Race Differences in Antisocial Behaviors and Attitudes and Early Initiation of Substance Use

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Wells ◽  
Diane M. Morrison ◽  
Mary R. Gillmore ◽  
Richard F. Catalano ◽  
Bonita Iritani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Antisocial Attitudes ◽  
American Children

This article examines racial differences in self-reported delinquency, school trouble, antisocial attitudes, and toughness and in teacher-rated aggressive and inattentive behaviors among fifth grade black, white, and Asian American subjects. Also examined are the relationships of these variables to substance initiation within each racial group. Controlling for socio-economic status, racial groups differed from one another in self-reported delinquency, school trouble and toughness, and in teacher-rated aggressiveness and inattention. Antisocial behavior and attitudes were stronger predictors of substance initiation for Asian American than for black and white children. For white children both self-reported and teacher-rated behavior were significantly related to substance initiation. For black children, only self-reported antisocial behavior, and for Asian American children only self-reported delinquent behavior and attitudes predicted substance initiation. Implications for prevention and research are discussed.

scholarly journals Racial Variations in Velopharyngeal and Craniometric Morphology in Children: An Imaging Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Kollara ◽  
Jamie L. Perry ◽  
Suzanne Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
White Children ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Race Effect

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine craniometric and velopharyngeal anatomy among young children (4–8 years of age) with normal anatomy across Black and White racial groups. Method Thirty-two healthy children (16 White and 16 Black) with normal velopharyngeal anatomy participated and successfully completed the magnetic resonance imaging scans. Measurements included 11 craniofacial and 9 velopharyngeal measures. Results Two-way analysis of covariance was used to determine the effects of race and sex on velopharyngeal measures and all craniometric measures except head circumference. Head circumference was included as a covariate to control for overall cranial size. Sex did not have a significant effect on any of the craniometric measures. Significant racial differences were demonstrated for face height. A significant race effect was also observed for mean velar length, velar thickness, and velopharyngeal ratio. Conclusion The present study provides separate craniofacial and velopharyngeal values for young Black and White children. Data from this study can be used to examine morphological variations with respect to race and sex.

The Relationship of Urinary Kallikrein Activity to Renal Salt and Water Excretion

1978 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Levy ◽  
R. P. Frigon ◽  
R. A. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Urinary Kallikrein ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Water Excretion ◽  
Water Load ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Kallikrein Activity

1. We measured urinary kallikrein (kininogenin) excretion in black and white normotensive subjects during a variety of manipulations of salt and water balance. 2. A large intravenous saline load administered while the subjects were on an unrestricted sodium diet did not significantly change urinary kallikrein activity in either racial group. 3. After several days of dietary sodium restriction both racial groups increased their urinary kallikrein activity. An intravenous water load given then further increased urinary kallikrein activity. White subjects were studied for an additional 24 h period, and urinary kallikrein activity returned to pre-water load values, indicating that the excretion of a water load in sodium-depleted subjects is associated with an increase in kallikrein excretion. 4. Black subjects excreted less kallikrein in the urine than white subjects during the initial 24 h periods of unrestricted dietary sodium intake, but there were no other significant racial differences during the other experimental conditions.

scholarly journals Testing for Racial Differences in the Mental Ability of Young Children

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 981-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland G Fryer ◽  
Steven D Levitt
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Mental Ability ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Test Outcomes ◽  
Parental Ability

Using a new nationally representative dataset, we find minor differences in test outcomes between black and white infants that disappear with a limited set of controls. However, relative to whites, all other races lose substantial ground by age two. Combining our estimates with results in prior literature, we show that a simple model with assortative mating fits our data well, implying that differences in children's environments between racial groups can fully explain gaps in intelligence. If parental ability influences a child's test scores both genetically and through environment, then our findings are less informative and can be reconciled with a wide range of racial differences in inherited intelligence.

The Effect of Age, Sex, Race, and Economic Status on Dental Caries Experience of the Permanent Dentition

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-461
Author(s):  
Nathaniel H. Rowe ◽  
Stanley M. Garn ◽  
Diane C. Clark ◽  
Kenneth E. Guire ◽  
Charles U. Lowe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Meaningful Difference ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Effect Of Age

The Ten-State Nutrition Survey data show a consistent, dramatic, and meaningful difference in dental caries experience between black and white children at all ages. This difference transcends socioeconomic grouping, nutritional level, and developmental status. This study also has shown an apparently protective effect of poverty insofar as dental caries is concerned. Children from lower-income families experienced less dental caries than children from higher-income families.

