scholarly journals CULTURAL DIMENSION OF THE DISCREPANCY OF PLANNED AND ACTUAL RETIREMENT AGE IN THE U.S.: HISPANICS VERSUS NON-HISPANICS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S130-S131
Author(s):  
Antonia E Diaz-Valdes Iriarte
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Retirement Decisions ◽  
Retirement Timing ◽  
Broad Array ◽  
Sustainability Problems ◽  
Taking Care

Abstract The sustainability problems to the SS has led to a glowing debate about what the full retirement age should be and if working longer is a plausible option for everyone or just for those who have some control over their retirement decisions (e.g., Munnell & Sass, 2008; McNamara & Williamson, 2013; Munnell et al, 2016). All ethno-racial groups have increased their average retirement age over the last years. However, Hispanics’ retirement age is still lower even if they stated they plan to continue to work at retirement (EBRI 2008; Diaz-Valdes, 2018). Most studies about retirement timing have focused on middle-class Whites, and the prediction of planned or actual retirement separately. One of the lesser studied complexities of the retirement conundrum concerns ethno-racial differences and cultural-related predictors of retirement timing (Lytle et al, 2015). This study seeks to extend the understanding of differences between Hispanics and non-Hispanics regarding the timing of retirement relative to when they thought they would retire by including a broad array of cultural and family related predictors. Multinomial regression models were used. The results indicate significant differences between Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites. Taking care of grandchildren was a significant predictor among Hispanics but not among non-Hispanic Whites. For Hispanics taking care of grandchildren, for over 20 hrs., was associated with a decreased probability of stating they will never retire. The increase of one dependent was associated with an increased on the probability of retiring earlier than planned. The effect of one additional dependent was larger for non-Hispanics.

The Relationship of Urinary Kallikrein Activity to Renal Salt and Water Excretion

1978 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Levy ◽  
R. P. Frigon ◽  
R. A. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Urinary Kallikrein ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Water Excretion ◽  
Water Load ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Kallikrein Activity

1. We measured urinary kallikrein (kininogenin) excretion in black and white normotensive subjects during a variety of manipulations of salt and water balance. 2. A large intravenous saline load administered while the subjects were on an unrestricted sodium diet did not significantly change urinary kallikrein activity in either racial group. 3. After several days of dietary sodium restriction both racial groups increased their urinary kallikrein activity. An intravenous water load given then further increased urinary kallikrein activity. White subjects were studied for an additional 24 h period, and urinary kallikrein activity returned to pre-water load values, indicating that the excretion of a water load in sodium-depleted subjects is associated with an increase in kallikrein excretion. 4. Black subjects excreted less kallikrein in the urine than white subjects during the initial 24 h periods of unrestricted dietary sodium intake, but there were no other significant racial differences during the other experimental conditions.

Ethnicity and Antipsychotic Response

1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1360-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edyta J Frackiewicz ◽  
John J Sramek ◽  
John M Herrera ◽  
Neil M Kurtz ◽  
Neal R Cutler
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Prescribing Practices ◽  
Data Synthesis ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
And Control

OBJECTIVE: To review the data generated by studies examining interethnic/racial differences in response to antipsychotics. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search (1966-19%) identified all articles examining differences in antipsychotic response among Caucasians, Asians, Hispanics, and African-Americans, as well as articles evaluating postulated mechanisms for these differences. STUDY SELECTION: All abstracts, studies, and review articles were evaluated. DATA SYNTHESIS: Ethnic/racial differences in response to antipsychotic medications have been reported and may be due to genetics, kinetic variations, dietary or environmental factors, or variations in the prescribing practices of clinicians. Studies suggest that Asians may respond to lower doses of antipsychotics due to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences. Research relevant to African-Americans is limited, but some studies suggest that differences in this group may be due to clinician biases and prescribing practices, rather than to pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic variability. CONCLUSIONS: Future research directed at validating the hypotheses that different ethnic/racial groups show variations in response to antipsychotics should focus on homogenous ethnic groups, use recent advances in pharmacogenetic testing, and control for such variables as observer bias, gender, disease chronicity, dietary and environmental factors, and exposure to enzyme-inducing and -inhibiting agents. Clinicians should be aware that potential interethnic/racial differences in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics may exist that can alter response to antipsychotics.

