scholarly journals PSVIII-13 Finishing non-castrated male and female pigs have different response to the lysine to energy ratio

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 205-205
Author(s):  
Pau Aymerich ◽  
Carme Soldevila ◽  
Jordi Bonet ◽  
Josep Gasa ◽  
Jaume Coma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Energy Ratio ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Large White ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Dose Response Study ◽  
Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the differential effect of the lysine to energy ratio on boars and gilts in the finishing phase. The effect of the standardized ileal digestible Lysine (SID Lys) to net energy (NE) ratio was analyzed in a dose-response study with 780 crossbred finishing pigs (Pietrain x (Landrace x Large White)) with an initial weight of 69.6±8.7 kg. Pigs were distributed in pens of 13 pigs, used as the experimental unit. Each pen was randomly assigned by BW and block to one of the SID Lys:NE levels (2.64, 3.05, 3.46, 3.86 and 4.27 g SID Lys/Mcal NE), with 6 replicates per dietary treatment and sex. Diets were isoenergetic (2,460 kcal NE/kg) and fed for 41 days. Individual carcass composition was measured at the end of the experiment. Statistical analysis to determine the effect of SID Lys:NE consisted on linear and quadratic polynomial contrasts. In addition, broken-line linear (BLL) models were fit when possible. Increasing the SID Lys:NE ratio had a linear (p< 0.001) and quadratic (p=0.020) effect on boars ADG. However, it did not have neither a linear nor quadratic effect on gilts ADG. Regarding FCR, increasing the SID Lys:NE ratio linearly decreased (p< 0.001) and showed a quadratic tendency in boars (p=0.055). For gilts only a linear decrease was reported (p=0.001). In addition, carcass leanness increased linearly on boars (p< 0.001) but not in gilts (p=0.097). Based on BLL modelling, growth of boars was maximized at 3.13 g SID Lys/Mcal NE (95% CI: [2.84, 3.43]) and FCR minimized at 3.95 g SID Lys/Mcal NE (95% CI: [3.46, 4.44]). The results of this experiment confirmed a differential response of boars and gilts to the lysine to energy ratio.

scholarly journals Interrelationships between sex and dietary lysine on growth performance and carcass composition of finishing boars and gilts1

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pau Aymerich ◽  
Carme Soldevila ◽  
Jordi Bonet ◽  
Mercè Farré ◽  
Josep Gasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Deposition Potential ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Large White

Abstract The main goals of this study were to determine whether boars and gilts respond differently to the standardized ileal digestible lysine to net energy ratio (SID Lys:NE) and model the response to optimize growth performance. A total of 780 finishing pigs, 390 boars and 390 gilts [Pietrain NN × (Landrace × Large White)], with an initial individual body weight of 70.4 ± 9.2 for boars and 68.7 ± 8.0 kg for gilts, were used in a 41-d dose–response experiment. Pens (13 pigs per pen) were randomly allocated to a dietary treatment (2.64, 3.05, 3.46, 3.86, 4.27 g SID Lys/Mcal NE) by block and sex, with six replicates per treatment and sex. Two isoenergetic diets (2,460 kcal NE/kg), representing the extreme SID Lys:NE, were formulated and then mixed. Pigs were individually weighed at days 0, 22, and 41, when the experiment finished. The differential effect of SID Lys:NE on growth performance and carcass composition between sexes was analyzed with orthogonal polynomial contrasts to compare the linear and quadratic trends in each sex. In addition, broken-line linear (BLL) models to optimize average daily gain (ADG), including average daily feed intake (ADFI) as a covariate, were fitted when possible. As expected, boars had a greater ADG and feed efficiency (G:F; P < 0.001) than gilts, but there was no evidence of differences in ADFI (P = 0.470). Increasing SID Lys:NE had a greater linear impact on boars ADG (P = 0.087), G:F (P = 0.003), and carcass leanness (P = 0.032). In contrast, gilts showed a greater linear increase in SID Lys intake per kg gain (P < 0.001) and feed cost per kg gain (P = 0.005). The best fitting BLL models showed that boars maximized ADG at 3.63 g SID Lys/Mcal NE [95% confidence interval (CI): (3.32 to 3.94)], although another model with a similar fit, compared with the Bayesian information criterion, reported the optimum at 4.01 g SID Lys/Mcal NE [95% CI: (3.60, 4.42)]. The optimum to maximize ADG for gilts was estimated at 3.10 g SID Lys/Mcal NE [95% CI: (2.74, 3.47)]. Thus, the present study confirmed that boars and gilts have a different linear response to SID Lys:NE, explained by the greater protein deposition potential of boars. Likewise, BLL models indicated that boars require a higher SID Lys:NE to maximize ADG from 70 to 89 kg. These results suggest that split feeding of finishing boars and gilts could be beneficial in terms of both performance and cost return.

