scholarly journals Effect of Changes in Dietary Net Energy Concentration on Growth Performance, Fat Deposition, Skatole Production, and Intestinal Morphology in Immunocastrated Male Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Batorek-Lukač ◽  
Marjeta Čandek-Potokar ◽  
Martin Škrlep ◽  
Valentina Kubale ◽  
Etienne Labussière
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Intermediate Cell ◽  
Ascending Colon ◽  
High Fiber

Nutritional requirements of heavy immunocastrated (IM) pigs and therefore appropriate feeding strategies have not yet been determined. Thus, the effects of changes in dietary net energy (NE) content were studied in 41 IM pigs, fed ad libitum diets with low, medium, and high NE content (LNE, MNE, and HNE diets, with 8.5, 9.3, and 10.0 MJ NE/kg, respectively), from 84 days of age until slaughter at an average age of 172 days and an average body weight of 122.5 kg. In the period from 143 to 170 days of age, there was a tendency for a greater NE intake (p = 0.08) in pigs fed the HNE diet along with greater (p < 0.01) backfat gain. Dietary treatment affected carcass composition, as lower backfat thickness (p = 0.01) and lower area of fat over the longissimus muscle (p = 0.05) were observed in the LNE and MNE pigs. In addition, greater lean meat content (p = 0.04) was observed in the LNE pigs. Reducing the NE of the diet by replacement of cereals and soybean meal with high-fiber ingredients resulted in lower indole production in the ascending colon (p < 0.01) and greater skatole production (p < 0.01) in the cecum. Greater villus area, width, height and perimeter, crypt depth, and thickness of the intestinal mucosa in the jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, and descending colon were found in the LNE group (p < 0.01) than in the HNE group, while those in the MNE group was intermediate. Cell proliferation was not affected by dietary treatment (p > 0.05). The present results show that a reduction in dietary NE concentration lowers lipid deposition, without affecting performance or energy efficiency in IM pigs. This technique provides an advantage in terms of improved leanness, without affecting growth rate in IM pigs after immunization, which is particularly important when the backfat thickness is a determinant of carcass value and IM pigs are fattened to higher weights (e.g., in heavy pig production) or when a longer delay between immunization and slaughter is practiced.

scholarly journals Effect of Changes in Dietary Net Energy Concentration on Growth Performance, Fat Deposition, Skatole Production, and Intestinal Morphology in Immunocastrated Male Pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Batorek Lukač ◽  
Marjeta Čandek-Potokar ◽  
Martin Škrlep ◽  
Valentina Kubale ◽  
Etienne Labussière
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Intermediate Cell ◽  
Ascending Colon ◽  
Indole Production

Abstract Background: Nutritional requirements of heavy immunocastrated pigs (IM) and thus the appropriate feeding strategies have not been determined. Methods: The effects of a reduced net energy (NE) diet, achieved by including up to 10% dietary fiber were studied in 41 IM pigs fed ad libitum with an extended period between immunization and slaughter (i.e. 8 weeks). Traits assessed included growth performance (before and after immunization at 112 days of age), fat deposition, intestinal skatole and indole production, intestinal morphology, and cell proliferation. Results: From 84 days of age, IM pigs were fed diets with low, medium, or high NE content (LNE, MNE, and HNE diets; with 8.5, 9.3, and 10.0 MJ NE/kg). There was no effect (P > 0.10) of feed NE concentration on average daily gain or the ratio of BW gain to NE intake in any of the periods studied. However, in the period from 143 to 170 days of age, there was a tendency for a higher NE intake (P = 0.08) in pigs fed the HNE diet along with higher (P < 0.01) backfat gain. Dietary treatment affected carcass composition as lower backfat thickness (P = 0.01) and lower area of fat over the longissimus muscle (P = 0.05) were observed in LNE and MNE pigs. In addition, higher lean meat content (P = 0.04) was observed in LNE pigs. Reducing the NE of the diet with fiber addition resulted in lower indole production in the ascending colon (P < 0.01), and higher skatole production (P < 0.01) in the cecum. Greater villi area, width, height and perimeter, crypt depth, and thickness of the intestinal mucosa in the jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, and descending colon were found for the LNE group (P < 0.01) than for the HNE group, while the MNE group was intermediate. Cell proliferation was not affected by dietary treatment (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The present results show that despite improved absorptive capacity (indicated by histomorphological changes in the intestinal mucosa), a reduction in dietary NE concentration reduces lipid deposition, without affecting performance or energy efficiency in IM pigs.

scholarly journals Interrelationships between sex and dietary lysine on growth performance and carcass composition of finishing boars and gilts1

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pau Aymerich ◽  
Carme Soldevila ◽  
Jordi Bonet ◽  
Mercè Farré ◽  
Josep Gasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Deposition Potential ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Large White

