scholarly journals PHYSICAL FUNCTION AND BODY COMPOSITION AS NUTRITIONAL OUTCOMES: ASSESSMENT APPROACHES

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S392-S392
Author(s):  
Connie W Bales ◽  
Kathryn N Porter Starr ◽  
Marshall Miller
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Physical Performance Test ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Obesity Interventions

Abstract Nutritional status is a strong determinant of both body composition and physical function (PF), parameters that are closely interrelated but rarely evaluated in the clinical setting due to cost, access, and lack of agreement on best approaches in older adults. Recent evidence that changes in muscle mass do not closely correspond to changes in muscle function will be reviewed in the context of our studies of higher protein obesity interventions. PF assessments, including indices for older adults (Short Physical Performance Battery and Physical Performance Test), as well as specific tests like gait speed and handgrip strength, will be explained as nutrition outcomes and in relation to body composition from air displacement (BodPod) and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). These results, along with new studies of muscle quality, will bring a better understanding of the complexity of responses to nutritional interventions designed to optimize body mass and composition in older adults.

Quality over quantity? Association of skeletal muscle myosteatosis and myofibrosis on physical function in chronic kidney disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1344-1353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J Wilkinson ◽  
Douglas W Gould ◽  
Daniel G D Nixon ◽  
Emma L Watson ◽  
Alice C Smith
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by adverse changes in body composition, which are associated with poor clinical outcome and physical functioning. Whilst size is the key for muscle functioning, changes in muscle quality specifically increase in intramuscular fat infiltration (myosteatosis) and fibrosis (myofibrosis) may be important. We investigated the role of muscle quality and size on physical performance in non-dialysis CKD patients. Methods Ultrasound (US) images of the rectus femoris (RF) were obtained. Muscle quality was assessed using echo intensity (EI), and qualitatively using Heckmatt’s visual rating scale. Muscle size was obtained from RF cross-sectional area (RF-CSA). Physical function was measured by the sit-to-stand-60s (STS-60) test, incremental (ISWT) and endurance shuttle walk tests, lower limb and handgrip strength, exercise capacity (VO2peak) and gait speed. Results A total of 61 patients (58.5 ± 14.9 years, 46% female, estimated glomerular filtration rate 31.1 ± 20.2 mL/min/1.73 m2) were recruited. Lower EI (i.e. higher muscle quality) was significantly associated with better physical performance [STS-60 (r = 0.363) and ISWT (r = 0.320)], and greater VO2peak (r = 0.439). The qualitative rating was closely associated with EI values, and significant differences in function were seen between the ratings. RF-CSA was a better predictor of performance than muscle quality. Conclusions In CKD, increased US-derived EI was negatively correlated with physical performance; however, muscle size remains the largest predictor of physical function. Therefore, in addition to the loss of muscle size, muscle quality should be considered an important factor that may contribute to deficits in mobility and function in CKD. Interventions such as exercise could improve both of these factors.

scholarly journals The effect of chronic diseases on physical function. Comparison between activities of daily living scales and the Physical Performance Test

1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
RENZO ROZZINI ◽  
GIOVANNI B. FRISONI ◽  
LUIGI FERRUCCI ◽  
PIERA BARBISONI ◽  
BRUNO BERTOZZI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activities Of Daily Living ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Physical Performance Test

scholarly journals Anthropometric, physical function and general health markers of Masters athletes: a cross-sectional study

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Fien ◽  
Mike Climstein ◽  
Clodagh Quilter ◽  
Georgina Buckley ◽  
Timothy Henwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
General Health ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Masters Athletes