170 Meta-analysis to Determine the Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Requirements of Growing-finishing Pigs from 11- to 150-kg

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 62-63
Author(s):  
Uislei A Orlando ◽  
Carine M Vier ◽  
Wayne R Cast ◽  
Ning Lu ◽  
Ron A Navales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Ingredient Composition

Abstract A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) recommendations for 11–150 kg PIC pigs housed under commercial conditions. Data from 29 trials dating from 2013 to 2020 utilizing 48,338 pigs were recorded in a database. Number of pens/treatment and pigs/trial ranged from 9 to 16 and 12 to 25, respectively. Sire lines were PIC 337 in 25 trials, PIC 327 in 3 trials, and PIC TR4 and 327 in 1 trial. Dam lines were PIC Camborough in 18 trials and PIC Camborough 29 in 9 trials. The SID Lys to calorie ratio curves were built for both metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy (NE) systems using the feed ingredient composition in NRC (2012) for energy levels. The response variables average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F) were analyzed using generalized linear and non-linear mixed models with heterogeneous variance (Gonçalves et al., 2016). Each treatment mean within a trial (n = 288) was considered the experimental unit and each trial was used as a random effect. The models were developed for mixed gender pigs and the PIC 337 growth curves were used to estimate the recommendations for barrows and gilts. There was no evidence for an interaction between sire lines or dam lines and treatment (P > 0.10). The SID Lys to calorie recommendations are based on the average for ADG and G:F (Table 1). At these levels, approximately 100% of maximum ADG and 99.4% of maximum G:F are achieved. The NE to ME ratio that results in a similar SID Lys recommendation as a percentage of the diet ranged from approximately 0.72 to 0.74. The updated biological requirements for PIC pigs remained similar compared to previous PIC recommendations (Gonçalves et al., 2017). However, the requirement estimates have been adjusted for late nursery and late finishing phases.

scholarly journals PSII-18 Effects of protein level and lysine: net energy ratio in growing-finishing pigs.

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (suppl_3) ◽  
pp. 73-74
Author(s):  
S Liu ◽  
J Cho ◽  
W Yun ◽  
C Lee ◽  
J Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Level ◽  
Energy Ratio ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Net Energy Ratio

scholarly journals Effects of increasing dietary inclusion of camelina cake on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
A M Hilbrands ◽  
L J Johnston ◽  
R B Cox ◽  
F Forcella ◽  
R Gesch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Finishing Pigs