Abstract The main goals of this study were to determine whether boars and gilts respond differently to the standardized ileal digestible lysine to net energy ratio (SID Lys:NE) and model the response to optimize growth performance. A total of 780 finishing pigs, 390 boars and 390 gilts [Pietrain NN × (Landrace × Large White)], with an initial individual body weight of 70.4 ± 9.2 for boars and 68.7 ± 8.0 kg for gilts, were used in a 41-d dose–response experiment. Pens (13 pigs per pen) were randomly allocated to a dietary treatment (2.64, 3.05, 3.46, 3.86, 4.27 g SID Lys/Mcal NE) by block and sex, with six replicates per treatment and sex. Two isoenergetic diets (2,460 kcal NE/kg), representing the extreme SID Lys:NE, were formulated and then mixed. Pigs were individually weighed at days 0, 22, and 41, when the experiment finished. The differential effect of SID Lys:NE on growth performance and carcass composition between sexes was analyzed with orthogonal polynomial contrasts to compare the linear and quadratic trends in each sex. In addition, broken-line linear (BLL) models to optimize average daily gain (ADG), including average daily feed intake (ADFI) as a covariate, were fitted when possible. As expected, boars had a greater ADG and feed efficiency (G:F; P &lt; 0.001) than gilts, but there was no evidence of differences in ADFI (P = 0.470). Increasing SID Lys:NE had a greater linear impact on boars ADG (P = 0.087), G:F (P = 0.003), and carcass leanness (P = 0.032). In contrast, gilts showed a greater linear increase in SID Lys intake per kg gain (P &lt; 0.001) and feed cost per kg gain (P = 0.005). The best fitting BLL models showed that boars maximized ADG at 3.63 g SID Lys/Mcal NE [95% confidence interval (CI): (3.32 to 3.94)], although another model with a similar fit, compared with the Bayesian information criterion, reported the optimum at 4.01 g SID Lys/Mcal NE [95% CI: (3.60, 4.42)]. The optimum to maximize ADG for gilts was estimated at 3.10 g SID Lys/Mcal NE [95% CI: (2.74, 3.47)]. Thus, the present study confirmed that boars and gilts have a different linear response to SID Lys:NE, explained by the greater protein deposition potential of boars. Likewise, BLL models indicated that boars require a higher SID Lys:NE to maximize ADG from 70 to 89 kg. These results suggest that split feeding of finishing boars and gilts could be beneficial in terms of both performance and cost return.

scholarly journals PSVIII-13 Finishing non-castrated male and female pigs have different response to the lysine to energy ratio

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 205-205
Author(s):  
Pau Aymerich ◽  
Carme Soldevila ◽  
Jordi Bonet ◽  
Josep Gasa ◽  
Jaume Coma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Energy Ratio ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Large White ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Dose Response Study ◽  
Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the differential effect of the lysine to energy ratio on boars and gilts in the finishing phase. The effect of the standardized ileal digestible Lysine (SID Lys) to net energy (NE) ratio was analyzed in a dose-response study with 780 crossbred finishing pigs (Pietrain x (Landrace x Large White)) with an initial weight of 69.6±8.7 kg. Pigs were distributed in pens of 13 pigs, used as the experimental unit. Each pen was randomly assigned by BW and block to one of the SID Lys:NE levels (2.64, 3.05, 3.46, 3.86 and 4.27 g SID Lys/Mcal NE), with 6 replicates per dietary treatment and sex. Diets were isoenergetic (2,460 kcal NE/kg) and fed for 41 days. Individual carcass composition was measured at the end of the experiment. Statistical analysis to determine the effect of SID Lys:NE consisted on linear and quadratic polynomial contrasts. In addition, broken-line linear (BLL) models were fit when possible. Increasing the SID Lys:NE ratio had a linear (p&lt; 0.001) and quadratic (p=0.020) effect on boars ADG. However, it did not have neither a linear nor quadratic effect on gilts ADG. Regarding FCR, increasing the SID Lys:NE ratio linearly decreased (p&lt; 0.001) and showed a quadratic tendency in boars (p=0.055). For gilts only a linear decrease was reported (p=0.001). In addition, carcass leanness increased linearly on boars (p&lt; 0.001) but not in gilts (p=0.097). Based on BLL modelling, growth of boars was maximized at 3.13 g SID Lys/Mcal NE (95% CI: [2.84, 3.43]) and FCR minimized at 3.95 g SID Lys/Mcal NE (95% CI: [3.46, 4.44]). The results of this experiment confirmed a differential response of boars and gilts to the lysine to energy ratio.

scholarly journals High Fiber Caribbean Diets with Low-Intermediate GI Improve Glycemic Control, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Indicators in Overweight Persons with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Control Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perceval Singh ◽  
Cliff K Riley ◽  
Andrew Wheatley ◽  
Michael Boyne ◽  
Errol Morrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Haemoglobin A1c ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Hs Crp

