scholarly journals Hydrodynamic Simulations of the Performance Landscape for Suction-Feeding Fishes Reveal Multiple Peaks for Different Prey Types

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1251-1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin H Olsson ◽  
Christopher H Martin ◽  
Roi Holzman
Keyword(s):  
Prey Capture ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Prey Type ◽  
Kinematic Parameter ◽  
Phenotypic Trait ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Suction Feeding ◽  
Multiple Peaks ◽  
Feeding Performance ◽  
Extant Species

Abstract The complex interplay between form and function forms the basis for generating and maintaining organismal diversity. Fishes that rely on suction-feeding for prey capture exhibit remarkable phenotypic and trophic diversity. Yet the relationships between fish phenotypes and feeding performance on different prey types are unclear, partly because the morphological, biomechanical, and hydrodynamic mechanisms that underlie suction-feeding are complex. Here we demonstrate a general framework to investigate the mapping of multiple phenotypic traits to performance by mapping kinematic variables to suction-feeding capacity. Using a mechanistic model of suction-feeding that is based on core physical principles, we predict prey capture performance across a broad range of phenotypic trait values, for three general prey types: mollusk-like prey, copepod-like prey, and fish-like prey. Mollusk-like prey attach to surfaces, copepod-like prey attempt to escape upon detecting the hydrodynamic disturbance produced by the predator, and fish-like prey attempt to escape when the predator comes within a threshold distance. This approach allowed us to evaluate suction-feeding performance for any combination of six key kinematic traits, irrespective of whether these trait combinations were observed in an extant species, and to generate a multivariate mapping of phenotype to performance. We used gradient ascent methods to explore the complex topography of the performance landscape for each prey type, and found evidence for multiple peaks. Characterization of phenotypes associated with performance peaks indicates that the optimal kinematic parameter range for suction-feeding on different prey types are narrow and distinct from each other, suggesting different functional constraints for the three prey types. These performance landscapes can be used to generate hypotheses regarding the distribution of extant species in trait space and their evolutionary trajectories toward adaptive peaks on macroevolutionary fitness landscapes.

scholarly journals A complex performance landscape for suction-feeding reveals constraints and adaptations in a population of reef damselfish

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tal Keren ◽  
Moshe Kiflawi ◽  
Christopher H Martin ◽  
Victor China ◽  
Ofri Mann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Adaptive Landscape ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Stabilizing Selection ◽  
Suction Feeding ◽  
Feeding Performance ◽  
Genetic Constraints ◽  
A Performance

AbstractThe ability to predict how multiple traits interact in determining performance is key to understanding the evolution of complex functional systems. Similar to Simpson’s adaptive landscape, which describes the fitness consequences of varying morphological traits, performance landscapes depict the performance consequences of varying morphological traits. Mapping the population’s location with respect to the topographic features of the landscape could inform us on the selective forces operating on the traits that underlie performance. Here, we used a mechanistic model derived from first principles of hydrodynamics to construct a hypothetical performance landscape for zooplankton prey capture using suction feeding. We then used the landscape to test whether a population of Chromis viridis, a coral reef zooplanktivore, is located on a performance peak or ridge based on measurements of kinematic variables recorded in-situ during undisturbed foraging. Observed trait combinations in the wild population closely matched regions of high feeding performance in the landscape, however the population was not located on a local performance peak. This sub-optimal performance was not due to constraints stemming from the observed trait correlations. The predominant directions of variation of the phenotypic traits was tangent to the ‘path of steepest ascent’ that points towards the local peak, indicating that the population does not reside on a “performance ridge”. Rather, our analysis suggests that feeding performance is constrained by stabilizing selection, possibly reflecting a balance between selection on feeding performance and mechanical or genetic constraints.

