scholarly journals Soybean-BioCro: A semi-mechanistic model of soybean growth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan L Matthews ◽  
Amy Marshall-Colón ◽  
Justin M McGrath ◽  
Edward B Lochocki ◽  
Stephen P Long
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Elevated Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Crop Models ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Or Gene

Abstract Soybean is a major global source of protein and oil. Understanding how soybean crops will respond to the changing climate and identifying the responsible molecular machinery, are important for facilitating bioengineering and breeding to meet the growing global food demand. The BioCro family of crop models are semi-mechanistic models scaling from biochemistry to whole crop growth and yield. BioCro was previously parameterized and proved effective for the biomass crops miscanthus, coppice willow, and Brazilian sugarcane. Here, we present Soybean-BioCro, the first food crop to be parameterized for BioCro. Two new module sets were incorporated into the BioCro framework describing the rate of soybean development and carbon partitioning and senescence. The model was parameterized using field measurements collected over the 2002 and 2005 growing seasons at the open air [CO2] enrichment (SoyFACE) facility under ambient atmospheric [CO2]. We demonstrate that Soybean-BioCro successfully predicted how elevated [CO2] impacted field-grown soybean growth without a need for re-parameterization, by predicting soybean growth under elevated atmospheric [CO2] during the 2002 and 2005 growing seasons, and under both ambient and elevated [CO2] for the 2004 and 2006 growing seasons. Soybean-BioCro provides a useful foundational framework for incorporating additional primary and secondary metabolic processes or gene regulatory mechanisms that can further aid our understanding of how future soybean growth will be impacted by climate change.

Canopy development and hydraulic function in Eucalyptus tereticornis grown in drought in CO2-enriched atmospheres

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Atwell ◽  
Martin L. Henery ◽  
Gordon S. Rogers ◽  
Saman P. Seneweera ◽  
Marie Treadwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Eucalyptus Tereticornis ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Pipe Model

We report on the relationship between growth, partitioning of shoot biomass and hydraulic development of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. grown in glasshouses for six months. Close coordination of stem vascular capacity and shoot architecture is vital for survival of eucalypts, especially as developing trees are increasingly subjected to spasmodic droughts and rising atmospheric CO2 levels. Trees were exposed to constant soil moisture deficits in 45 L pots (30–50% below field capacity), while atmospheric CO2 was raised to 700 μL CO2 L–1 in matched glasshouses using a hierarchical, multi-factorial design. Enrichment with CO2 stimulated shoot growth rates for 12–15 weeks in well-watered trees but after six months of CO2 enrichment, shoot biomasses were not significantly heavier (30% stimulation) in ambient conditions. By contrast, constant drought arrested shoot growth after 20 weeks under ambient conditions, whereas elevated CO2 sustained growth in drought and ultimately doubled the shoot biomass relative to ambient conditions. These growth responses were achieved through an enhancement of lateral branching up to 8-fold due to CO2 enrichment. In spite of larger transpiring canopies, CO2 enrichment also improved the daytime water status of leaves of droughted trees. Stem xylem development was highly regulated, with vessels per unit area and cross sectional area of xylem vessels in stems correlated inversely across all treatments. Furthermore, vessel numbers related to the numbers of leaves on lateral branches, broadly supporting predictions arising from Pipe Model Theory that the area of conducting tissue should correlate with leaf area. Diminished water use of trees in drought coincided with a population of narrower xylem vessels, constraining hydraulic capacity of stems. Commensurate with the positive effects of elevated CO2 on growth, development and leaf water relations of droughted trees, the capacity for long-distance water transport also increased.

Growth and Yield of CO2-Enriched Wheat Under Water-Limited Conditions

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Gifford
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Enhancement ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Four Levels

Wheat was grown at a density of 120 plants m-2 in deep pots of soil in two artificially illuminated growth cabinets. One cabinet was left at ambient CO2 levels and the other enriched by 250 volumes per million (vpm). Four levels of growth-restricting water supply were imposed. Responses by the two cultivars used (Gabo and WW15) did not differ appreciably in terms of the mature crop dry-weight parameters examined. Comparison of the crop responses to water supply indicated sufficient correspondence between generalized field behaviour and cabinet behaviour to justify tentative interpretation of the results in terms of possible response of water-limited field wheat crop yields to the globally rising level of atmospheric CO2. The less water made available to the crop the less was the absolute response of grain yield to CO2 enrichment, but the greater was the response relative to the control yield. Under extreme aridity (about 100-120 mm crop transpiration overall), the data implied infinite relative enhancement of yield due to CO2 enrichment, because it allowed some grain growth where none occurred without extra CO2. The absolute yield enhancement was equivalent to 5-13 kg ha-1 per 1.2 vpm increment of atmospheric CO2 concentration. The level of CO2 in the global atmosphere is currently rising by about 1.2 vpm year-1. The higher temperature at which the crops were grown (19°C), relative to average field conditions in many wheat areas, may influence this interpretation.

