Thyroid Disorders in the General Population of Hisayama Japan, with Special Reference to Prevalence and Sex Differences

Recent studies of mentally retarded children have found substantially higher rates of color blindness than are usually reported for the general population. In 2 of these studies, sex differences in color blindness, invariably found in intellectually normal children, do not appear. Reanalysis of data from one of the studies of retarded children suggests the possibility that the high rates arise from the difficulty in comprehending the test and following the directions rather than from faulty color vision. However, even if the number of color blind retarded children is actually lower than these studies show, the need for research on this topic seems apparent. Using color dependent instructional materials with color blind, mentally retarded children may be detrimental.

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The systemizing quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high–functioning autism, and normal sex differences

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2002.1206 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 358 (1430) ◽

pp. 361-374 ◽

Cited By ~ 449

Author(s):

Simon Baron-Cohen ◽

Jennifer Richler ◽

Dheraj Bisarya ◽

Nhishanth Gurunathan ◽

Sally Wheelwright

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

General Population ◽

Asperger Syndrome ◽

High Functioning Autism ◽

Mental States ◽

Self Report ◽

Adult Males ◽

High Functioning ◽

Major Dimension ◽

Empathy Quotient

Systemizing is the drive to analyse systems or construct systems. A recent model of psychological sex differences suggests that this is a major dimension in which the sexes differ, with males being more drawn to systemize than females. Currently, there are no self–report measures to assess this important dimension. A second major dimension of sex differences is empathizing (the drive to identify mental states and respond to these with an appropriate emotion). Previous studies find females score higher on empathy measures. We report a new self–report questionnaire, the Systemizing Quotient (SQ), for use with adults of normal intelligence. It contains 40 systemizing items and 20 control items. On each systemizing item, a person can score 2, 1 or 0, so the SQ has a maximum score of 80 and a minimum of zero. In Study 1, we measured the SQ of n = 278 adults (114 males, 164 females) from a general population, to test for predicted sex differences (male superiority) in systemizing. All subjects were also given the Empathy Quotient (EQ) to test if previous reports of female superiority would be replicated. In Study 2 we employed the SQ and the EQ with n = 47 adults (33 males, 14 females) with Asperger syndrome (AS) or high–functioning autism (HFA), who are predicted to be either normal or superior at systemizing, but impaired at empathizing. Their scores were compared with n = 47 matched adults from the general population in Study 1. In Study 1, as predicted, normal adult males scored significantly higher than females on the SQ and significantly lower on the EQ. In Study 2, again as predicted, adults with AS/HFA scored significantly higher on the SQ than matched controls, and significantly lower on the EQ than matched controls. The SQ reveals both a sex difference in systemizing in the general population and an unusually strong drive to systemize in AS/HFA. These results are discussed in relation to two linked theories: the ‘empathizing–systemizing’ (E–S) theory of sex differences and the extreme male brain (EMB) theory of autism.

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Sex Differences in Factors Associated With Progression of Aortic Valve Calcification in the General Population

Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging ◽

10.1161/circimaging.121.013165 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Axel Diederichsen ◽

Jes Sanddal Lindholt ◽

Jacob Eifer Møller ◽

Oke Gerke ◽

Lars Melholt Rasmussen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Aortic Valve ◽

General Population ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Interquartile Range ◽

Aortic Valve Calcification ◽

Valve Calcification ◽

Factors Associated

Background: Guidelines recommend measurement of the aortic valve calcification (AVC) score to help differentiate between severe and nonsevere aortic stenosis, but a paucity exists in data about AVC in the general population. The aim of this study was to describe the natural history of AVC progression in the general population and to identify potential sex differences in factors associated with this progression rate. Methods: Noncontrast cardiac computed tomography was performed in 1298 randomly selected women and men aged 65 to 74 years who participated in the DANCAVAS trial (Danish Cardiovascular Screening). Participants were invited to attend a reexamination after 4 years. The AVC score was measured at the computed tomography, and AVC progression (ΔAVC) was defined as the difference between AVC scores at baseline and follow-up. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with ΔAVC. Results: Among the 1298 invited citizens, 823 accepted to participate in the follow-up examination. The mean age at follow-up was 73 years. Men had significantly higher AVC scores at baseline (median AVC score 13 Agatston Units [AU; interquartile range, 0–94 AU] versus 1 AU [interquartile range, 0–22 AU], P <0.001) and a higher ΔAVC (median 26 AU [interquartile range, 0–101 AU] versus 4 AU [interquartile range, 0–37 AU], P <0.001) than women. In the fully adjusted model, the most important factor associated with ΔAVC was the baseline AVC score. However, hypertension was associated with ΔAVC in women (incidence rate ratios, 1.58 [95% CI, 1.06–2.34], P =0.024) but not in men, whereas dyslipidemia was associated with ΔAVC in men (incidence rate ratio: 1.66 [95% CI, 1.18–2.34], P =0.004) but not in women. Conclusions: The magnitude of the AVC score was the most important marker of AVC progression. However, sex differences were significant; hence, dyslipidemia was associated with AVC progression only among men; hypertension with AVC progression only among women. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.isrctn.com ; Unique identifier: ISRCTN12157806.