Modulation of attack behavior and its effect on feeding performance in a trophic generalist fish,

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (15) ◽  
pp. 2155-2164 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Nemeth
Keyword(s):  
Prey Capture ◽  
Escape Behavior ◽  
Prey Type ◽  
Attack Behavior ◽  
Suction Feeding ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
Diet Diversity ◽  
Shrimp Species ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Functional Versatility

This study examines the ability of a temperate marine fish, Hexagrammos decagrammus, to modulate its prey capture behavior in response to differences in prey type. This species has an extremely broad diet, feeding on prey which demonstrate very different anti-capture behaviors. Video-taped attacks on three shrimp species, one crab and pieces of shrimp were analyzed to determine the relative contributions of suction-feeding and ram-feeding behaviors to prey capture. The prey capture behaviors used by the predator were related to differences in escape behavior among the three shrimp species. H. decagrammus used behaviors characteristic of other ram-feeding predators when feeding on the two most elusive shrimp species: high attack velocity, attack initiated at a greater distance from the prey, and greater movement of the predator relative to the prey. Strikes at crabs and pieces of shrimp elicited strikes more typical of other suction-feeding predators, with lower attack velocities, shorter initial predator­prey distances and greater relative movement of the prey towards the predator. Attacks on the least elusive shrimp species showed elements of both ram and suction feeding. Modulation of attack velocity increased capture success on elusive prey, supporting the hypothesis that diet diversity is associated with the presence of a repertoire of feeding behaviors. These data suggest that functional differences in prey anti-capture behavior, as well as the functional versatility of the predator, must be addressed in ecomorphological studies that try to correlate predator morphology with diet.

scholarly journals Normal approximation for mixtures of normal distributions and the evolution of phenotypic traits

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-188
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Bartoszek ◽  
Torkel Erhardsson
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Phenotypic Trait ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Normal Distributions ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Conditional Moments ◽  
Mixture Of Normal Distributions ◽  
Explicit Bounds ◽  
Mixtures Of Normal Distributions ◽  
Parameter Values

AbstractExplicit bounds are given for the Kolmogorov and Wasserstein distances between a mixture of normal distributions, by which we mean that the conditional distribution given some $\sigma$ -algebra is normal, and a normal distribution with properly chosen parameter values. The bounds depend only on the first two moments of the first two conditional moments given the $\sigma$ -algebra. The proof is based on Stein’s method. As an application, we consider the Yule–Ornstein–Uhlenbeck model, used in the field of phylogenetic comparative methods. We obtain bounds for both distances between the distribution of the average value of a phenotypic trait over n related species, and a normal distribution. The bounds imply and extend earlier limit theorems by Bartoszek and Sagitov.

scholarly journals The benefits of planar circular mouths on suction feeding performance

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (73) ◽  
pp. 1767-1773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Skorczewski ◽  
Angela Cheer ◽  
Peter C. Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Prey Capture ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Mouth Opening ◽  
Suction Feeding ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations ◽  
Enhance Efficiency ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Dynamics Simulations ◽  
Hydrodynamic Effects

Suction feeding is the most common form of prey capture across aquatic feeding vertebrates and many adaptations that enhance efficiency and performance are expected. Many suction feeders have mechanisms that allow the mouth to form a planar and near-circular opening that is believed to have beneficial hydrodynamic effects. We explore the effects of the flattened and circular mouth opening through computational fluid dynamics simulations that allow comparisons with other mouth profiles. Compared to mouths with lateral notches, we find that the planar mouth opening results in higher flow rates into the mouth and a region of highest flow that is positioned at the centre of the mouth aperture. Planar mouths provide not only for better total fluid flow rates through the mouth but also through the centre of the mouth near where suction feeders position their prey. Circular mouths are shown to provide the quickest capture times for spherical and elliptical prey because they expose the prey item to a large region of high flow. Planar and circular mouths result in higher flow velocities with peak flow located at the centre of the mouth opening and they maximize the capacity of the suction feeders to exert hydrodynamic forces on the prey.

Evaluating the use of ram and suction during prey capture by cichlid fishes

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (17) ◽  
pp. 3039-3051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Wainwright ◽  
Lara A. Ferry-Graham ◽  
Thomas B. Waltzek ◽  
Andrew M. Carroll ◽  
C. Darrin Hulsey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Suction Feeding ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Cichlid Fishes ◽  
Major Constraint ◽  
Exponential Decline ◽  
Astronotus Ocellatus ◽  
Limited Variation ◽  
Jaw Protrusion

