scholarly journals Review of some scientific issues related to crustacean welfare

2018 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
B K Diggles
Keyword(s):  
Precautionary Principle ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Precautionary Measure ◽  
The Precautionary Principle ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Scientific Standards

Abstract The scientific literature on the subject of welfare and pain in crustaceans is immature. It is based largely on a few dubious and disputed studies done on a small number of decapod species in instances where nociception was not confirmed, laboratory artefacts occurred, all variables that potentially influence the results were not fully controlled, and interpretations of results were questionable or contradictory. The proposed criteria for pain being applied to crustaceans since 2014 has set the “evidential bar” for pain so low it is impossible to have confidence that the behaviours observed in many experiments are even due to nociception, extinguishing scientific confidence that these behaviours are in any way analogous to how the word pain is defined, used, and understood by humans. Given the critical flaws in design and interpretation of several crustacean “pain” studies, acceptance of claims of pain for these animals, even as a precautionary measure, represents acceptance of a much lower evidential bar than is usually dictated by normal scientific standards. This may lead to circumstances whereby the precautionary principle, underpinned by weak science, is used by decision makers to justify unnecessary constraints on scientific research or other uses of crustaceans, imparting significant costs to scientific programs (and potentially food production industries), which are likely to exceed any benefits from changes in welfare status that may (or may not) accrue to these animals.

The Controllability Precautionary Principle: Justification of a Climate Policy Goal Under Uncertainty

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugen Pissarskoi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Policy ◽  
Precautionary Principle ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Policy Goal ◽  
The Precautionary Principle ◽  
Climate Change Policies

How can we reasonably justify a climate policy goal if we accept that only possible consequences from climate change are known? Precautionary principles seem to offer promising guidelines for reasoning in such epistemic situations. This chapter presents two versions of the precautionary principle (PP) and defends one of them as morally justifiable. However, it argues that current versions of the PP do not allow discrimination between relevant climate change policies. Therefore, the chapter develops a further version of the PP, the Controllability Precautionary Principle (CPP), and defends its moral plausibility. The CPP incorporates the following idea: in a situation when the possible outcomes of the available actions cannot be ranked with regard to their value, the choice between available options for action should rest on the comparison of how well decision makers can control the processes of the implementation of the available strategies.

scholarly journals APPLYING PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE IN FISHERIES MANAGEMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-34
Author(s):  
Emmy Latifah ◽  
Moch Najib Imanullah
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Precautionary Principle ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Sustainable Fisheries ◽  
International Environmental Law ◽  
The Precautionary Principle ◽  
Scientific Certainty

The aim of this paper is to examine an applying the precautionary principle in fisheries management. Precautionary principle is a principle where the possibility exist of serious or irreversible harm, lack of scientific certainty should not preclude cautions action by decision-makers to prevent or mitigate such harm. This principle has been accepting in widely international environmental law so that with applying this principle in fisheries management, it could be expected to provide an opportunity to progress towards sustainable fisheries development.

Actual issues of the search of housing or other possession of the person

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yevhen Povzyk
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Unified Approach ◽  
Basic Law ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Problem Setting