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Sex differences in the association between thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and depressive symptoms among the general population with normal free T4 levels

Journal of Affective Disorders ◽

10.1016/j.jad.2019.02.027 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 249 ◽

pp. 151-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

San Lee ◽

Sarah Soyeon Oh ◽

Eun-Cheol Park ◽

Sung-In Jang

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

General Population ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Free T4 ◽

Hormone Levels ◽

Stimulating Hormone

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Sex differences and higher upper normal limits for left atrial end-systolic volume in individuals in their mid-60s: data from the ACE 1950 Study

European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging ◽

10.1093/ehjci/jeaa004 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

pp. 501-507 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Peter Selmer Rønningen ◽

Trygve Berge ◽

Magnar Gangås Solberg ◽

Steve Enger ◽

Ståle Nygård ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

General Population ◽

Surface Area ◽

Body Surface Area ◽

Body Surface ◽

Left Atrial ◽

Normal Range ◽

Healthy Group ◽

Systolic Volume ◽

Normal Limits

Abstract Aims The current study aimed to describe normal values of left atrial (LA) volumes and LA emptying fraction (LAEF) in a large sample in their mid-60s from the general population and to explore sex differences. Methods and results In the Akershus Cardiac Examination (ACE) 1950 Study, body surface area-indexed LA maximum (LAVimax) and minimum (LAVimin) volumes and LAEF were measured in 3489 individuals aged 63.9 ± 0.6 years from the general population. A healthy group of 832 individuals was defined. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and a normal range of mean ± 2 SD. T-tests were used for comparisons. In the healthy group, mean LAVimax was 25.5 ± 6.2 mL/m2 and the normal range was 13.1–37.9 mL/m2. Men had significantly larger body surface area-indexed volumes than women, but there was no difference in LAEF. The mean LAVimax for healthy men was 26.4 ± 6.5 mL/m2, for healthy women 24.9 ± 5.8 mL/m2 (P < 0.001) and the upper normal limits were 39.4 and 36.5 mL/m2, respectively. In the healthy group, 13.0% of all men and 5.4% of all women had LAVimax above the current upper normal limit of 34 mL/m2. Conclusion A large proportion of healthy individuals, in particular men, had LAVimax >34 mL/m2. Our findings suggest that the recommended cut-off may be too low at the age of 65 years and above and that sex-specific cut-offs should be considered.

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Further Research on the IES Photo-Analysis Subtest with Special Reference to Sex Differences

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1963.17.1.295 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 295-298 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Henry Rempel ◽

Edro I. Signori

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Special Reference

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SO061SEX DIFFERENCES IN MORTALITY AMONG PEOPLE WITH END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE: DO WOMEN ALWAYS LIVE LONGER?

Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation ◽

10.1093/ndt/gfaa139.so061 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽

Author(s):

Nicole De La Mata ◽

Grace Macleod ◽

Patrick Kelly ◽

Brenda Rosales ◽

Philip Masson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Kidney Transplantation ◽

General Population ◽

Excess Mortality ◽

Relative Survival ◽

Average Life ◽

End Stage Kidney Disease ◽

Life Years ◽

Life Years Lost ◽

End Stage

Abstract Background and Aims Female life expectancies consistently exceed males in the general population. Yet, this survival advantage may not persist in the presence of a chronic disease due to sex-based differences or healthcare inequities. We aimed to explore sex differences in survival among people with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) compared to the general population. Method We included the entire ESKD population in Australia, 1980-2013 and New Zealand, 1988-2012 from the Australian and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry. These were linked to national death registers to ascertain deaths and their causes. We estimated relative measures of survival, including standardized mortality ratios (SMR), cumulative relative survival and expected life years lost, using general population data (adjusting for country, age, sex and calendar year) to account for background mortality. Results Of the 60,823 ESKD patients, there were 25,042 females (41%) and 35,781 males (59%). Overall 34,417 deaths occurred over the 368,719 person-years of follow-up where a similar proportion of females (57%) and males (56%) died. While mortality sex differences within the ESKD population were minor, once compared to the general population female ESKD patients had greater excess deaths, worse relative survival and greater life years lost compared to male ESKD patients. Female ESKD patients had 12 times (SMR:11.5; 95%CI:11.3-11.7) and males had 7 times (SMR:6.7; 95%CI:6.7-6.8) the expected deaths, with the greatest sex disparity among younger ages and from cardiovascular disease. Relative survival was consistently lower in females (0.57, 95%CI:0.57-0.58 in males vs 0.54, 95%CI:0.54-0.55 in females at 5 years), where the excess mortality was 9% higher (95%CI:7-12%) in female ESKD patients (Fig 1A), adjusting for year and age. The average life years lost for female ESKD patients was 4-5 years greater than male ESKD patients (Average life years lost 25.9 years, 95%CI:25.1-26.7 in males and 31.4 years, 95%CI:30.5-32.1 in females aged 15 years at ESKD) (Fig 1B). Kidney transplantation reduced the sex differences in excess mortality, with similar relative survival (p=0.42; Fig 1C) and average life years lost reduced to 3-4 years for females (Fig 1D). Conclusion The impact of ESKD is more profound for women than men with greater excess mortality, however kidney transplantation attenuates these differences. Our findings show that chronic diseases and sex can compound to produce worse outcomes where women lose their survival advantage in the presence of ESKD.

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