SUMMARYWe characterized prey-capture strategies in seven species of cichlid fishes representing diverse trophic habits and anticipated feeding abilities. The species examined were Petenia splendida, Cichla ocellaris, Cichlasoma minckleyi, Astronotus ocellatus, Crenicichla geayi, Heros severus (formerly Cichlasoma severum) and Cyprichromis leptosoma. Three individuals per species were filmed with video at 500Hz as they captured live adult Artemia sp. and Poecilia reticulata. For each feeding sequence, we measured the contribution of predator movement towards the prey (i.e. ram) and the movement of prey towards the predator due to suction. The use of ram differed significantly among prey types and predator species, varying as much as sixfold across predator species. High values of ram resulted in high attack velocities. Jaw protrusion contributed as much as 50% to overall ram values in some species, verifying its role in enhancing attack velocity. Suction distance did not vary significantly among species. Diversity in prey-capture behavior was therefore found to reflect differences among species in the strategy used to approach prey. Limited variation in the distance from which prey were sucked into the mouth is interpreted as the result of an expected exponential decline in water velocity with distance from the mouth of the suction-feeding predator. We propose that this relationship represents a major constraint on the distance over which suction feeding is effective for all aquatic-feeding predators.

scholarly journals Variation of Phenotypic Traits in Twelve Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) Genotypes and Two F2 Bi-Parental Segregating Populations

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1451
Author(s):  
Xiuqing Gao ◽  
Aliyu Siise Abdullah Bamba ◽  
Aloyce Callist Kundy ◽  
Kumbirai Ivyne Mateva ◽  
Hui Hui Chai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Africa ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Bambara Groundnut ◽  
Structured Populations ◽  
Phenotypic Trait ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Vigna Subterranea ◽  
East West

Underutilised species such as bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) have the potential to contribute significantly to meeting food and nutritional needs worldwide. We evaluated phenotypic traits in twelve bambara groundnut genotypes from East, West and Southern Africa and Southeast Asia and two F2 bi-parental segregating populations derived from IITA-686 ×Tiga Nicuru and S19-3 ×DodR to determine phenotypic trait variation and their potential contribution to the development of improved crop varieties. All phenotypic traits in twelve genotypes were significantly influenced (p < 0.01) by genotypes. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that PC1 accounted for 97.33% variation and was associated with four genotypes collected from East and Southern Africa. PC2 accounted for 2.48% of the variation and was associated with five genotypes collected from East, West and Southern Africa. Transgressive segregation for a number of traits was observed in the two F2 bi-parental populations, as some individual lines in the segregating populations showed trait values greater or less than their parents. The variability between twelve genotypes and the two F2 bi-parental segregating populations and the negative relationship between plant architectural traits and yield related traits provide resources for development of structured populations and breeding lines for bambara groundnut breeding programme.

scholarly journals Angling-induced injuries have a negative impact on suction feeding performance and hydrodynamics in marine shiner perch, Cymatogaster aggregata

2018 ◽  
Vol 221 (19) ◽  
pp. jeb180935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Thompson ◽  
Sam Van Wassenbergh ◽  
Sean M. Rogers ◽  
Scott G. Seamone ◽  
Timothy E. Higham
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Suction Feeding ◽  
Feeding Performance

Interdemic variation in the African cyprinid Barbus neumayeri: correlations among hypoxia, morphology, and feeding performance

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 430-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Schaack ◽  
Lauren J Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Gill Filament ◽  
Prey Type ◽  
Adaptive Change ◽  
Filament Length ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Feeding Performance ◽  
Internal Morphology ◽  
Processing Ability ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Respiratory Apparatus

Adaptive change in one character may affect associated, but functionally unrelated, characters in adaptive or nonadaptive ways. For example, adaptive change in gill size (i.e., larger gills in hypoxic habitats) may alter adjacent feeding structures and therefore have indirect effects on feeding behavior. This study examines whether differences in total gill filament length among populations of the African cyprinid Barbus neumayeri correlate with variation in trophic structures and feeding performance. Morphological measurements revealed larger total gill filament length in populations from low-oxygen habitats. Differences in external and internal morphology of the trophic apparatus correlated with those found in gills and suggest a reduction in food capture and processing ability in fish with larger respiratory apparatus. In paired feeding trials on a novel prey type, large-gilled fish spent more time feeding than small-gilled fish of the same body size without ingesting more food. This suggests less efficient food uptake in large-gilled fish from hypoxic habitats. We suggest that variation in gill size facilitates the broad habitat distribution of B. neumayeri but may limit the success of phenotypes crossing physicochemical gradients.

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