Spatiotemporal expression profile of novel and known small RNAs throughout rice plant development focussing on seed tissues

Background Small RNAs (sRNAs) regulate numerous plant processes directly related to yield, such as disease resistance and plant growth. To exploit this yield-regulating potential of sRNAs, the sRNA profile of one of the world’s most important staple crops – rice – was investigated throughout plant development using next-generation sequencing. Results Root and leaves were investigated at both the vegetative and generative phase, and early-life sRNA expression was characterized in the embryo and endosperm. This led to the identification of 49,505 novel sRNAs and 5581 tRNA-derived sRNAs (tsRNAs). In all tissues, 24 nt small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were highly expressed and associated with euchromatic, but not heterochromatic transposable elements. Twenty-one nt siRNAs deriving from genic regions in the endosperm were exceptionally highly expressed, mimicking previously reported expression levels of 24 nt siRNAs in younger endosperm samples. In rice embryos, sRNA content was highly diverse while tsRNAs were underrepresented, possibly due to snoRNA activity. Publicly available mRNA expression and DNA methylation profiles were used to identify putative siRNA targets in embryo and endosperm. These include multiple genes related to the plant hormones gibberellic acid and ethylene, and to seed phytoalexin and iron content. Conclusions This work introduces multiple sRNAs as potential regulators of rice yield and quality, identifying them as possible targets for the continuous search to optimize rice production.

The Spatial Model of Paddy Productivity Based on Environmental Vulnerability in Each Phase of Paddy Planting

The national primary always growth and increase in line with the increase in population, such as the rise of rice consumption in Indonesia. Paddy productivity influenced by the physical condition of the land and the declining of those factors can detected from the environmental vulnerability parameters. Purpose of this study was to compile a spatial model of paddy productivity based on environmental vulnerability in each planting phase using the remote sensing and GIS technology approaches. This spatial model is compiled based on the results of the application of two models, namely spatial model of paddy planting phase and paddy productivity. The spatial model of paddy planting phase obtained from the analysis of vegetation index from Sentinel-2A imagery using the random forest classification model. The variables for building the spatial model of the paddy planting phase are a combination of NDVI vegetation index, EVI, SAVI, NDWI, and time variables. The overall accuracy of the paddy planting phase model is 0.92 which divides the paddy planting phase into the initial phase of planting, vegetative phase, generative phase, and fallow phase. The paddy productivity model obtained from environmental vulnerability analysis with GIS using the linear regression method. The variables used are environmental vulnerability variables which consist of hazards from floods, droughts, landslides, and rainfall. Estimation of paddy productivity based on the influence of environmental vulnerability has the best accuracy done at the vegetative phase of 0.63 and the generative phase of 0.61 while in the initial phase of planting cannot be used because it has a weak relationship with an accuracy of 0.35.

Disaster Management: Tsunami and Remote Sensing Technology

Remote sensing technology has changed the way disasters like earthquakes and tsunamis are detected, monitored, and mapped in recent years. This paper summarizes the general theoretical study of Tsunami generation, propagation, and its inundation for deep, intermediate, and coastal waters. Tsunami is a Japanese word, which is made up of two words: “tsu” means harbor, and “nami” means waves. It means that Tsunami is the coastal gravity waves, which propagate close to the coastline. This analysis presents a novel method to explore the effects of tsunami waves on coastal areas. The methodology includes remote sensing nearness examinations and alteration identification strategies in remote sensing to outline a number of support routes along the coast and divide them into four homogenous sub-regions. The adjustments in the land spread are then measured in these sub-regions when the tidal wave occurs. The proposed paper gives a more solid and exact method than ordinary strategies to assess spatial examples of harmful territories through various land qualities along the coastline. The generative phase of tsunami development comprises the creation of an early disruption at the surface of the ocean due to the earthquake-generated distortion on the seafloor. Various comparative studies are also carried out using spatial technology to examine tsunami routes around the globe, taking into account the most recent tsunami occurrences.

