scholarly journals Erratum to: The impact of the reference pricing policy in China on drug procurement and cost

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Jiang ◽  
Ruo Jing Zhou ◽  
Xing Lin Feng
Keyword(s):  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Drug Procurement ◽  
Reference Pricing ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals The impact on health outcome measures of switching to generic medicines consequent to reference pricing: the case of olanzapine in New Zealand

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charon Lessing ◽  
Toni Ashton ◽  
Peter Davis
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Care Service ◽  
Health Care Service ◽  
Antipsychotic Agents ◽  
Service Utilisation ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Pharmaceutical Management ◽  
Reference Pricing ◽  
The Impact

INTRODUCTION: New Zealand's Pharmaceutical Management Agency (PHARMAC) manages the list of medicines available for prescribing with government subsidy, within a fixed annual medicines budget. PHARMAC achieves this through a mix of pricing strategies including reference pricing. In 2011, PHARMAC applied generic reference pricing to olanzapine tablets. AIM: This study sought to evaluate change in outcome measures of patients switching from originator to generic olanzapine consequent to the introduction of the policy. METHODS: A retrospective study using national health data collections was conducted. Outcome measures included medicines indicators (change in dosage, concomitant therapy and treatment cessation), health care service indicators (use of emergency departments, hospitals and specialist services), surveillance reports of adverse events, and mortality. RESULTS: Subsequent to the removal of funding for originator brand olanzapine tablets, 99.7% of patients meeting the inclusion criteria switched to using generic olanzapine. Limited case reports of suspected therapeutic loss were received in the study time period. No increase in use of additional oral or injectable antipsychotic medication was observed after switching, nor any increase in other unique, non-antipsychotic prescription items. However, a high incidence of multiple switching between available brands was found. No net impact of switching brands on health service utilisation or mortality was found. DISCUSSION: The study shows that a switch can be made safely from originator olanzapine to a generic brand, and suggests that switching to generics should generally be viewed more positively. Generic reference pricing achieves considerable savings and, as a pricing policy, could be applied more widely. KEYWORDS: Antipsychotic agents; drug costs; drugs, generic; olanzapine

scholarly journals ANALISIS FAILURE MODE EFFECT (FMEA) PADA PENGADAAN OBAT DAN PERBEKALAN KESEHATAN PADA ERA JAMINAN KESEHATAN NASIONAL DI PUSKESMAS WONOKROMO SURABAYA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Nuning Farida ◽  
Amelia Lorensia ◽  
Budhi Setianto ◽  
Agus Aan Adriansyah
Keyword(s):  
Health Center ◽  
Failure Mode ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Government Procurement ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Pharmaceutical Supply Chain ◽  
Drug Procurement ◽  
Mode Effect ◽  
The Impact

Drug services in Public Healthcare are an important component whose availability influences the success of health efforts. District / City Health Office is a regional government work unit in the health sector, one of the tasks and authorities of which is to provide and manage public medicines for the district/city area. Effective pharmaceutical management in health service facilities is very important for patient welfare so risks must be identified and controlled. One of the efforts made by the City Health Office is to procure drugs using other methods that are legal according to government procurement of goods/services besides e-purchasing, which is called non-e-purchasing of drugs. Risks in the pharmaceutical supply chain are related to product discontinuity, product shortages, poor performance, patient safety, expense errors, and technological errors, all of which can result in system disruption. This study aims to determine the suitability of the plan with the realization of e- purchasing of drugs, identify problems that hamper the implementation of e-purchasing of drugs, determine the impact of obstacles on procurement, cost efficiency of drug procurement and determine the potential savings of drug procurement by e-purchasing for the period 2015 to 2019 by using the FMEA method, the e-purchasing data was collected at the Wonokromo Public Health Center in Surabaya. Study Failure Mode Effect (FMEA) in the procurement of drugs and UHC health supplies in Surabaya Wonokromo Health Center for the period of 2015-2019, it can be concluded that the absorption of capitation funds is more considered using the availability variable compared to the uptake of funds based on the rupiah value because the availability of more guarantees the need for treatment in the sustainable health centre. In this case, the perception of procurement actors in the analysis of UHC procurement process obstacles there are 41 obstacles, the role of E-purchasing is a very helpful system even though the implementation has not been perfect.

scholarly journals Understanding marketing and marketing policies in international markets

1985 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
Hazel T. Suchard
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Promotion Policy ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Urban Distribution ◽  
Policy Promotion ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Specific Country

Marketing and marketing policy in international markets, must be based, according to the authoress, upon the level of economic development within a specific country and regions within a specific country. The authoress proceeds to provide stages in development and discusses the implications for product policy, pricing policy, promotion policy, and distribution policy. The impact of other economic factors, cultural forces, political and legal forces are also discussed. The authoress concludes by referring to rural versus urban distribution and its influence on international marketing.