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine the dietary inclusion rate of camelina cake (CC) that would support the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs similar to that of a corn-soybean meal-based diet. Pigs (n = 192; BW = 35.2 kg; Duroc x (Yorkshire x Landrace)), balanced for sex and initial weight, were assigned to pens (8 pigs/pen) and pens were assigned randomly to one of four dietary treatments (6 pens/treatment). Treatments consisted of a non GMO corn-soybean meal control diet (CON), or CON containing 5% (5CC), 10% (10CC), or 15% (15CC) camelina cake. Feed disappearance on a pen basis and individual body weights of pigs were recorded every other week to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F) on a pen basis. Prior to harvest, real-time ultrasonic measurements of back fat depth and loin eye area were collected on all live pigs. Pigs were harvested as a single group at about 23 weeks of age at a commercial abattoir. Data were analyzed using Proc Glimmix with dietary treatment as a fixed effect and pen serving as the experimental unit. Growth performance data collected over time were analyzed using repeated measures within the Proc Glimmix procedure. Overall, pigs fed CON exhibited similar ADG to those consuming 5CC and higher ADG than pigs consuming 10CC and 15CC diets (1.10 kg vs. 1.05 kg for 10CC and 1.02 kg for 15CC; P < 0.05 for both mean comparisons). Pigs fed CON consumed more feed than pigs fed any of the CC diets (ADFI = 2.66 kg for CON vs. 2.46 kg for 5CC, 2.46 kg for 10CC and 2.47 kg for 15CC; P < 0.05 for all). These differences resulted in heavier (P < 0.05) CON-fed pigs at marketing than 10CC or 15CC-fed pigs. There were no differences in any carcass traits analyzed. From these data, we conclude that feeding up to 5% CC in corn-soybean meal-based diets did not negatively influence growth performance, or carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs.

scholarly journals Effect of Changes in Dietary Net Energy Concentration on Growth Performance, Fat Deposition, Skatole Production, and Intestinal Morphology in Immunocastrated Male Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Batorek-Lukač ◽  
Marjeta Čandek-Potokar ◽  
Martin Škrlep ◽  
Valentina Kubale ◽  
Etienne Labussière
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Intermediate Cell ◽  
Ascending Colon ◽  
High Fiber

Nutritional requirements of heavy immunocastrated (IM) pigs and therefore appropriate feeding strategies have not yet been determined. Thus, the effects of changes in dietary net energy (NE) content were studied in 41 IM pigs, fed ad libitum diets with low, medium, and high NE content (LNE, MNE, and HNE diets, with 8.5, 9.3, and 10.0 MJ NE/kg, respectively), from 84 days of age until slaughter at an average age of 172 days and an average body weight of 122.5 kg. In the period from 143 to 170 days of age, there was a tendency for a greater NE intake (p = 0.08) in pigs fed the HNE diet along with greater (p < 0.01) backfat gain. Dietary treatment affected carcass composition, as lower backfat thickness (p = 0.01) and lower area of fat over the longissimus muscle (p = 0.05) were observed in the LNE and MNE pigs. In addition, greater lean meat content (p = 0.04) was observed in the LNE pigs. Reducing the NE of the diet by replacement of cereals and soybean meal with high-fiber ingredients resulted in lower indole production in the ascending colon (p < 0.01) and greater skatole production (p < 0.01) in the cecum. Greater villus area, width, height and perimeter, crypt depth, and thickness of the intestinal mucosa in the jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, and descending colon were found in the LNE group (p < 0.01) than in the HNE group, while those in the MNE group was intermediate. Cell proliferation was not affected by dietary treatment (p > 0.05). The present results show that a reduction in dietary NE concentration lowers lipid deposition, without affecting performance or energy efficiency in IM pigs. This technique provides an advantage in terms of improved leanness, without affecting growth rate in IM pigs after immunization, which is particularly important when the backfat thickness is a determinant of carcass value and IM pigs are fattened to higher weights (e.g., in heavy pig production) or when a longer delay between immunization and slaughter is practiced.

31 Using Caloric Efficiency to Estimate the Energy Value of Expelled, Extruded Soybean Meal Relative to Dehulled, Solvent-extracted Soybean Meal and Its Effects on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 27-28
Author(s):  
Allison K Blomme ◽  
Haley Wecker ◽  
Charles R Stark ◽  
Chad B Paulk
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
A Value ◽  
Caloric Efficiency ◽  
Net Energy Value ◽  
Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine

Abstract This study aimed to estimate the net energy value of expelled, extruded soybean meal (MSBM) relative to dehulled, solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) and determine its effects on growth performance of late nursery pigs. Analyzed values for CP, EE, CF, and lysine for the SBM were 47.28%, 0.47%, 3.80%, and 3.00% while the MSBM contained 47.41%, 6.88%, 5.32%, 2.99% respectively. A total of 297 pigs (DNA 200 x 400) were placed into 60 pens (2 rooms of 30 pens) with 5 pigs per pen balanced by gender and weaning weight. Pigs were fed common diets for 21 days. Then, pens of pigs (BW 9.3 kg) were randomly assigned to one of five treatments to provide 12 replications per treatment. Treatments consisted of increasing amounts of MSBM replacing SBM in the diet (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%). All diets were fed for 28 days and were formulated to 1.30% standardized ileal digestible lysine and met or exceeded NRC (2012) recommendations for lysine:amino acids, calcium, and phosphorus. The SBM diet was formulated to 2421 kcal/kg and net energy (NE) was not balanced between diets. Data were analyzed using Proc GLIMMIX (SAS 9.4; Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit and room as the blocking factor. There was no evidence of differences in ADG and ADFI in pigs fed diets with increasing concentrations of MSBM. Pigs fed diets with increasing concentrations of MSBM had improved (linear, P < 0.001) G:F and caloric efficiency on an NE basis. In conclusion, using caloric efficiency to estimate NE of the MSBM relative to SBM, MSBM was estimated to have a value of 123% of SBM NE or 2566 kcal/kg. This increase in NE resulted in improved feed efficiency of nursery pigs.

scholarly journals Effects of switching from corn distillers dried grains with solubles- to corn- and soybean meal-based diets on finishing pig performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fatty acid composition

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 715-723
Author(s):  
Annie B Lerner ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
Robert D Goodband ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Withdrawal Period ◽  
Carcass Yield ◽  
Distillers Dried Grains ◽  
Corn Distillers

Abstract Corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are known to negatively impact carcass yield and fat quality, thus finishing pigs may need to be switched from diets containing DDGS to corn–soybean meal (CSBM) diets before marketing (DDGS withdrawal). A total of 860 finishing pigs (PIC C48 or L42 × 327; initially 66.2 kg body weight, BW) were used in a 76-day experiment to evaluate the effects of DDGS withdrawal periods at increasing intervals before harvest. Pen served as the experimental unit, and there were seven replicate pens per treatment with 23 to 25 pigs per pen. Pens were blocked by BW and allotted to one of five dietary treatments differentiated by the DDGS withdrawal period: 76, 42, 27, 15, or 0 day before harvest. Diets contained 40% DDGS from 22 to 66 kg prior to the experiment, 0% or 35% DDGS during the experiment from ~66 to 82 kg, and 0% or 30% DDGS until the completion of the trial. Diets were not balanced for net energy. Linear and quadratic response to time following dietary switch was evaluated using PROC GLIMMIX. For the overall period (day 76 prior to market to day 0), as withdrawal period increased, average daily gain (ADG) and final BW increased (linear, P < 0.002) and feed efficiency (G:F) improved (quadratic, P = 0.019). Average daily feed intake increased (quadratic, P = 0.030) as withdrawal period increased. There was an increase (linear P = 0.010) in hot carcass weight (HCW), with a marginally significant increase in carcass yield (linear, P = 0.094) with increasing withdrawal period. Loin depth and lean percentage did not demonstrate any evidence for treatment differences (P > 0.132). Backfat increased (linear, P = 0.030) with increasing withdrawal period. Finally, iodine value (IV) of belly fat was decreased (linear, P = 0.001) with increased withdrawal period. In conclusion, switching from a DDGS-based diet to a CSBM-based diet for longer periods before slaughter increased ADG and improved G:F, resulting in increased HCW. After diets were switched from DDGS to CSBM, pigs demonstrated an increase in intake, likely due to the ability to consume high volumes of feed after consuming high fiber (DDGS) diets. Belly fat IV was decreased as the length of time after dietary change was increased, with the lowest IV resulting from pigs that consumed CSBM for the entire experimental period.

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