The Effect of Concentration of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Extract on Growth Parameters of Rice (Oryza sativa) Inpari-32

Rice plants (Oryza sativa) are a significant food crop. Tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum) can be beneficial and affect growth due to allelochemical content. The srudy aims to determine the effect of tobacco extract (N. tabacum) on the growth and yield of rice (O. sativa) Inpari-32 variety. The study method used the RBD as an experimental design. Three treatments with different concentrations of tobacco extract and one control with three replications. Growth variables were observed: growth rate, plant height, number of tillers, number of leaves, shoot and root dry weight, flowering age, and phytohormones. Observations of the harvest stage include the weight of stover, number of panicle seeds, the total number of tillers, weight of 1000 seeds, the ratio of the weight of filled grain, and productivity (tons/ha). The results showed that although not significant, tobacco extract treatment increased the number of tillers and leaves, the content of phytohormon IAA in the vegetative phase, the content of GA3 in the generative phase, shoot-root ratio, number of tillers, and accelerated flowering age. The implication of tobacco extract positively affects the plant growth variable and accelerated flowering age of rice variety (O. sativa) Inpari 32.

Field testing of synthetic inseticides on fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiferda J.E. Smith) in corn plant

Fall armyworm is a new pest in Indonesia that is currently of concern because of its widespread attack on corn production areas. FAW infestation in young plants will cause damage up to 90% and even corn plants can die. The study on the control of the fall armyworm (FAW) caused by Spodoptera frugiperda was conducted at the Bajeng Technology Research and Assessment Installation, Gowa, which took place from March-August 2020. The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with 6 treatments repeated 4 times. The treatments consist of 4 synthetic insecticide treatments derived from 4 active ingredients (emamectin benzoate, spinoteram, carbofuran, chlorantraniliprole + tiamethoxam), one vegetable pesticide (nano pesticide; a.i. citronella, geraniol and citronellol) and one control treatment without pesticides. The treatment application was carried out 2 weeks after planting (WAP) then repeated every 2 weeks until the plants were 8 WAP. The treatment was carried out 2 times in the fegetative phase, 2 times in the generative phase. The plot area of each treatment is 5 x 5 m, the spacing is 70 x 20 cm. The results showed that the most effective insecticide to control FAW was Spinetoram followed by Emamectin Benzoate and Chlorantraniliprole. The average percentage of attacks in the spinetoram treatment was: 24.2% at 4 WAP, then 24.9% at 6 WAP, 29.1% and 37.1% at 10 WAP. The highest average yield was obtained in the insecticide treatment Spinetoram (10.7 t/ha) followed by Emamectin Benzoate (9.3 t/ha) and Chlorantraniliprole (8.9 t/ha), while the lowest yield was obtained in the control treatment (5.2 t/ha).

The effect of water-saving irrigation on the growth of local rice plants

The decline in the function of the watershed causes the increasing scarcity of water, while the competition for water use is increasing. A conventional method of rice cultivation (continuous inundation) is very wasteful in the use of irrigation water. Water-saving irrigation by regulating the water availability in rice fields is an effort to reduce water loss due to percolation, seepage, and runoff. The study’s purpose was to examine the effect of water availability in the field on the growth of local rice varieties. The study used 5 treatments of water availability in the field (GW < 50% AW, 50% AW < GW ≥ 60% AW, 60% AW< GW ≥ 70% AW, 70% AW < GW ≥ 80% AW, and saturated) with 3 replicates and the parameters observed were the height of plants and number of tillers. The results showed that the availability of water in the field did not affect the plant height but did affect the number of tillers. From the vegetative phase at the age of ±28 days after planting (DAP) to the beginning of the generative phase ±55 DAP, there was an addition of tillers. When the generative phase period from ± 55 DAP, the formation of the tillers stopped, and some of the tillers dried up or died.

Defisit Air Pada Berbagai Fase Pertumbuhan dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Karakter Kuantitatif Beberapa Genotipe Kacang Tanah

This study aims to determine the effect of water deficit at various phases of plant growth on the quantitative characters of several peanut genotypes. This study used a completely randomized design-split plot design. The water deficit consisted of 6 treatments: d0 = no water deficit, d1 = water deficit from germination to harvest, d2 = water deficit from germination to age 25 days after planting (dap) (vegetative phase), d3 = water deficit from age 26 to 50 dap (flowering phase to pod formation), d4 = water deficit from age 51 dap to 75 dap (seed filling phase), and d5 = water deficit from age 75 dap to 100 dap (seed ripening phase until harvest). The peanut genotype used consisted of 10 genotypes. The results showed that water deficit in various phases of plant growth resulted in different quantitative characters in several peanut genotypes. Genotype G3T4 produced heaviest dry pod weight of 12.7 g plant-1 in water deficit from germination to harvest. Genotype G200-I produced heaviest dry pod weight of 11.5 g per plant-1 in water deficit in the vegetative phase. Genotype G3T4 produced heaviest dry pod weight of 13.3 g per plant in water deficit the generative phase. Genotype G300-II produced heaviest the dry pod weight of 11.7 g per plant-1 in the water deficit of the seed filling phase. Genotypes G2D2, G2T3 and G200-I produced the heaviest dry pod weight of 11.0 g per plant-1 in the water deficit of the seed ripening phase.

