Composition and Analysis of the Carotenoids in Marigold Petals

1972 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
F W Quackenbush ◽  
Sharon L Miller
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Alternative Procedure ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Pigment Distribution ◽  
Xanthophyll Esters ◽  
Mixed Feeds

Abstract A modification of the current official first action method for carotenes and xanthophylls in dried plant materials and mixed feeds, 39.018–39.023, is presented for the analysis of the pigments in marigold petal meal and in feeds which contain it. Marigolds of different types and colors were grown locally from seed and the carotenoids of their petals were extracted, saponified, and chromalographed. Little variation in pigment distribution was observed in the different varieties and in commercial marigold petal meals. Of the 17 different pigments which were separated, lutein was preponderant; lutein plus zeaxanthin constituted 88–92% of the total. Epoxy pigments were less than 3% of the total. The wax-like nature of the xanthophyll esters in marigold petals neccssitates treatment with hot melhanolic KOH prior to chromatography. It is recommended that a collaborative study be initiated (a) to test the hot methanolic KOH treatment as an alternative procedure for all analyses, (b) to adapt the current official first action method to include the analysis of petal meal and mixed feeds containing it.

Comparison of Two Methods for the Analysis of Pigmenting Xanthophylls in Dried Plant Materials

1973 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1378-1381
Author(s):  
Arvin L Livingston ◽  
Richard E Knowles ◽  
George O Kohler
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Carotenoid Pigment ◽  
Corn Gluten Meal ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
Aoac Method ◽  
Xanthophyll Esters ◽  
Mixed Feeds

Abstract A previously reported procedure for carotene and non-epoxide xanthophyll (NEX) has been modified for the analyses of dried plant materials and mixed feeds, including those which contain xanthophyll esters. The method employs an ambient temperature extraction and saponification technique which permits rapid analyses of carotenoid pigment sources, including dehydrated alfalfa, grass, corn gluten meal, marigold petal meal, and mixed feeds containing these materials. The results were compared with those by the official first action modification of 39.018–39.023 for carotene and xanthophyll in these materials. The reported method gave the same or significantly higher analyses (p≤0.01 or 0.05) for corn, marigold, and one of the alfalfa meals but lower analyses for the grass meal tested. In only 2 of 10 cases were the variances between methods significantly different (p≤0.01 or 0.05), and in both cases the AOAC method gave the lower variance.

Modification of Official Method for Analysis of Carotenes and Xanthophylls in Dried Plant Materials and Mixed Feeds

1980 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-656
Author(s):  
Alberto Gimeno
Keyword(s):  
Silica Gel ◽  
Official Method ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Extraction And Separation ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Extra Step ◽  
Xanthophyll Esters ◽  
Mixed Feeds ◽  
Static Extraction ◽  
Cold Saponification

Abstract The official method (43.018–43.023) for extraction and separation of carotenes and xanthophylls in dried plant materials and mixed feeds is modified. These pigments are extracted from samples lacking xanthophyll esters by stirring 2 hr, followed by 1-hr cold saponification. The official method recommends 16-hr static extraction preceding the cold saponification. For samples containing xanthophyll esters, we preceded the 20-min hot saponification step by 2 hr stirring. This extra step increased the yield of mono- and dihydroxy pigments, especially from marigold meal. For separation, Merck silica gel 60 plus Hyflo Supercel is substituted for silica gel G in adsorbent I, resulting in 30-min separation. Also, at least 4 separations can be performed using the same adsorbent, and the column is more easily cleaned between separations. Results of the modified method were comparable to those of the official method.

scholarly journals Produktivitas Rumput Hamil (Panicum maximum cv Hamil) yang Ditanam Menggunakan Benih Berbeda

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-449
Author(s):  
Ahmad Fanindi ◽  
Endang Sutedi ◽  
Harmini Harmini
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Selection Method ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Generative Phase