Race Differences in Antisocial Behaviors and Attitudes and Early Initiation of Substance Use

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Wells ◽  
Diane M. Morrison ◽  
Mary R. Gillmore ◽  
Richard F. Catalano ◽  
Bonita Iritani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Antisocial Attitudes ◽  
American Children

This article examines racial differences in self-reported delinquency, school trouble, antisocial attitudes, and toughness and in teacher-rated aggressive and inattentive behaviors among fifth grade black, white, and Asian American subjects. Also examined are the relationships of these variables to substance initiation within each racial group. Controlling for socio-economic status, racial groups differed from one another in self-reported delinquency, school trouble and toughness, and in teacher-rated aggressiveness and inattention. Antisocial behavior and attitudes were stronger predictors of substance initiation for Asian American than for black and white children. For white children both self-reported and teacher-rated behavior were significantly related to substance initiation. For black children, only self-reported antisocial behavior, and for Asian American children only self-reported delinquent behavior and attitudes predicted substance initiation. Implications for prevention and research are discussed.

scholarly journals Factors Underlying Racial Disparities in Sepsis Management

Healthcare ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Matthew DiMeglio ◽  
John Dubensky ◽  
Samuel Schadt ◽  
Rashmika Potdar ◽  
Krzysztof Laudanski
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Sepsis Management ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Standardized Treatment ◽  
Wide Variability

Sepsis, a syndrome characterized by systemic inflammation during infection, continues to be one of the most common causes of patient mortality in hospitals across the United States. While standardized treatment protocols have been implemented, a wide variability in clinical outcomes persists across racial groups. Specifically, black and Hispanic populations are frequently associated with higher rates of morbidity and mortality in sepsis compared to the white population. While this is often attributed to systemic bias against minority groups, a growing body of literature has found patient, community, and hospital-based factors to be driving racial differences. In this article, we provide a focused review on some of the factors driving racial disparities in sepsis. We also suggest potential interventions aimed at reducing health disparities in the prevention, early identification, and clinical management of sepsis.

Judicial Retirement Strategies

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID C. NIXON ◽  
J. DAVID HASKIN
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Biographical Data ◽  
Opposing Party ◽  
Retirement Decisions ◽  
Retirement Timing

If judges are politically strategic, they may try to retire at times that maximize the chances that an ideologically compatible successor will be appointed. Using biographical data on all appellate judges who have retired since 1892, a heteroscedastic panel probit model is used to examine retirement timing as a function of personal and political factors. We determine whether retirement from the bench can be explained exclusively by personal factors such as salary, pension, and workload, or if political considerations enter into the decision. The data reveal that retirement decisions are affected primarily by nonpolitical considerations, but presidential elections may factor into a judge's decision. The only important strategic political consideration in evidence is whether a judge contemplating retirement faces an opposing party president and how far off that president's next election is.

scholarly journals Pensions and Retirement Among Black Union Army Veterans

2010 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora L. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Independent Living ◽  
Union Army ◽  
Income Transfer ◽  
Income Transfers ◽  
Retirement Decisions ◽  
Unearned Income

I examine the effects of an unearned income transfer on the retirement rates and living arrangements of black Union Army veterans. I find that blacks were more than twice as responsive as whites to income transfers in their retirement decisions and 6 to 8 times as responsive in their choice of independent living arrangements. My findings have implications for understanding racial differences in rates of retirement and independent living at the beginning of the twentieth century, the rise in retirement prior to 1930, and the subsequent convergence in black-white retirement rates and living arrangements.

