Heterogeneity in Vulnerability and Resilience Among Centenarians

Abstract Given their exceptional longevity, centenarians have long been considered as examples of successful aging. Yet, with increases in empirical studies, findings suggest that they may show vulnerability and resilience at the same time. This symposium offers a more in-depth perspective on both constructs in centenarians. Zaccaria and colleagues investigated the link between social isolation and loneliness within the Fordham Centenarian Study. Results indicate the existence of four subgroups combining expressions of isolation and loneliness, suggesting different vulnerability patterns in centenarians. Uittenhove and colleagues analyzed patterns of coping strategies in the Second Heidelberg Centenarian Study. Cluster analysis identified two coping profiles, one characterized by a wide coping repertoire including problem-directed and internal strategies, while the other showed low problem-solving. Lampraki and Jopp examined the effects of (lacking) resources and psychological strengths (optimism) on depressive symptoms in the Fordham Centenarian Study. Findings suggest that the effect of resources is mediated by psychological strengths, demonstrating their beneficial value in very old age. Jopp and colleagues report findings from the ongoing SWISS100 Study. Based on telephone interviews conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, they found that centenarians did not feel vulnerable. While half of the centenarians and their proxies reported no changes in everyday life, the other half experienced substantial challenges due to lack of activities and absence of social contacts due to governmental regulations. In sum, centenarians are vulnerable and resilient at the same time, highlighting the future research needs on its predictors, and the application of this knowledge within the context of crisis.

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Summing up and consideration of future research needs

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.1975.0068 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 189 (1096) ◽

pp. 479-483

Keyword(s):

Organochlorine Pesticides ◽

Southern Hemisphere ◽

Northern Hemisphere ◽

Organic Pollutants ◽

Equatorial Region ◽

The Other ◽

Future Research ◽

World Production ◽

Research Needs ◽

The World

If there is one thing above all else that this meeting has established it is surely that most of the questions that one may ask regarding organic pollutants and their behaviour in the sea cannot be satisfactorily answered at present. It is only, perhaps, in regard to the persistent organohalogen pesticides, DDT and dieldrin in particular, and PCBs, that one can speak with any assurance. We were persuaded by Professor Goldberg and Dr Portmann that, although the peak input to the oceans in the northern hemisphere may have passed in respect of both DDT and dieldrin, this is not so for the equatorial region and the southern hemisphere; the problem has moved southward and the world production and use of organochlorine pesticides is still increasing. Vigilance must therefore be maintained. The use of PCBs, on the other hand, is being generally phased out.

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On exegesis methods of Warring States bamboo-slip manuscripts

Journal of Chinese Writing Systems ◽

10.1177/2513850217747987 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 67-75

Author(s):

Qi Wu

Keyword(s):

Future Research ◽

Research Needs ◽

Research Focus ◽

Tsinghua University ◽

Warring States ◽

Shanghai Museum ◽

Study Results ◽

New Research

With the continuous publication of Guodian bamboo-slip manuscripts, Shanghai Museum bamboo-slip manuscripts and Tsinghua University bamboo-slip manuscripts, the study of Warring States bamboo-slip manuscripts has become a new research focus in recent years. Exegesis study is one of the most important aspects in bamboo-slip manuscripts research. As can be seen from those exegesis study results, it is found that some of them are widely accepted. However, some results are debateable. Furthermore, in many cases it is difficult to provide clear answers in exegesis study. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize the exegesis methods of these accepted and debateable results. Also, theoretical guidance for future research needs to be provided. This article will discuss applying traditional exegesis methods into exegesis study. Then it will discuss applying the special features of Warring States bamboo-slip manuscripts into exegesis study. Finally, it will discuss some problems which should be emphasized in exegesis study.