Carbon Di Oxide Fertilization: Effects on Plant Productivity

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Supriya Tiwari ◽  
N. K. Dubey
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Plant Productivity ◽  
C4 Plants ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Co2 Fertilization ◽  
Co2 Concentrations ◽  
Fertilization Effect

Increasing Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important component of global climate change that has drawn the attention of environmentalists worldwide in the last few decades. Besides acting as an important greenhouse gas, it also produces a stimulatory effect, its instantaneous impact being a significant increase in the plant productivity. Atmospheric CO2 levels have linearly increased from approximately 280 parts per million (ppm) during pre-industrial times to the current level of more than 390 ppm. In past few years, anthropogenic activities led to a rapid increase in global CO2 concentration. Current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projection indicates that atmospheric CO2 concentration will increase over this century, reaching 730-1020 ppm by 2100. An increase in global temperature, ranging from 1.1 to 6.4oC depending on global emission scenarios, will accompany the rise in atmospheric CO2. As CO2 acts as a limiting factor in photosynthesis, the immediate effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 is improved plant productivity, a feature commonly termed as “CO2 fertilization”. Variability in crop responses to the elevated CO2 made the agricultural productivity and food security vulnerable to the climate change. Several studies have shown significant CO2 fertilization effect on crop growth and yield. An increase of 30 % in plant growth and yield has been reported when CO2 concentration has been doubled from 330 to 660 ppm. However, the fertilization effect of elevated CO2 is not very much effective in case of C4 plants which already contain a CO2 concentration mechanism, owing to their specific leaf 2 anatomy called kranz anatomy. As a result, yield increments observed in C4plants are comparatively lower than the C3 plants under similar elevated CO2 concentrations. This review discusses the trends and the causes of increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, its effects on the crop productivity and the discrepancies in the response of C3 and C4 plants to increasing CO2 concentrations.

scholarly journals Elevated CO2 Concentration Alters Photosynthetic Performances under Fluctuating Light in Arabidopsis thaliana

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2329
Author(s):  
Shun-Ling Tan ◽  
Xing Huang ◽  
Wei-Qi Li ◽  
Shi-Bao Zhang ◽  
Wei Huang
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Elevated Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Actinic Light ◽  
Fluctuating Light ◽  
Photosynthetic Performances ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 Concentrations

In view of the current and expected future rise in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, we examined the effect of elevated CO2 on photoinhibition of photosystem I (PSI) under fluctuating light in Arabidopsis thaliana. At 400 ppm CO2, PSI showed a transient over-reduction within the first 30 s after transition from dark to actinic light. Under the same CO2 conditions, PSI was highly reduced after a transition from low to high light for 20 s. However, such PSI over-reduction greatly decreased when measured in 800 ppm CO2, indicating that elevated atmospheric CO2 facilitates the rapid oxidation of PSI under fluctuating light. Furthermore, after fluctuating light treatment, residual PSI activity was significantly higher in 800 ppm CO2 than in 400 ppm CO2, suggesting that elevated atmospheric CO2 mitigates PSI photoinhibition under fluctuating light. We further demonstrate that elevated CO2 does not affect PSI activity under fluctuating light via changes in non-photochemical quenching or cyclic electron transport, but rather from a rapid electron sink driven by CO2 fixation. Therefore, elevated CO2 mitigates PSI photoinhibition under fluctuating light at the acceptor rather than the donor side. Taken together, these observations indicate that elevated atmospheric CO2 can have large effects on thylakoid reactions under fluctuating light.

scholarly journals Modeling Global and Regional Net Primary Production under Elevated Atmospheric CO2: On a Potential Source of Uncertainty

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustapha El Maayar ◽  
Navin Ramankutty ◽  
Christopher J. Kucharik
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Ecosystem Models ◽  
Elevated Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Photosynthetic Downregulation