Problem setting. One of the basic human rights, enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine, is the right to inviolability of housing or other possession. The Basic Law stipulates that no penetration into a home or other possession of a person, inspection or search in them is allowed differently than according to a motivated court decision. This provision means that the state is authorized to reasonably restrict the above law. However, according to law enforcement practice, such restriction of the right to inviolability of housing or other possession is not always reasonable and there is an unequal and improper application of regulatory provisions regulating the procedure for carrying out this investigative (investigative) action. This, in turn, requires a comprehensive analysis of problematic issues that arise during the search and a unified approach to their solution. The object of research is legal relations arising during a search of housing or other possession of a person. The subject of the study are regulations that regulate the grounds, conditions and procedural procedure for conducting a search of housing or other possession of a person. Analysis of recent researches and publications. In the scientific literature, certain aspects of the search of housing or other possession were the subject of scientific research of such scientists as: V. Goncharenko, I. Hlovyuk, V. Zaborovsky, V. Noor, O. Kaplina, O. Komarnytska, O. Shvykova, M. Shumylo etc. Target of research is to study problematic issues arising during the search of housing or other possession of a person and to develop on its basis proposals for improving the current criminal procedural legislation. The scientific novelty of the research is to express proposals for improving the current criminal procedural legislation, which relate to the procedural procedure for the search of housing or other possession of a person, the announcement of a break in its conduct and the peculiarities of fixing its results. Article’s main body. The scientific research is devoted to the analysis of the grounds, conditions and procedural procedure for conducting a search in a dwelling or other possession of a person, guarantees of protection of the rights and freedoms of a person during this investigative (search) action, features of fixing the course of conducting a search of a home or other possession of a person. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Based on the analysis, we conclude that it is appropriate to apply to the decision of the Supreme Court of 02.09.2020. № 591/4742/16-k, which states that the protocol of the search of housing is unacceptable evidence, if it does not contain information about the employees of the operational units involved in it, the sequence of all actions during the search and packaging of seized items, as well as if during the search at the time of detection of equipment intended for the manufacture of narcotic drugs (subject of crime), were not present understood, invited investigators after the discovery of such equipment.

scholarly journals The Precautionary Principle and Expert Disagreement

Erkenntnis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Elkin
Keyword(s):  
Precautionary Principle ◽  
Geometric Analysis ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Ethics Of Technology ◽  
The Precautionary Principle ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Probabilistic Rule ◽  
Epistemic View

AbstractThe Precautionary Principle is typically construed as a conservative decision rule aimed at preventing harm. But Martin Peterson (JME 33: 5–10, 2007; The ethics of technology: A geometric analysis of five moral principles, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017) has argued that the principle is better understood as an epistemic rule, guiding decision-makers in forming beliefs rather than choosing among possible acts. On the epistemic view, he claims there is a principle concerning expert disagreement underlying precautionary-based reasoning called the ecumenical principle: all expert views should be considered in a precautionary appraisal, not just those that are the most prominent or influential. In articulating the doxastic commitments of decision-makers under this constraint, Peterson precludes any probabilistic rule that might result in combining expert opinions. For combined or consensus probabilities are likely to provide decision-makers with information that is more precise than warranted. Contra Peterson, I argue that upon adopting a broader conception of probability, there is a probabilistic rule, under which expert opinions are combined, that is immune to his criticism and better represents the ecumenical principle.

scholarly journals THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE IN THE BRAZILIAN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (27) ◽  
pp. 63-88
Author(s):  
Paulo de Bessa Antunes
Keyword(s):  
Precautionary Principle ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
The Precautionary Principle ◽  
Legal Principle ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Scholarly Production

The problem to be addressed in this article is related to the precautionary principle and its incorporation into the Brazilian law. As it is beknown, this principle has been widely cited by Brazilian case law and it is an important part of the legal and environmental scholarly production. However, it follows that its application has been made fairly randomly, and even so there is no clear and operational definition of its content. The hypothesis being examined is that since the Rio Declaration’s - in its translation into Portuguese - environmental legislation has termed as legal principle, which internationally is an approach, a precautionary measure, as can be seen in both the texts in English and French of the Rio Declaration and other relevant legal instruments. The methodology to be used is the research of the case law and relevant legal rules, as well as the examination of the scholarly production on the subject. As a result, the conclusion is that there is an overuse of the precautionary principle by the Brazilian courts, especially by the Superior Court of Justice and that, in this case, the Federal Supreme Court has played a moderating role in relation to the application of the precautionary principle.