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Assessing the Robustness of Mediation Analysis Results Using Multiverse Analysis

Prevention Science ◽

10.1007/s11121-021-01280-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Judith J. M. Rijnhart ◽

Jos W. R. Twisk ◽

Dorly J. H. Deeg ◽

Martijn W. Heymans

Keyword(s):

Mediation Analysis ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Real Life ◽

Total Effect ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Future Research ◽

Analysis Methodology ◽

Study Results ◽

The Impact

AbstractThere is an increasing awareness that replication should become common practice in empirical studies. However, study results might fail to replicate for various reasons. The robustness of published study results can be assessed using the relatively new multiverse-analysis methodology, in which the robustness of the effect estimates against data analytical decisions is assessed. However, the uptake of multiverse analysis in empirical studies remains low, which might be due to the scarcity of guidance available on performing multiverse analysis. Researchers might experience difficulties in identifying data analytical decisions and in summarizing the large number of effect estimates yielded by a multiverse analysis. These difficulties are amplified when applying multiverse analysis to assess the robustness of the effect estimates from a mediation analysis, as a mediation analysis involves more data analytical decisions than a bivariate analysis. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview and worked example of the use of multiverse analysis to assess the robustness of the effect estimates from a mediation analysis. We showed that the number of data analytical decisions in a mediation analysis is larger than in a bivariate analysis. By using a real-life data example from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam, we demonstrated the application of multiverse analysis to a mediation analysis. This included the use of specification curves to determine the impact of data analytical decisions on the magnitude and statistical significance of the direct, indirect, and total effect estimates. Although the multiverse analysis methodology is still relatively new and future research is needed to further advance this methodology, this paper shows that multiverse analysis is a useful method for the assessment of the robustness of the direct, indirect, and total effect estimates in a mediation analysis and thereby to inform replication studies.

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Conceptualizations of Clinical Decision-Making: A Scoping Review in Geriatric Emergency Medicine

10.21203/rs.3.rs-41168/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Maria Louise Gamborg ◽

Mimi Mehlsen ◽

Charlotte Paltved ◽

Gitte Tramm ◽

Peter Musaeus

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Emergency Medicine ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Clinical Decision Making ◽

Data Extraction ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Clinical Decision ◽

Future Research ◽

Study Results ◽

Geriatric Emergency Medicine

Abstract Background: Clinical decision-making (CDM) is an important competency for young doctors, especially under complex and uncertain conditions, which is present in geriatric emergency medicine (GEM). Research in this field is however characterized by an unclear conceptualization of CDM. To evolve and evaluate evidence-based knowledge of CDM, it is thus important to identify different definitions and their operationalisations in studies on GEM.Objective: A scoping review of empirical articles was designed to provide an overview of the documented evidence of findings and conceptualizations of CDM in GEM.Methods: A detailed search for empirical studies focusing on CDM in a GEM setting was conducted in PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, EMBASE and Web of Science. In total, 52 publications were included in the analysis, utilizing a data extraction sheet, following the PRISMA guidelines. Reported outcomes were summarized.Results: Four themes of operationalization of CDM emerged; CDM as dispositional decisions, CDM as cognition, CDM as a model, and CDM as clinical judgement. Study results and conclusions differed according to how CDM was conceptualized. It was evident how especially frailty- heuristics lead to biases in treatment of geriatric patients, and that the complexity of this patient group was seen as a challenge for CDM.Conclusions: This scoping review summarizes how different studies in GEM use the term CDM. It provides a snapshot of findings in GEM. Potentially, findings from CDM research can guide implementation of adequate CDM strategies in clinical practice but this requires application of more stringent definitions of CDM in future research.

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Conceptualizations of clinical decision-making: a scoping review in geriatric emergency medicine

BMC Emergency Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12873-020-00367-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Maria Louise Gamborg ◽

Mimi Mehlsen ◽

Charlotte Paltved ◽

Gitte Tramm ◽

Peter Musaeus

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Emergency Medicine ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Clinical Decision Making ◽

Data Extraction ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Clinical Decision ◽

