Measuring the levels of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd via the polarography method in fermentative pickled cucumbers purchased from Tehran market, Iran

Pickled cucumber is frequently consumed by Iranians. According to the production process, there are two forms of pickled cucumber including industrial and fermentative. There is not an appropriate monitoring system available for the production of the latter form; therefore, high levels of heavy metals might be present in this type of pickled cucumber. Accordingly, so the levels of cadmium, zinc, lead and copper were measured in fermentative pickled cucumbers obtained from the Tehran market via the polarographic method. Polarography is a subclass of voltammetry where the working electrode is a dropping mercury electrode (DME) or a static mercury drop electrode (SMDE), which are useful for their wide cathodic ranges and renewable surfaces. Fifty different samples of pickled cucumbers were purchased from the market. Of each sample, dry ashes were produced. Measurement was repeated three times and the acquired data was then analyzed. The mean levels of zinc and copper in the evaluated samples were significantly lower than the standard limits respectively presented by the EOS and Codex (P value<0.001) while the mean level of cadmium and lead was slightly higher than the standard limit established by Codex with no significant differences observed (P values=0.450 and 0.246, respectively).

Differential Pulse Polarography Method for the Determination of Trace Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn, Se and Cu in Black Tea Leaves

In this work a new and simple polarographic method has been established for the determination of trace elements present in tea. After digestion with acids, tea samples were analyzed using various electrolytes such as acetate and ammonia at different pH values in the presence or absence of EDTA. Thus, it was possible tochoosethe best medium for the determination of6 trace elements in one tea sample. Polarographic peaks of copper and iron could be separated in HAc at about pH =7 in the presence of EDTA and their quantities were determined. Ni and Zn peaks could be separated and determined in ammonia buffer at about pH= 10. Lead could be determined at pH= 2HAc electrolyte. Selenite, was determined from its hydrogen catalytic peak in KCl, pH= 2 medium in the presence of Mo (VI). The LOD was found as 2.4x10-7 for instead of (S/N=3).The trace element ranges in black tea were found as, Fe 35 μg/g, Cu 45 μg/g, Ni 19 μg/g, Zn 22 μg/g, Pb 28 μg/g and Se 77 μg/g.

Researches the Process of Formation Salicylaldoxime the Condensation of Salicylaldehyde and Hydroxylamine Sulfate with a Polarographic Control

The use of the polarographic method allows us to trace the condensation of salicylicaldehyde with hydroxylamine sulfate, which results in salicylaldoxime formation. This makes it possible to reduce salicylaldoxime losses occurring as a result of its hydrolysis in the course of salicylamine electrosynthesis, by reduction of salicyloxime forming in the course of salicylicaldehyde and hydroxylamine sulfate condensation. It was found that the rate of salicylic aldehyde and hydroxylamine interaction is high. Salicylicaldehyde completely reacts with hydroxylamine when their molar ratio is equal to 1:5, and salicyloxime is formed with quantitatively yield under these conditions.

A New Approach for the Determination of Benzocaine and Procaine in Pharmaceuticals by Single-Sweep Polarography

A new polarographic method for the determination of benzocaine and procaine based on the polarographic reduction of their chemically obtained oxidation products with potassium peroxymonosulfate is developed. Experimental conditions affecting quantitative yield of benzocaine and procaine oxidation products such as рH, oxidation time, reagents’ concentration, and temperature are explored. It is shown that the reduction current changes in a linear fashion (R=0.999) with increasing concentration of anesthetics over a concentration range of 1·10−6 - 5·10−5 mol L−1. The calculated limits of detection (LOD) for benzocaine and procaine are found to be 5.6·10−6 and 6·10−6 mol L−1, respectively. In the present study, quantitative polarographic determination of benzocaine in Farisil tablets and “Septolete Plus” lozenges and procaine in solution for injections is performed. The results of the analysis are in good agreement with the product specifications described in the quality certificates. The possibility of quantitative determination of benzocaine and procaine in pharmaceuticals is confirmed.

Wall Shear Stress Generated by Aqueous Flowing Foam

Aqueous foam flow over horizontal channels present significant pressure losses originated by the wall shear stress. Understanding this phenomenon is of paramount importance for the oil, food and cosmetic industries. In this study, we validate the use of the innovative polarographic method, used to measure the wall shear stress. It measures an oxy-reduction reaction controlled by the convection and diffusion phenomenon. The most reliable way of obtaining the wall shear stress is through the pressure losses. They allow obtaining the pressure gradient along the length of the channel, which can be related to an averaged wall shear stress. These measurement techniques were applied over a horizontal foam flow enclosed in a square duct of section 21 × 21 mm2; with a velocity of 2, 4 and 6 cm/s; and a void fraction of 70%. Results validate the use of the polarographic method to obtain the wall shear stress produced by foam flow inside a channel.

Energy metabolism in rat testis after 137Cs incorporation

Testis tissue energy metabolism was investigated in experiments on albino rats by the polarographic method with using of Clark electrode upon 137Cs incorporation. Speed changes are revealed in all metabolic conditions such as oxidation under endogenous and exogenous substrates, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, and decrease share of the fatty acids role in testicular tissue energy production.