The Main Disease and its Attacks in the Generative Phase of Maize (Zea Mays L) in the Freshwater Swamps of South Sumatra

In South Sumatra, the ​​freshwater swamps is 157,846 hectares, with this wide freshwater swamps, it can be used for crops food cultivation, one of which is maize. The purpose of this study was to provide information on the identification and attack of maize disease in freshwater swamps of South Sumatra. The research method was purposive sampling. The results of the study identification that the symptoms of maize leaf rust attack, seen from the physiology of maize leaves, were the lumps or pustules of orange color such as rust and the symptoms of maize leaf blight seen from the physiology of maize leaves, were small oval brownish lines like burning leaves. The leaf rust disease had an attack rate of 90% and the maize leaf blight reached 98%. Based on the results of this study, the main disease of maize attacking in the generative phase was the leaf rust (Puccinia polysora) and maize leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis).

Resistance varieties and pattern of disease progress of rust (Pucciana horiana p. henn) in Chrysanthemum

Rust is a major disease in chrysanthemum, which causes degradation of flower quality and results in up to 100% yield loss. Out of all the available strategies, breeding for host-plant resistance and knowledge of the pattern of disease progression in each variety is an effective strategy to control rust disease. The disease progress figured out the level of disease severity from time to time. It would be as guidance to control the disease, especially pesticide application. Six national superior and one introduced varieties were tested for their rust resistance. The varieties were studied to know the pattern of disease progression in each variety from vegetative to generative phase. The study was conducted from August 2014 to January 2015 in the plastic house of chrysanthemum plantation at Garung sub-District, Wonosobo regency, one of the centers chrysanthemum production in Central Java. The disease intensity was measured at 30, 60, and 90 days after planting. The results relayed that based on the rate of disease progress and the average of disease intensity, it could be identified that the superior national varieties of chrysanthemum, Kusumaswasti, Marimar, and Yulimar were more resistant to rust than the four other varieties tested. The rate of disease progress and the level of disease intensity of rust by the plant age determined the resistance of the chrysanthemum varieties to rust. Moreover, the result showed that each variety had a different rate and pattern of disease progression and could be used to control rust effectively.

Biological features of Rheum wittrockii Lundstr. in the natural population of the Ketpen ridge

The article presents data on the biological characteristics of Rheum wittrockii Lundstr. on the Ketpen ridge. The aim of the study was to research the biological characteristics of the natural growth of Rh. wittrockii. Study objects are Rh. wittrockii in natural populations of the Ketpen Ridge. In June-July 2015–2017 the route-reconnaissance method of research was carried out in the northern gorges of the Ketpen ridge of the Uygur district of the Almaty region. Determination of the morphological characteristics of plant seeds was carried out according to the methodological instructions of N.L. Udolskaya (1976). Systematic monitoring of structural changes in plant organs in a large development cycle, determination of biological characteristics and structure was carried out in accordance with the instructions of A. Zhukov (2012b), Program and methodology..., (1986). The study revealed that in the gorges Ketpen Rh. wittrockii is found at altitudes above sea level (1900–3200 m). In the first year of growth, only vegetative organs develop. The development of generative shoots begins in the 2–3rd year of plant growth. The rapid growth of reproductive generative shoots is accompanied by the growth of vegetative shoots. The flowering phase lasts 7–10 days. Flowering of one individual lasts 3–5 days. The generative phase lasts 7–8 (10) years. The fruiting process lasts from midJuly to the third decade of August. The fruiting phase is 12–14 days. The growing season of the plant is 60–75 days. The seed is a triangular nutlet. Germination is underground. Sprouts have two true leaves. The underground perennial shoot system consists of a multidisciplinary caudex formed as a result of infinitely long monopodial growth due to the activity of the apical bud of the main underground shoots. Roots Rh. wittrockii are composed of basic taproots. In the underground part, tender young roots develop in the surface layer of the soil. The duration of the generative period from germination to aging is 15–16 years.