The precautionary principle and unintended consequences

Kybernetes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holmes E. Miller ◽  
Kurt J. Engemann
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Precautionary Principle ◽  
Decision Model ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Decision Situation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Precautionary Principle

PurposeAll technologies have intended and unintended consequences, both favorable and unfavorable. Because the risks from implementing a technology may outweigh its rewards, the precautionary principle, illustrated by the maxim “better safe than sorry”, often is applied. Yet, the precautionary principle itself may have unintended consequences. This paper aims to discuss the precautionary principle and unintended consequences and present a model for analyzing the resulting implications.Design/methodology/approachA deficiency in applying the precautionary principle often is forgoing a quantitative analysis. In this paper, the authors apply decision analysis and decision analytic methodologies. Specifically, they present a decision model which can be used when analyzing the consequences of using the precautionary principle. The methodology incorporates decision-makers’ attitude in the determination of the preferred decision policy. The authors illustrate the methodology by determining a decision policy regarding the application of the precautionary principle in a situation with potential unintended consequences.FindingsThe findings indicate that a generic decision model structure for assessing the use of the precautionary principle, as illustrated in a decision tree, can be used when implementing a new technology. The results of the analysis indicate that a decision-maker’s attitude plays an important role in determining a preferred decision policy for this dynamic decision situation.Originality/valueThis research breaks new ground by proposing a decision analytic methodology where quantitative analysis can be applied to address problems where technologies are implemented with unintended consequences and where the precautionary principle is applied.

scholarly journals APPLYING PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE IN FISHERIES MANAGEMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-34
Author(s):  
Emmy Latifah ◽  
Moch Najib Imanullah
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Precautionary Principle ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Sustainable Fisheries ◽  
International Environmental Law ◽  
The Precautionary Principle ◽  
Scientific Certainty

The aim of this paper is to examine an applying the precautionary principle in fisheries management. Precautionary principle is a principle where the possibility exist of serious or irreversible harm, lack of scientific certainty should not preclude cautions action by decision-makers to prevent or mitigate such harm. This principle has been accepting in widely international environmental law so that with applying this principle in fisheries management, it could be expected to provide an opportunity to progress towards sustainable fisheries development.

scholarly journals Potential applications of pecan residual biomasses: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 5524-5531 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Structural Support ◽  
Literature Overview ◽  
The World ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Structured Approach

Considering a large amount of high potential materials coming from the processes to obtaining pecan nut, there are important future perspectives to enable an increase of using pecan materials. For this, structural support and the development of scientific research are needed to reuse the wastes in an environmentally friendly way. Thus, the aim of this scientific research is to present a detailed literature overview regarding the characterization of pecan waste materials, the main applications and technologies used to add value to these materials. The study is fundamentally based on the scientific literature related to obtaining products from pecan wastes and their application in food-related areas. The lack of sufficient data on the proposed theme requires a properly structured approach to provide a clear perspective on the subject and to highlight the current limitations. It is evident that pecan culture has presented a prosperous context with respect to the world and Brazilian production. The scientific literature presented many studies that employ the approach of using remaining pecan materials. Thus, it is clear the range of fields that apply the residuals for the most diverse purposes, which enables them to add value to pecan coproducts.

scholarly journals in Strategic and Security Studies "Regional and International", National Center for Research and Scientific Studies, Tripoli, Libya.

2020 ◽  
pp. 191-215
Author(s):  
خالد عبدالقادر التومي
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Security Studies ◽  
Research Institutions ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Interactive Relation

This study presents three main approaches; The rooting methodology for the subject of the study; Taking into account the analysis of the status of research and studies, and the importance that touches upon the very essence of community development. Not only that; But even in the renaissance and advancement of nations regionally and continentally. And also, to have a look at the reasons that stand stumbling block in failing to achieve that, and despite the existence of extensive research and studies in all fields of development, which is represented in the large gap between research institutions and policy makers in Arab States. But even at the continental level, that is why we find it flounder when make decisions, and low level of services provided by the governments. This is due to these decisions are not based on prior studies, to insure simulate the particularity of the decision with the purpose for which it was established, where we would like to clarify through this study to Touching the concept of scientific research, and to shows the importance of scientific research in the development of societies, and to recognize the reality of this interactive relation between the two directions; Research Institutions and decision-makers.

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