This study focused on the effect of consumption of indigenous Caribbean foods with low and intermediate glycemic index (GI) high fiber contents on glycated haemoglobin (A1c), insulin, fasting blood glucose, homocysteine (tHCY), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), HOMA-IR and lipoprotein profile levels in overweight persons with type 2 diabetes. The methodology followed a randomized controlled parallel design, which compared two dietary treatment modalities in adult Jamaicans who were overweight and diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (mean age 42.5 ± 2.0 years, 55% females, mean A1c 9.30 ± 0.56%) over six months. The intervention group (n=32) underlined the consumption of low-intermediate-GI foods, whereas the control group (n = 33) were not so advised and consumed a high-GI diet. Attempts were made to ensure that both groups were isocaloric with 45-50% of energy from carbohydrates. Consumption of low-intermediate GI foods resulted in significant reductions (p<0.005) in A1C compared to participants who consumed high GI foods (-0.84 ± 0.26 vs. -0.35 ± 0.04%), hs-CRP (-0.52 ± 0.17 vs. -0.17 ± 0.31 mg/dL) and tHCY (-1.32 ± 0.39 vs. -0.59 ± 0.38 µmol/L). Insulin sensitivity, HDL-C and triglycerides significantly improved in participants who consumed the low-intermediate-GI diet. The data strengthen the metabolic benefits of meal plans that emphasize the consumption of low and intermediate GI high fiber foods, particularly, indigenous Caribbean complex starchy foods.

scholarly journals Milk Urea Concentration in Dairy Sheep: Accounting for Dietary Energy Concentration

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Giovanetti ◽  
Filippo Boe ◽  
Mauro Decandia ◽  
Giovanni Cristoforo Bomboi ◽  
Alberto Stanislao Atzori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Urea Concentration ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Dairy Sheep ◽  
Dairy Ewes ◽  
Milk Urea

In dairy sheep milk urea concentration (MUC) is highly and positively correlated with dietary crude protein (CP) content and, to a lesser extent, with protein intake. However, the effect of dietary energy and carbohydrate sources on MUC of lactating ewes is not clear. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the effects of diets differing in energy concentration and carbohydrate sources on MUC values in lactating dairy ewes. Two experiments were conducted (experiment 1, E1, and experiment 2, E2) on Sarda ewes in mid and late lactation kept in metabolic cages for 23 d. In both experiments, homogeneous groups of five ewes were submitted to four (in E1) or three (in E2) dietary treatments, consisting of pelleted diets ranging from low energy (high-fiber diets: 1.2–1.4 Mcal of net energy for lactation (NEL)) to high energy (high-starch diets: 1.7–1.9 Mcal of NEL) contents, but with a similar CP concentration (18.4% dry matter (DM), on average). Each diet had a different main ingredient as follows: corn flakes, barley meal, beet pulp, or corn cobs in E1 and corn meal, dehydrated alfalfa, or soybean hulls in E2. Regression analysis using treatment means from both experiments showed that the best predictor of MUC (mg/100 mL) was the dietary NEL (Mcal/kg DM, MUC = 127.6 − 51.2 × NEL, R2 = 0.85, root of the mean squared error (rmse) = 4.36, p < 0.001) followed by the ratio CP/NEL (g/Mcal, MUC = −14.9 + 0.5 × CP/ NEL, R2 = 0.83, rmse = 4.63, p < 0.001). A meta-regression of an extended database on stall-fed dairy ewes, including the E1 and E2 experimental data (n = 44), confirmed the predictive value of the CP/ NEL ratio, which resulted as the best single predictor of MUC (MUC = −13.7 + 0.5 × CP/NEL, R2 = 0.93, rmse = 3.30, p < 0.001), followed by dietary CP concentration (MUC = −20.7 + 3.7 × CP, R2 = 0.82, rmse = 4.89, p < 0.001). This research highlights that dietary energy content plays a pivotal role in modulating the relationship between MUC and dietary CP concentration in dairy sheep.

Growth, Nutrient Utilization and Intestinal Morphology of Pigs Fed High-Fiber Diets

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1570 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Moore ◽  
E. T. Kornegay ◽  
R. L. Grayson ◽  
M. D. Lindemann
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
High Fiber

Growth of Lambs Offered a Fixed Amount of Roughage and Concentrate by Two Feeding Strategies

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 61-61
Author(s):  
R. G. Wilkinson ◽  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gravity Measurements ◽  
Similar Weight