Abstract 15685: Multicenter Analysis of Advanced Heart Failure Referral Outcomes by Race

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared J Herr ◽  
Farooq Sheikh ◽  
Parin Patel ◽  
Anuradha Lala ◽  
Christopher Chien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Patient Preference ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Advanced Heart Failure ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Physician Characteristics ◽  
Multicenter Survey ◽  
Multicenter Analysis ◽  
Caucasian Patients

Background: Advanced heart failure (AHF) therapies can improve survival in Stage D HF patients. We sought to evaluate racial differences in AHF therapy referrals and decision-making across a multicenter survey. Methods/Results: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients referred for evaluation for AHF therapies at 9 centers (N=515) across the country. Data included: demographics, clinical/referring physician characteristics and evaluation outcomes. By identified racial/ethnic groups, referrals comprised of 55.7% Caucasian, 29.9% African American, 9.1% Hispanic, and 4.7% Asian. Univariate analysis was performed between Caucasian and a combined non-Caucasian group. Most patients were advanced in their disease state, with 47.7% of Caucasian and 55.7% of non-Caucasian patients having EF<20% with a high risk INTERMACS profiles (1-3), 77% and 71.1% respectively. Non-ischemic etiology was more common in non-Caucasians (66.6% vs. 47.4% p=0.001), ischemic etiology more common in Caucasians (41.1% vs. 23.2% p=0.001). The primary reasons for Caucasians to be referred were ventricular arrhythmias (7.6% vs. 3%, p=0.024) and pulmonary hypertension (3.4% vs 0.4% p=0.018), while non-Caucasians were referred most for worsening heart failure (35.9% vs. 25.4% p=0.009). Non-Caucasians were more likely to be declined/deferred for LVAD (45.9% vs. 39.7% p=0.014) or transplantation (48.2% vs. 66.9% p=0.002). Patient preference to not pursue LVAD therapy differed significantly between the groups (Non-Caucasians 17.6% vs. Caucasians 9.6% p=0.022). Conclusions: In this multicenter analysis of referrals for AHF therapies, significant differences exist in referral characteristics and evaluation outcomes between Caucasian and non-Caucasians. The driving factor for not offering LVAD therapy in non-Caucasians was patient preference, raising concerns for potential differences in patient education surrounding AHF therapies between racial groups. Further investigation is needed to explore these differences and why non-Caucasians were more likely to be declined or deferred for LVAD and transplantation.

Abstract 491: Racial Disparities in the Trends of Acute Myocardial Infarction Outcomes Among Medicaid Patients, 2007-2011

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwole M Adegbala ◽  
Akintunde Akinjero ◽  
Samson Alliu ◽  
Adeyinka C Adejumo ◽  
Emmanuel Akintoye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Groups

Background: Although, in-hospital mortality from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have declined in the United States recently, there is a gap in knowledge regarding racial differences in this trend. We sought to evaluate the effect of race on the trends in outcomes after Acute Myocardial Infarction among Medicaid patients in a nationwide cohort from 2007-2011 Methods: We extracted data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) for all hospitalizations between 2007 and 2011 for Medicaid patients aged 45 years or older with principal diagnosis of AMI using ICD-9-CM codes. Primary outcome of this study was all cause in-hospital mortality. We then stratified hospitalizations by racial groups; Whites, African Americans and Hispanics, and assessed the time trends of in-hospital mortality before and after multivariate analysis. Results: The overall mortality from AMI among Medicaid patients declined during the study period (8.80% in 2007 to 7.46% in 2011). In the adjusted models, compared to 2007, in-hospital mortality from AMI for Medicaid patients decreased across the 3 racial groups; Whites (aOR= 0.88, CI=0.70-0.99), African Americans (aOR=0.76, CI=0.57-1.01), Hispanics (aOR=0.87, CI=0.66-1.25). While the length of hospital stay declined significantly among African American and Hispanic with 2 days and 1.76 days decline respectively, the length of stay remained unchanged for Whites. There was non-significant increase in the incidence of stroke across the various racial groups; Whites (aOR= 1.23, CI=0.90 -1.69), African Americans (aOR=1.10, CI=0.73 -1.64), Hispanics (aOR=1.03, CI=0.68-1.55) when compared to 2007. Conclusion: In this study, we found that in-hospital mortality from AMI among Medicaid patients have declined across the racial groups. However, while the length of stay following AMI declined for African Americans and Hispanics with Medicaid insurance, it has remained unchanged for Whites. Future studies are necessary to identify determinants of these significant racial disparities in outcomes for AMI.