Future Research ◽

Study Results ◽

Geriatric Emergency Medicine

Abstract Background Clinical decision-making (CDM) is an important competency for young doctors especially under complex and uncertain conditions in geriatric emergency medicine (GEM). However, research in this field is characterized by vague conceptualizations of CDM. To evolve and evaluate evidence-based knowledge of CDM, it is important to identify different definitions and their operationalizations in studies on GEM. Objective A scoping review of empirical articles was conducted to provide an overview of the documented evidence of findings and conceptualizations of CDM in GEM. Methods A detailed search for empirical studies focusing on CDM in a GEM setting was conducted in PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, EMBASE and Web of Science. In total, 52 publications were included in the analysis, utilizing a data extraction sheet, following the PRISMA guidelines. Reported outcomes were summarized. Results Four themes of operationalization of CDM emerged: CDM as dispositional decisions, CDM as cognition, CDM as a model, and CDM as clinical judgement. Study results and conclusions naturally differed according to how CDM was conceptualized. Thus, frailty-heuristics lead to biases in treatment of geriatric patients and the complexity of this patient group was seen as a challenge for young physicians engaging in CDM. Conclusions This scoping review summarizes how different studies in GEM use the term CDM. It provides an analysis of findings in GEM and call for more stringent definitions of CDM in future research, so that it might lead to better clinical practice.

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Trust and Population Health

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.013.35 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ichiro Kawachi

Keyword(s):

Health Outcomes ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Individual Characteristic ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Needs ◽

Contextual Feature ◽

The Social ◽

Cynical Hostility ◽

Health Studies ◽

Multi Level

Research in public health approaches trust as a component of social cohesion, a characteristic of the social context in which an individual is embedded. This article discusses the theoretical mechanisms why living in a trusting environment might be associated with better health outcomes. A conceptual dilemma in health studies is that individual trust perceptions overlap with the personality trait of “cynical hostility” (from the field of psychology). Multi-level studies help to distinguish between the health effects of cynical distrust (an individual characteristic) and trustworthiness of the environment. I review the empirical studies linking trust and health outcomes. To date, trust has been examined as a contextual feature of residential neigborhoods and workplaces. Future research needs to strengthen causal inference.

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Model Keperilakuan Atas Konsumsi Produk Bajakan

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis ◽

10.24914/jeb.v19i1.478 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Nur Achmad ◽

Edy Purwo Saputro

Keyword(s):

Maximum Likelihood ◽

Point Of View ◽

Behavioral Research ◽

The Other ◽

Likelihood Method ◽

Future Research ◽

Behavioral Models ◽

Music Downloading ◽

Interesting Study ◽

Study Results

Behavioral research on the case of mp3 music downloading is an interesting study since this case seems correlated to many occasions. An empiric study results that this kind of behavior happens not merely in the developed industrial countries but also in developing countries. On the one side, the results from empirical research indicates various factors, and on the other side there is research gap suitable for the observation settings in this research. This research aims to find out the behavioral models on the consumption of piracy products, especially concerning on the mp3 music downloading. This research involves a number of 100 students for the research samples, and utilizes structural analysis supported by maximum likelihood method. Indirectly, the result is reinforcing the arguments related to the various factors which is enforcing mp3 music downloading behaviors, although from the other point of view, this research found the importance of rational model on the mp3 music downloading behavior. The limitedness on this research will become a suggestion for the future research to the variable explorations and observation settings in order to support the generalization process of the results in accordance with behavioral research. Abstrak Penelitian keperilakuan berkenaan dengan kasus pengunduhan file musik dalam format mp3 merupakan sebuah studi yang menarik oleh karena hal ini tampaknya berkorelasi dengan berbagai kegiatan. Hasil-hasil studi empirik menunjukkan bahwa perilaku semacam itu terjadi bukan hanya di negara-negara maju tetapi juga di negara-negara sedang berkembang. Di satu sisi, hasil-hasil penelitian empiris menunjukkan terdapat berbagai faktor, namun di sisi lain masih terdapat kesenjangan penelitian yang dapat diobservasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perilaku pada konsumsi produk bajakan, terutama menyangkut pada pengunduhan file musik dalam format mp3. Penelitian ini melibatkan 100 siswa sebagai sampel penelitian dan menggunakan analisis struktural yang didukung dengan metode maximum likelihood. Secara tidak langsung, hasil penelitian ini memperkuat argumen terkait dengan berbagai faktor yang mendorong perilaku untuk mengunduh file musik dalam format mp3, meskipun dari sudut pandang lain, penelitian ini menemukan pentingnya model rasional pada perilaku mengunduh file musik dalam format mp3. Keterbatasan pada penelitian ini menjadi saran untuk penelitian masa depan, yakni berkaitan dengan eksplorasi variabel dan pengaturan observasi dalam rangka mendukung proses generalisasi penelitian keperilakuan.