Once the general decline in muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance falls below specific thresholds, the middle aged or older adult will be diagnosed as having sarcopenia (a loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength). Sarcopenia contributes to a range of adverse events in older age including disability, hospitalisation, institutionalisation and falls. One potentially relevant but understudied population for sarcopenia researchers would be Masters athletes. Masters sport is becoming more common as it allows athletes (typically 40 years and older) the opportunity to participate in individual and/or team sports against individuals of similar age. This study examined a variety of measures of anthropometric, physical function and general health markers in the male and female Masters athletes who competed at the 2014 Pan Pacific Masters Games held on the Gold Coast, Australia. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to collect body fat percentage, fat mass and fat-free mass; with body mass, height, body mass index (BMI) and sarcopenic status also recorded. Physical function was quantified by handgrip strength and habitual walking speed; with general health described by the number of chronic diseases and prescribed medications. Between group analyses utilised ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc tests to examine the effect of age group (40–49, 50–59, 60–69 and >70 years old) on the outcome measures for the entire sample as well as the male and female sub-groups. A total of 156 athletes (78 male, 78 female; mean 55.7 years) provided informed consent to participate in this study. These athletes possessed substantially better anthropometric, physical function and general health characteristics than the literature for their less physically active age-matched peers. No Masters athletes were categorised as being sarcopenic, although one participant had below normal physical performance and six participants had below normal muscle strength. In contrast, significant age-related reductions in handgrip strength and increases in the number of chronic diseases and prescribed medications were observed for the overall cohort as well as the male and female sub-groups. Nevertheless, even those aged over 70 years only averaged one chronic disease and one prescribed medication. These results may suggest that participation in Masters sport helps to maintain anthropometry, physical function and general health in middle-aged and older adults. However, it is also possible that only healthier middle-aged and older adults with favourable body composition and physical function may be able to participate in Masters sport. Future research should therefore utilise longitudinal research designs to determine the health and functional benefits of Master sports participation for middle-aged and older adults.

scholarly journals Automatically Segmenting Physical Performance Test Items for Older Adults Using a Doppler Radar: a Proof of Concept Study

IEEE Access ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Yiyuan Zhang ◽  
Oluwatosin John Babarinde ◽  
Pengxuan Han ◽  
Xiangyu Wang ◽  
Peter Karsmakers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Doppler Radar ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Physical Performance Test ◽  
Concept Study ◽  
Test Items

Physical Functional Assessment in Older Adults

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
E. Patrizio ◽  
R. Calvani ◽  
E. Marzetti ◽  
M. Cesari
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Multiple Chronic Conditions ◽  
Physical Domain ◽  
Walk Test ◽  
Predictive Capacity ◽  
Timed Up And Go

The evaluation of the physical domain represents a critical part of the assessment of the older person, both in the clinical as well as the research setting. To measure physical function, clinicians and researchers have traditionally relied on instruments focusing on the capacity of the individual to accomplish specific functional tasks (e.g., the Activities of Daily Living [ADL] or the Instrumental ADL scales). However, a growing number of physical performance and muscle strength tests has been developed in parallel over the past three decades. These measures are specifically designed to: 1) provide objective results (not surprisingly, they are frequently timed tests) taken in standardized conditions, whereas the traditional physical function scales are generally self- or proxy-reported measures; 2) be more sensitive to changes; 3) capture the real biology of the function through the assessment of standardized tasks mirroring specific functional subdomains; and 4) mirror the quality of specific mechanisms underlying more complex and multidomain functions. Among the most commonly used instruments, the usual gait speed test, the Short Physical Performance Battery, the handgrip strength, the Timed Up-and-Go test, the 6-minute walk test, and the 400-meter walk test are widely adopted by clinicians and researchers. The clinical and research importance of all these instruments has been demonstrated by their predictive capacity for negative health-related outcomes (i.e., hospitalization, falls, institutionalization, disability, mortality). Moreover, they have shown to be associated with subclinical and clinical conditions that are also not directly related to the physical domain (e.g., inflammation, oxidative stress, overall mortality). For this reason, they have been repeatedly indicated as markers of wellbeing linked to the burden of multiple chronic conditions rather than mere parameters of mobility or strength. In this work protocols of the main tests for the objective assessment of physical function in older adults are presented.

Effects of Resistance Training and Dietary Changes on Physical Function and Body Composition in Overweight and Obese Older Adults

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 875-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad R. Straight ◽  
Leah R. Dorfman ◽  
Kathryn E. Cottell ◽  
Julie M. Krol ◽  
Ingrid E. Lofgren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Test Time ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Dietary Counseling ◽  
Dietary Changes