Creating a Stereotype of a Race as Dangerous, Unintelligent, and Lazy

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Benson G. Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Human Origins ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Philosophical Discussion ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
Cultural Conditioning

The cultural conditioning and the indoctrination of negative stereotypes about racial groups has a long-damaged history in America. Unfortunately, this history continues to keep racial groups divided and missed opportunities to trust one another and grow closer socio-economically, educationally and politically. Individual, institutional and structural racism has kept people in this nation torn and divided socially and psychologically. Understanding the root of this problem requires an honest and open historical and philosophical discussion about the similarities of our human origins before the destructive lies told continue to sustain deep divisions among one group against another. While America was created to support an idea that “all men are created equal”, this has not been a social experience practiced by all men and all women. This chapter examines some of the issues that continue to support the stereotypes of racial differences juxtaposed to our cultural similarities.

scholarly journals Racial differences in systemic sclerosis disease presentation: a European Scleroderma Trials and Research group study

Rheumatology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 1684-1694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika K Jaeger ◽  
Mohammed Tikly ◽  
Dong Xu ◽  
Elise Siegert ◽  
Eric Hachulla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Forced Vital Capacity ◽  
Topoisomerase I ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Skin Involvement ◽  
Asian Patients

Abstract Objectives Racial factors play a significant role in SSc. We evaluated differences in SSc presentations between white patients (WP), Asian patients (AP) and black patients (BP) and analysed the effects of geographical locations. Methods SSc characteristics of patients from the EUSTAR cohort were cross-sectionally compared across racial groups using survival and multiple logistic regression analyses. Results The study included 9162 WP, 341 AP and 181 BP. AP developed the first non-RP feature faster than WP but slower than BP. AP were less frequently anti-centromere (ACA; odds ratio (OR) = 0.4, P &lt; 0.001) and more frequently anti-topoisomerase-I autoantibodies (ATA) positive (OR = 1.2, P = 0.068), while BP were less likely to be ACA and ATA positive than were WP [OR(ACA) = 0.3, P &lt; 0.001; OR(ATA) = 0.5, P = 0.020]. AP had less often (OR = 0.7, P = 0.06) and BP more often (OR = 2.7, P &lt; 0.001) diffuse skin involvement than had WP. AP and BP were more likely to have pulmonary hypertension [OR(AP) = 2.6, P &lt; 0.001; OR(BP) = 2.7, P = 0.03 vs WP] and a reduced forced vital capacity [OR(AP) = 2.5, P &lt; 0.001; OR(BP) = 2.4, P &lt; 0.004] than were WP. AP more often had an impaired diffusing capacity of the lung than had BP and WP [OR(AP vs BP) = 1.9, P = 0.038; OR(AP vs WP) = 2.4, P &lt; 0.001]. After RP onset, AP and BP had a higher hazard to die than had WP [hazard ratio (HR) (AP) = 1.6, P = 0.011; HR(BP) = 2.1, P &lt; 0.001]. Conclusion Compared with WP, and mostly independent of geographical location, AP have a faster and earlier disease onset with high prevalences of ATA, pulmonary hypertension and forced vital capacity impairment and higher mortality. BP had the fastest disease onset, a high prevalence of diffuse skin involvement and nominally the highest mortality.

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