Reproductive traits determine the selection method in plant breeding. The benggala grass of the Hamil cultivar was thought to be apomictic; thus, a study was conducted to determine its reproduction. The research began by studying the morphological characters, continued with observing the generative phase and seed production of the cultivar planted from seeds (generative) and from pols (vegetative). The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of the Research Institute of Animal Production. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with ten replications, and the treatments were different types of plant materials: seeds and pols. The Hamil cultivar taken from RIAP Collection was planted in pots with a diameter of 40 cm and a height of 30 cm. The results showed that most of the morphological characters of the Hamil cultivar planted from seeds and from pols were not different (P >0.05), so it was presumed that they were apomictic. The difference in morphology was only in the length and width of the flag leaves and the length of the internodes, where the cultivars planted using seeds were higher. The production of seeds, pithy seed weight, and seed germination of cultivars planted using seeds were higher (P <0.05). Further research is needed to determine the apomixis properties based on cytologically Hamil cultivars.   Keywords: apomixis, benggala grass, morphology, plnting material; seed

Simple Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determination of Carotenoids in Alfalfa Products

1987 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-433
Author(s):  
Denis R Lauren ◽  
Donald E McNaughton ◽  
Michael P Agnew
Keyword(s):  
Solvent System ◽  
Simple Liquid ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Mobile Phase Modifier ◽  
Aoac Method ◽  
Phase Liquid ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Carbon Loading ◽  
Mixed Feeds ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Abstract A dichloromethane extraction system has been developed which is suitable for alfalfa carotenoids and is compatible with nonaqueous reverse phase liquid chromatographic (LC) analysis. Ground samples are extracted in the presence of antioxidant with dichloromethaneacetone (2 + 1). After an overnight soak, the mixture is saponified with 40% w/v potassium hydroxide in methanol and then is partitioned with 10% w/v aqueous sodium sulfate. An aliquot of the lower yellow organic phase is used for LC analysis after dilution (1 + 1) with acetonitrile. An isocratic 2 solvent system of ethyl acetateacetonitrile containing 0.1% n-decanol as mobile phase modifier is used for liquid chromatography with a high carbon loading non-endcapped ODS packing material. In comparisons with the existing AOAC method for carotenes and xanthophylls in dried plant materials and mixed feeds, the proposed method gave consistently higher results in a range of 7-28%, depending on the substrate. Possible causes for the differences were examined and include losses during partition and column chromatography with the AOAC method. Calculation methods and the choice of standard materials may also contribute to the difference in results.

Vitamin A in Mixed Feeds, Premixes, and Foods: Collaborative Study

1974 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 903-909
Author(s):  
Donald B Parrish
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Carotenoid Pigments ◽  
Feed Supplement ◽  
Mixed Feed ◽  
Breakfast Cereal ◽  
Liquid Feed ◽  
Transfer Procedures ◽  
Mixed Feeds

Abstract The official final action method for determining vitamin A in mixed feeds, 39.008–39.013, was simplified where possible, principally in extraction and transfer procedures and by omission of chromatography, and was modified to apply to a larger variety of feed and food products. Twenty-two analysts of various degrees of experience participated in the collaborative study of the method, using 6 products. After outliers were eliminated by the Dixon test, data were analyzed and averages were compared with amounts of vitamin A known to be, or estimated, in each sample. The average, per cent deviation from added amount, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation, respectively, on each sample were: breakfast cereal (Sample 1), 23.8 μg/g, 2% less, 3.08, 13% ; mixed feed (or premix), 12.6 μg/g, 5% less, 0.99, 8%; mixed feed containing carotenoid pigments (Sample 3 ), 4.5 μg/g, 3% more, 0.66, 15%; mixed feed without pigments, 4.5 μg/g, 3% more, 0.57, 13% ; liquid feed supplement, 11.4 μg/g, 9% less, 1.44, 12%; powdered breakfast drink, 19.6, 7% less, 1.91, 10%. Some analysts did not correct for pigments in Samples 1 and 3, or for losses on analysis, which could account in part for the degree of variation and for the lower values on some samples. The method has been adopted as official first action to replace 39.008-39.013.

Analysis for Carotenes and Xanthophylls in Dried Plant Materials

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
F W Quackenbush ◽  
M A Dyer ◽  
R L Smallidge
Keyword(s):  
Silica Gel ◽  
Column Chromatography ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Corn Products ◽  
Mixed Feeds

Abstract A method is presented for the analysis of carotenes, carotenols, and carotendiols in dried plant materials. The extraction procedure is applicable to both alfalfa meals and corn products. Column chromatography on silica gel G permits separation of carotenes from xanthophylls and subsequent fractionation of xanthophylls into mono hydroxy (MHP) and dihydroxy pigments (DHP) which are free from polyoxy pigments. A procedure is proposed for calculation of a “DHP-equivalent” as a measure of pigmenting effectiveness for avian skin and yolks. The method appears to be applicable to mixed feeds.