Background:Community-based interventions that incorporate resistance training (RT) and dietary changes have not been extensively studied in overweight and obese older adults. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of a community-based RT and dietary intervention on physical function and body composition in overweight and obese older adults.Methods:Ninety-five overweight and obese (BMI = 33.4 ± 4.0 kg/m2) older adults aged 55–80 years completed an 8-week RT and dietary intervention at 4 Rhode Island senior centers. Participants performed RT twice-weekly using resistance tubing, dumbbells, and ankle weights. Participants also attended 1 weekly dietary counseling session on a modified Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet. Outcome measurements included anthropometrics, body composition, and physical function.Results:There were small changes in body mass (–1.0 ± 1.8 kg, P < .001), waist circumference (–5.2 ± 3.8 cm, P < .001), and percent body fat (–0.5 ± 1.4%, P < .001). In addition, significant improvements were observed in knee extensor torque (+7.9 ± 19.1 N-m, P < .001), handgrip strength (+1.2 ± 2.5 kg, P < .001), and 8-foot up-and-go test time (–0.56 ± 0.89 s, P < .001).Conclusion:Community-based RT and dietary modifications can improve body composition, muscle strength, and physical function in overweight and obese older adults. Future investigations should determine if this intervention is effective for long-term changes.

Efficacy of an Exercise and Nutritional Supplement Program on Physical Performance and Nutritional Status in Older Adults With Mobility Limitations Residing at Senior Living Facilities

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Corcoran ◽  
Miriam E. Nelson ◽  
Jennifer M. Sacheck ◽  
Kieran F. Reid ◽  
Dylan Kirn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Cluster Randomized Trial ◽  
Nutritional Supplement ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Mobility Limitations ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D

This cluster-randomized trial was designed to determine the efficacy of a 6-month exercise-nutritional supplement program (ENP) on physical function and nutritional status for older adults and the feasibility of implementing this program in a senior living setting. Twenty senior-living facilities were randomized to either a 3 day per week group-based ENP led by a trained facility staff member or a health education program (SAP). Participants (N = 121) completed a short physical performance battery, 400-m walk, handgrip strength test, and mini-nutrition assessment. 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], insulin-like growth-factor 1 (IGF-1), and activity level were also measured. The ENP did not significantly improve physical function or nutritional status compared with the SAP. Compared with baseline, participants in the ENP engaged in 39 min less physical activity per week at 6 months. Several facility characteristics hindered implementation of the ENP. This study highlights the complexity of implementing an evidence-based program in a field setting.

OBESITY DEFINITIONS IN SARCOPENIC OBESITY: DIFFERENCES IN PREVALENCE, AGREEMENT AND ASSOCIATION WITH MUSCLE FUNCTION

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
E.Q. Khor ◽  
J.P. Lim ◽  
L. Tay ◽  
A. Yeo ◽  
S. Yew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Sarcopenic Obesity ◽  
Consensus Definition ◽  
The Impact

Background: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is associated with poorer physical performance in the elderly and will increase in relevance with population ageing and the obesity epidemic. The lack of a consensus definition for SO has resulted in variability in its reported prevalence, poor inter-definitional agreement, and disagreement on its impact on physical performance, impeding further development in the field. While sarcopenia definitions have been compared, the impact of obesity definitions in SO has been less well-studied. Objectives: To compare 3 widely-adopted definitions of obesity in terms of SO prevalence, inter-definitional agreement, and association with muscle function. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: GERILABS study, Singapore Participants: 200 community-dwelling, functionally-independent older adults. Measurements: We utilized three commonly-used definitions of obesity: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and DXA-derived fat mass percentage (FM%). Sarcopenia was defined using Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia criteria. For muscle function, we assessed handgrip strength, gait speed and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Subjects were classified into 4 body composition phenotypes (normal, obese, sarcopenic and SO), and outcomes were compared between groups. Results: The prevalence rate for SO was lowest for BMI (0.5%) compared to FM% (10.0%) and WC (10.5%). Inter-definitional agreement was lowest between BMI and WC (κ=0.364), and at best moderate between FM% and WC (κ=0.583). SO performed the worst amongst body composition phenotypes in handgrip strength, gait speed and SPPB (all p<0.01) only when defined using WC. In regression analyses, SO was associated with decreased SPPB scores (β=-0.261, p=0.001) only for the WC definition. Conclusion: There is large variation in the prevalence of SO across different obesity definitions, with low-to-moderate agreement between them. Our results corroborate recent evidence that WC, and thus central obesity, is best associated with poorer muscle function in SO. Thus, WC should be further explored in defining obesity for accurate and early characterization of SO among older adults in Asian populations.

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