Abstract Terrestrial ecosystem models are built, among several reasons, to explore how the Earth’s biosphere responds to climate change and to the projected continual increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration. Many of these models adopt the Farquhar et al. approach, in which leaf carbon assimilation of C3 plants is regulated by two limitations depending on the rate of Rubisco activity and ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate regeneration (RuBP). This approach was expanded upon by others to include a third limitation that expresses the occurrence, in some plant species, of a photosynthetic downregulation under high concentrations of ambient CO2. Several ecosystem models, however, constrain leaf photosynthesis using only two limitations according to the original formulation of Farquhar et al. and thus neglect the limitation that represents the downregulation of photosynthesis under elevated atmospheric CO2. In this study, the authors first reviewed the effect of elevated CO2 on photosynthesis of C3 plants, which illustrated that short-term observations are likely to considerably underestimate the number of plant species that exhibit a photosynthetic downregulation. Several recent long-term field observations have shown that such downregulation starts to be effective only after several seasons/years of plant exposure to elevated CO2. Second, an ecosystem model was used to illustrate that neglecting the photosynthetic downregulation may significantly bias predictions of net primary production of the middle and high latitudes under high atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Based on both review of field observations and results of simulations, the authors conclude that a more appropriate representation of plant physiology and choice of plant functional types may be required in ecosystem models in order to accurately simulate plant responses to changing environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Improved C4 Xero-Halophyte Kochia prostrata Physiological Performance under Saline Conditions

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 491
Author(s):  
Zulfira Rakhmankulova ◽  
Elena Shuyskaya ◽  
Kristina Toderich ◽  
Pavel Voronin
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Elevated Co2 Concentration ◽  
Elevated Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 Concentration

A significant increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration and associated climate aridization and soil salinity are factors affecting the growth, development, productivity, and stress responses of plants. In this study, the effect of ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (800 ppm) CO2 concentrations were evaluated on the C4 xero-halophyte Kochia prostrata treated with moderate salinity (200 mM NaCl) and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced osmotic stress. Our results indicated that plants grown at elevated CO2 concentration had different responses to osmotic stress and salinity. The synergistic effect of elevated CO2 and osmotic stress increased proline accumulation, but elevated CO2 did not mitigate the negative effects of osmotic stress on dark respiration intensity and photosystem II (PSII) efficiency. This indicates a stressful state, which is accompanied by a decrease in the efficiency of light reactions of photosynthesis and significant dissipative respiratory losses, thereby resulting in growth inhibition. Plants grown at elevated CO2 concentration and salinity showed high Na+ and proline contents, high water-use efficiency and time required to reach the maximum P700 oxidation level (PSI), and low dark respiration. Maintaining stable water balance, the efficient functioning of cyclic transport of PSI, and the reduction of dissipation costs contributed to an increase in dry shoot biomass (2-fold, compared with salinity at 400 ppm CO2). The obtained experimental data and PCA showed that elevated CO2 concentration improved the physiological parameters of K. prostrata under salinity.

scholarly journals Positive feedback of elevated CO<sub>2</sub> on soil respiration in late autumn and winter

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 8749-8787 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Keidel ◽  
C. Kammann ◽  
L. Grünhage ◽  
G. Moser ◽  
C. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Elevated Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Late Autumn ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Autumn And Winter

Abstract. Soil respiration of terrestrial ecosystems, a major component in the global carbon cycle is affected by elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, seasonal differences of feedback effects of elevated CO2 have rarely been studied. At the Giessen Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (GiFACE) site, the effects of +20% above ambient CO2 concentration (corresponds to conditions reached 2035–2045) have been investigated since 1998 in a temperate grassland ecosystem. We defined five distinct annual periods, with respect to management practices and phenological cycles. For a period of three years (2008–2010), weekly measurements of soil respiration were carried out with a survey chamber on vegetation-free subplots. The results revealed a pronounced and repeated increase of soil respiration during late autumn and winter dormancy. Increased CO2 losses during the autumn period (September–October) were 15.7% higher and during the winter period (November–March) were 17.4% higher compared to respiration from control plots. However, during spring time and summer, which are characterized by strong above- and below-ground plant growth, no significant change in soil respiration was observed at the FACE site under elevated CO2. This suggests (i) that soil respiration measurements, carried out only during the vegetative growth period under elevated CO2 may underestimate the true soil-respiratory CO2 loss (i.e. overestimate the C sequestered) and (ii) that additional C assimilated by plants during the growing period and transferred below-ground will quickly be lost via enhanced heterotrophic respiration outside the main vegetation period.

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