scholarly journals Measurement of Resistant Starch by Enzymatic Digestion in Starch and Selected Plant Materials: Collaborative Study

2002 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 1103-1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry V McCleary ◽  
Marian McNally ◽  
Patricia Rossiter ◽  
P Aman ◽  
T Amrein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Relative Standard Deviation ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Enzymatic Digestion ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Relative Standard

Abstract Interlaboratory performance statistics was determined for a method developed to measure the resistant starch (RS) content of selected plant food products and a range of commercial starch samples. Food materials examined contained RS (cooked kidney beans, green banana, and corn flakes) and commercial starches, most of which naturally contain, or were processed to yield, elevated RS levels. The method evaluated was optimized to yield RS values in agreement with those reported for in vivo studies. Thirty-seven laboratories tested 8 pairs of blind duplicate starch or plant material samples with RS values between 0.6 (regular maize starch) and 64% (fresh weight basis). For matrixes excluding regular maize starch, repeatability relative standard deviation (RSDr) values ranged from 1.97 to 4.2%, and reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR) values ranged from 4.58 to 10.9%. The range of applicability of the test is 2–64% RS. The method is not suitable for products with &lt;1% RS (e.g., regular maize starch; 0.6% RS). For such products, RSDr and RSDR values are unacceptably high.

Determination of Lead in Fish by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and by Polarography. II. Collaborative Study

1972 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-736
Author(s):  
Raymond J Gajan ◽  
Damon Larry
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Polarographic Method ◽  
Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Average Lead

Abstract Nineteen laboratories, using 6 different models of atomic absorption spectrophotometers and 4 different types of polarographs, participated in this collaborative study. The average lead recoveries from 6 paired samples at 1–2, 5–6, and 10–11 ppm levels were 97.7% by polarography and 100.7% by atomic absorption. The average standard deviations were 0.32 and 0.41 ppm, respectively, and the average coefficients of variation were 7.9 and 13.1%, respectively. With collaborators reporting on both methods, the results of the overall method average were 4.3 ppm for polarography and 4.4 ppm for atomic absorption. Since there were no significant differences (p &gt; 0.05) found between the method averages, except at one of the unspiked levels, the 2 methods can be used to confirm each other at levels of 1-11 ppm. The polarographic method has been adopted as official first action for the determination of lead in fish.

Collaborative Study of a Screening Method for the Detection of Aflatoxins in Mixed Feeds, Other Agricultural Products, and Foods

1976 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-117
Author(s):  
Thomas R Romer ◽  
Alfred D Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Peanut Butter ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Fluorescent Band ◽  
Yellow Corn ◽  
Pistachio Nuts ◽  
Cleanup Procedure ◽  
Mixed Feeds

Abstract A screening method for aflatoxins was collaboratively tested on 11 different agricultural and food products: white and yellow corn, peanuts, peanut butter, pistachio nuts, peanut meal, cottonseed meal, chicken, pig, and turkey starter rations, and dairy cattle feed. The method involves a rapid extraction and cleanup procedure followed by the detection of total aflatoxins (B1 + B2 + G1 + G2) as a fluorescent band on the Florisil layer of a Velasco-type minicolumn. The results of 32 collaborators from 10 different countries are presented. Samples containing 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 μg aflatoxins/kg were analyzed. Eighty-four per cent of the negative samples and 89% of the samples containing 10–25 μg total aflatoxins/kg were correctly identified. This method has been adopted as official first action for the detection of aflatoxins in corn, peanuts, peanut butter, peanut meal, cottonseed meal, mixed feeds, and pistachio nuts.

A COLLABORATIVE STUDY OF METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF POTASSIUM, CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM IN PLANT MATERIALS

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Ward ◽  
H. B. Heeney
Keyword(s):  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Reliable Determination ◽  
Flame Photometer ◽  
Methods Of Analysis ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

Thirteen Canadian laboratories collaborated in a 2-year study of methods of analysis of plant tissue. The investigation has shown that the flame photometric procedure for potassium and a modification of the chelatometric method using EDTA for calcium and magnesium give the most consistent and reproducible results. Further research is necessary before the flame photometer can be used for the reliable determination of calcium and magnesium.

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