SOME PHYSICAL GROWTH STANDARDS FOR WHITE NORTH AMERICAN CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-474
Author(s):  
Frank Falkner
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
The United States ◽  
White Child ◽  
Physical Growth ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Large Country ◽  
White Children ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
American Children ◽  
Ethnic Factors

In another paper1 the author has commented upon physical growth and discussed the use of standards, growth charts, and indicators of growth progress and maturity. If the principles covered in this paper are kept in mind, the pediatrician and scientists investigating growth may find it useful to refer to a set of standards suitable for assessments of North American white children. To produce a set of standards for the evaluation of growth in the United States poses many large problems. First, in such a large country, geographic considerations are important; comparing a Californian child to Eastern seaboard standards may be misleading. Second, children today are maturing earlier and earlier, and thus they are bigger age for age than children of yester year2-7; hence, it is important to use recently collected data. Third, ethnic factors must be considered; there really is no such things as a typical "North American white child" but data from studies of specific racial groups cannot be used. Clearly, then, with these, and with many other biometric considerations, we are not going to find any data published or unpublished that will give us exactly what we need. The standards that will be given here are therefore a compromise. They represent a collection of the best presently available data, and they are for guidance only, representing patterns of growth. The sources used are listed in Appendix I. It has been shown1 that known ranges of a measurement are more useful criteria in evaluating growth than are norms. Much attention has been given to such ranges in the production of these standards.

Auditory Discrimination in Conditions of Noise and Quiet by Black and White Disadvantaged Children

1975 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
C. Milton Blue ◽  
Glenn A. Vergason
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Auditory Discrimination ◽  
Third Graders ◽  
Third Grade ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Disadvantaged Children ◽  
Socio Economic Status

The auditory discrimination of first and third grade children of low socio-economic status was investigated. 17 black and 17 white children were randomly selected from the two grades. The condition for listening was varied, i.e., discrimination in condition of quiet and discrimination in condition of noise, through the use of the Goldman-Fristoe-Woodcock Test of Auditory Discrimination. White third graders were superior performers. The expectation, from the literature, that the auditory discrimination of children from low socio-economic levels would be depressed in conditions of noise was not supported. In fact, black children performed in an inferior manner in conditions of quiet.

Differences in Motor Proficiency According to Gender and Race

1992 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol E. Plimpton ◽  
Celia Regimbal
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Short Form ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Motor Proficiency ◽  
White Children ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hand Eye Coordination ◽  
American Children

To assess possible differences in children's motor development data were collected from intact first-grade classrooms on six subtest items from the short form of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. Analysis of variance of scores for agility, balance, strength, and hand-eye coordination tested the significance of differences between gender and racial groups. Gross motor proficiency of 111 children of a suburban school system and 69 from an urban elementary school was evaluated. African-American children were significantly faster and more agile than the white children; scores for African-American boys were significantly higher than those for all girls, and scores in strength for white boys were significantly higher than those for white girls. White boys had significantly higher scores on hand-eye coordination than all other children but no significant difference on balance among groups was noted.

scholarly journals Race, Family Conflict and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors among 9–10-Year-Old American Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5399
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Shanika Boyce ◽  
Mohsen Bazargan ◽  
Cleopatra H. Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
Family Conflict ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Suicidal Thoughts ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black And White ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
American Children ◽  
Suicidal Thoughts And Behaviors

Family conflict is known to operate as a major risk factor for children’s suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs). However, it is unknown whether this effect is similar or different in Black and White children. Objectives: We compared Black and White children for the association between family conflict and STBs in a national sample of 9–10-year-old American children. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. This study included 9918 White or Black children between the ages of 9 and 10 living in married households. The predictor variable was family conflict. Race was the moderator. The outcome variable was STBs, treated as a count variable, reflecting positive STB items that were endorsed. Covariates included ethnicity, sex, age, immigration status, family structure, parental education, and parental employment, and household income. Poisson regression was used for data analysis. Results: Of all participants, 7751 were Whites, and 2167 were Blacks. In the pooled sample and in the absence of interaction terms, high family conflict was associated with higher STBs. A statistically significant association was found between Black race and family conflict, suggesting that the association between family conflict and STBs is stronger in Black than White children. Conclusion: The association between family conflict and STBs is stronger in Black than White children. Black children with family conflict may be at a higher risk of STBs than White children with the same family conflict level. These findings align with the literature on the more significant salience of social relations as determinants of mental health of Black than White people. Reducing family conflict should be regarded a significant element of suicide prevention for Black children in the US.

scholarly journals Age-Related Decline in Children’s Reward Sensitivity: Blacks’ Diminished Returns

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. p112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Reward Sensitivity ◽  
Behavioral Approach ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
White Children ◽  
Age Related ◽  
American Children

Background: It is important to study the correlates of reward sensitivity since it predicts high-risk behaviors. While ageing reduces children’s reward sensitivity and its associated risk taking, there is more to find out about racial differences in regard to the effect of age on reward sensitivity. Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) suggest that resources and assets show weaker effects on Black children than White children. Aim: We compared White children to Black children as for the effects of age on reward sensitivity. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 10533 American children who participated in the baseline of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The independent variable was age, while the dependent variable was reward sensitivity as captured by the behavioral approach/behavioral avoidance system (BAS-BIS). Gender, parental education, marital status, parental education, and household income were the covariates. Results: Higher age was associated with less reward sensitivity. A significant interaction was found between race and age when it comes to children’s reward sensitivity. It suggested that age is associated with a smaller gain in terms of reduced reward sensitivity in Black children than White children. Conclusion: Age is more likely to reduce reward sensitivity in White children than Black children. This finding is in line with MDRs, and may be due to social racism, segregation, stratification, and discrimination.

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