia caregivers and the association with caregiver mental well-being. Adult caregivers (n=601) from two generations, 1946-1964 (Baby Boomers) and 1965-1980 (Generation X), were recruited in Hong Kong between October 2019 and June 2020. Participants were assessed on depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) and meaning making (Finding Meaning Through Caregiving Scale-FMTC). Generation X scored higher on sense of loss (p = 0.04) and lower on provisional meaning of FMTC (p=0.017). Moreover, an interaction effect (p=0.003) between generation and COVID-19 were found. During the pandemic, Generation X caregivers were more likely to suffer from higher losses, higher depressive symptoms (>23.2% moderate to severe) and lower provisional meaning (p=0.03) compared to their boomer counterparts. The level of meaning making is more important to Generation X caregivers, especially in COVID-19 situation. Government should consider generation-responsive services and education support in guiding service implementation.

Loving Others: The Impact of Compassionate Love on Later-Life Psychological Well-Being

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1554 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 480-481

Author(s):

Eva Kahana ◽

Tirth Bhatta ◽

Boaz Kahana ◽

Nirmala Lekhak

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Negative Affect ◽

Positive Affect ◽

Emotional Support ◽

Later Life ◽

Well Being ◽

Psychological Well Being ◽

Compassionate Love ◽

Abstract Existing scholarship in social gerontology has surprisingly paid little attention to broader loving emotions, such as compassionate and altruistic love, as potentially meaningful mechanisms for improving later life psychological well-being. This study examined the influence of feeling love toward other persons and experiencing love from others on later life psychological well-being. We conducted a 3-wave longitudinal study of a representative sample of 340 ethnically heterogeneous community dwelling older residents of Miami, Florida. The increase in feeling of being loved (β=-1.53, p<0.001) and love for others (β=-1.43, p<0.001) led to decline in odds of reporting greater level of depressive symptoms over time. The odds of reporting higher level of positive affect were significantly greater for older adults who reported feeling loved by others (β=1.16, p<0.001) and expressed love for other people (β=1.18, p<0.01). Older adults who felt loved had 0.92-point lower ordered log odds of reporting higher negative affect than those who reported lower level of love. The impact of compassionate love on depressive symptoms and negative affect remained statistically significant even after adjustment for altruistic attitudes and emotional support. The influence of loving emotions on positive affect was, however, explained by altruistic attitudes and emotional support. Our findings underscore the powerful influence of both receiving and giving love for the maintenance of later life psychological well-being. We offer support for the expectation that love is a significant force in the lives of older adults that transcends intimate relationships.