scholarly journals The effects of alcohol pricing policies on consumption, health, social and economic outcomes, and health inequality in Australia: a protocol of an epidemiological modelling study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. e029918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Jiang ◽  
Robin Room ◽  
Michael Livingston ◽  
Sarah Callinan ◽  
Alan Brennan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Risky Drinking ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Policy Initiatives ◽  
Pricing Policies ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionAlcohol use and misuse are associated with substantial health and social issues in Australia and internationally. Pricing policy is considered as one of the most effective means to reduce risky drinking and related harms. This protocol paper describes a study that will model and estimate the effects, effectiveness and cost–benefit of alcohol pricing policy initiatives in reducing risky drinking, health and social harms, and health inequalities among subpopulations in Australia.Methods and analysisThe study is a modelling and epidemiological study using data from various resources, such as survey, previous literatures and response agencies. A number of statistical procedures will be undertaken to evaluate the impact of different alcohol pricing policy initiatives on various outcomes, including alcohol consumption in population subgroups, and health and social problems, and to measure health inequalities and cost-effectiveness of those proposed pricing policies, such as a 10% tax increase on all alcohol beverages or introduction of a minimum unit price.Ethics and disseminationThe ethics approval of this study was obtained from the College Human Ethics Sub-Committee of the La Trobe University on 9 November 2017 (Ref: S17-206). While examining the heterogeneous effects of price policy across population subgroups, this study will provide the first comprehensive estimates of the likely impacts of alcohol price changes on health inequalities. The study will also provide sophisticated economic analyses of the impact of price policy changes, which is critical information for policy makers and will assist policy makers in directing resources to a more efficient alcohol strategy. Results will be made available to communities and societies, health departments and other researchers.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Minimum Unit Pricing of Alcohol: A Mixed Method Natural Experiment in Scotland

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 3394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Beeston ◽  
Mark Robinson ◽  
Lucie Giles ◽  
Elinor Dickie ◽  
Jane Ford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Licensed Premises ◽  
Alcoholic Drinks ◽  
Future Policy ◽  
Unit Pricing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Important Evidence

In May 2018, Scotland became the first country in the world to implement minimum unit pricing (MUP) for all alcoholic drinks sold in licensed premises in Scotland. The use of a Sunset Clause in the MUP legislation was a factor in successfully resisting legal challenges by indicating that the final decision on a novel policy would depend on its impact. An overarching evaluation has been designed and the results will provide important evidence to inform the parliamentary vote on the future of MUP in Scotland. The evaluation uses a mixed methods portfolio of in-house, commissioned, and separately funded studies to assess the impact of MUP across multiple intended and unintended outcomes related to compliance, the alcoholic drinks industry, consumption, and health and social harms. Quantitative studies to measure impact use a suitable control where feasible. Qualitative studies assess impact and provide an understanding of the lived experience and mechanism of change for key sub-groups. As well as providing important evidence to inform the parliamentary vote, adding to the international evidence on impact and experience of alcohol pricing policy across a broad range of outcomes, this approach to evaluating novel policy interventions may provide guidance for future policy innovations.

scholarly journals PNS170 CHEAP OR TIMELY DRUG? PRACTICAL IMPACT OF EXTERNAL REFERENCE PRICING POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. S790
Author(s):  
J. Laxton ◽  
T. Mlcoch ◽  
E. Zasukhina ◽  
M. Paris ◽  
T. Koubsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Reference Pricing ◽  
External Reference ◽  
Practical Impact

Recreation User Fees: An Australian Empirical Investigation

1995 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Knapman ◽  
Natalie Stoeckl
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Administrative Costs ◽  
Empirical Estimates ◽  
Demand Curves ◽  
Public Resources ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
Taxation System ◽  
The Impact

It is widely acknowledged that increasing tourism and recreation usage of natural resources in Australia has placed heavy demands on those responsible for visitor management. The consequent need for more revenue has led local government and national park management to contemplate extended implementation of the ‘user pays' principle. However, user pays may be rejected on the grounds that it is not a first-best pricing policy, and/or on the grounds that public resources funded out of the public purse should be freely available. It has been suggested in the case of entry fees to national parks that they penalize the poor. This paper uses empirical estimates of demand curves for two World-Heritage-listed national parks — Kakadu and Hinchinbrook Island — to investigate the impact of entry fees on visitation and revenue, and the efficiency of fees as a revenue-raising device. An examination of visitors' socio-economic characteristics allows some comment on the equity issue. It is concluded that modest entry fees would have little impact on visitor numbers; that, provided the administrative costs of fee imposition are not prohibitive, entry fees are not only a good potential source of revenue, but also impose smaller efficiency costs than the income taxation system; and that fees may well constitute a progressive tax.

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