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Conceptualizations of Clinical Decision-Making: A scoping review in geriatric emergency medicine

10.21203/rs.3.rs-41168/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Maria Louise Gamborg ◽

Mimi Mehlsen ◽

Charlotte Paltved ◽

Gitte Tramm ◽

Peter Musaeus

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Emergency Medicine ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Clinical Decision Making ◽

Data Extraction ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Clinical Decision ◽

Future Research ◽

Study Results ◽

Geriatric Emergency Medicine

Abstract Background Clinical decision-making (CDM) is an important competency for young doctors especially under complex and uncertain conditions in geriatric emergency medicine (GEM). However, research in this field is characterized by a vague conceptualization of CDM. To evolve and evaluate evidence-based knowledge of CDM, it is important to identify different definitions and their operationalisations in studies on GEM. Objective A scoping review of empirical articles was conducted to provide an overview of the documented evidence of findings and conceptualizations of CDM in GEM. Methods A detailed search for empirical studies focusing on CDM in a GEM setting was conducted in PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, EMBASE and Web of Science. In total, 52 publications were included in the analysis, utilizing a data extraction sheet, following the PRISMA guidelines. Reported outcomes were summarized. Results Four themes of operationalization of CDM emerged: CDM as dispositional decisions, CDM as cognition, CDM as a model, and CDM as clinical judgement. Study results and conclusions naturally differed according to how CDM was conceptualized. Thus, frailty-heuristics lead to biases in treatment of geriatric patients and the complexity of this patient group was seen as a challenge for young physicians engaging in CDM. Conclusions This scoping review summarizes how different studies in GEM use the term CDM. It provides an analysis of findings in GEM and call for more stringent definitions of CDM in future research, so that it might lead to better clinical practice.

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They’re all the same!...but for several different reasons: A review of the multicausal nature of perceived group variability.

10.31234/osf.io/6j2nk ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Mark Rubin

Keyword(s):

Social Group ◽

The Other ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Needs ◽

Central Tendency ◽

Group Affiliation ◽

Race Effect ◽

Group Homogeneity ◽

Strategic Context

Perceived group variability refers to the variability that people perceive among the members of a social group. Researchers in this area have tended to focus on the way in which perceivers’ group affiliations lead to in-group and out-group homogeneity effects, including the other race effect. However, recent advances have highlighted the role of additional influences. In the present review, we consider the influence of (1) the perceiver’s group affiliation, (2) the group’s objective variability, (3) the group’s social position, and (4) the group’s central tendency. We focus on recent research in these areas that has highlighted the strategic, context-dependent, and symbolic nature of perceived group variability. We conclude that future research needs to adopt a multicausal approach in order to provide a more complete and comprehensive account of perceived group variability.

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Starting Doctoral Dissertation Journey with a Solid Research Problem Statement – A Four Stage Framework

International Journal of Doctoral Studies ◽

10.28945/4810 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

pp. 469-485

Author(s):

Azad Ali ◽

Shardul Pandya

Keyword(s):

Doctoral Students ◽

Methodological Approach ◽

Doctoral Program ◽

Research Problem ◽

The Other ◽

Future Research ◽

Student Adjustment ◽

Research Needs ◽

Problem Statement ◽

Graduate Studies

Aim/Purpose: Provide methodology suggesting steps to doctoral mentors to work with students in constructing their research problem statement in their dissertation. Background: Doctoral students face difficulties writing their dissertation and they begin by writing the research problem statement. Methodology: This paper uses a framework widely used to describe student adjustment to graduate studies in general and to doctoral program in particular. Contribution: This study provides a framework to mentors/advisors that is helpful in guiding the students to writing their research problem statement. Findings: Writing a research problem statement is difficult by itself. Following a methodological approach suggested in this study could help with writing it. Recommendations for Practitioners: A methodological approach in writing the dissertation is helpful to mitigate the difficulties of writing the dissertation. Our study tackles difficulties with writing the research problem statement. Recommendations for Researchers: More research needs to be done on methodological approach to writing the other sections in the dissertation. Impact on Society: Our findings in this research will help doctoral mentors/advisors as they guide students in completing the writing of their research problem statement Future Research: Intention for future research is to follow similar methodological approach in guiding students in writing the other sections of the dissertation

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