Fixed amounts of roughage and concentrate can be allocated to growing ruminants in a number of different ways e.g. a) a mixed diet containing equal parts of roughage and concentrate b) split feeds, roughage being given alone until exhausted, then concentrate alone c) a mixture changing . progressively from all roughage to all concentrate d) half the animals given roughage and half concentrate. The results of these alternatives can be predicted from computer models based on current feeding standards. Recent evidence (Ørskov et al, 1981a; Williams et al, 1984) suggests that in cattle carcasses of similar weight and composition can be obtained by giving a fixed amount of roughage and concentrate as either a mixed diet, or as separate feeds, (i.e. alternatives (a) and (b), above)even though animals on (b) took significantly longer. (Ørskov et al (1981a) concluded that improved efficiency of energy utilisation in the split group could be accounted for by a decrease in the maintenance requirement of the animals, or an increase in the efficiency of energy utilisation during realimentation following a period of reduced nutrition. The results could also be explained by differences in carcass composition of the animals, since no measurement of the protein and fat content of the carcasses was made. Williams et al (1984) found no significant difference in carcass composition between the two groups, as determined by specific gravity measurements and concluded that associative effects caused a reduction in the energy available from straw when offered with barley in a mixed diet.

scholarly journals Effects of supplementing organic microminerals and methionine with or without limiting growth during the rearing phase of replacement gilts on lameness, growth, and body composition1

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 717-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lluís Fabà ◽  
Josep Gasa ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Evelia Varella ◽  
David Solà-Oriol
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Growth Requirements ◽  
Dietary Treatments

AbstractPrevious research suggested that lameness in growing pigs could be reduced using feeding strategies, such as limiting growth rate and supplementing trace minerals (TM) and (or) methionine (Met). The present study evaluates effects of 1) TM and Met and 2) limiting total lysine (Lys) during the rearing phase (90 d) of gilts (as a means to limit growth rate) on lameness, performance, and sow claw health and productivity (to first parity). Gilts (n = 240; 58.0 ± 11.1 kg body weight [BW]) were blocked, distributed into pens of 10 gilts, and pens were allocated to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were: 1) control or TM plus Met, which provided additional 10, 20, and 50 mg/kg of chelated copper, manganese, and zinc, respectively (0.1%, Aplomotec Plus, Tecnología & Vitaminas, S.L.; Alforja, Spain), and a 1.01 Met:Lys ratio and 2) standard Lys was formulated to meet growth requirements or low Lys to 19% below growth requirements. Feeding was provided through two phases, first between 119 and 163 d of age (phase I) and the second between 163 and 209 d of age (phase II). Diets had 2.43 and 2.31 Mcal net energy/kg for phases I and II, respectively, and were offered ad libitum. Low Lys did not affect feed intake but rather reduced average daily gain (ADG) by 6.35% and the final BW by 3.80% compared with standard Lys (P &lt; 0.001). Low Lys reduced ADG (P &lt; 0.001) and gain:feed (P = 0.012) during phase I but not during phase II. Lameness prevalence was 7.92% during rearing and increased with time (P &lt; 0.001). Final BW (151 kg) and ADG (989 g) were similar (P &gt; 0.05) whether gilts displayed lameness or not. Lameness was low in severity and not affected by dietary factors. However, TM- plus Met-fed gilts were 19.2 kg heavier (P = 0.016) than were control at lameness detection. On the sow farm, there was no evidence for differences in lameness or claw lesions among previous dietary treatments. In conclusion, lameness prevalence during the rearing phase was similar, independent of TM plus Met supplement, low Lys, or the interaction. Insufficient reduction of ADG and low severity in lameness may have limited the potential of dietary treatments. Moreover, a greater deficiency of Lys would be needed to achieve the degree of growth reduction previously reported to lessen lameness through feed restriction.

Comparison of techniques for estimation offorage dry matter intake bygrazing beef cattle

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Undi ◽  
C. Wilson ◽  
K. H. Ominski ◽  
K. M. Wittenberg
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Equation ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Wide Range

Four techniques were compared for their ability to estimate forage dry matter intake (DMI) of grazing animals. In the Cage technique, 10 grazing cages were placed within each pasture, and forage inside and outside the cages was clipped from 0.25-m2 quadrats after 12 to 20 d of grazing. The difference between forage inside and outside the grazing cage represented forage consumed by grazing animals. The second technique used n-alkane controlled release capsules to measure DMI of individual grazing animals (N-alkane marker technique). The remaining two techniques were prediction equations; one utilized body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) to estimate DMI (Minson equation) and the other related dietary net energy concentration and BW to DMI (Net Energy equation). The four methodologies were applied to a 3-yr study evaluating liquid hog manure on the productivity of grass pastures. The study utilized steers of a relatively uniform body size on six continuously grazed grass pastures. When individual animal intakes were compared, the Net Energy equation estimated lower (P < 0.05) DMI than the Minson equation, with the N-alkane marker technique being intermediate. Dry matter intake (mean ± SD, kg d-1) was 5.3 ± 0.76, 7.4 ± 1.86, and 6.5 ± 2.58 for the Net Energy equation, Minson equation, and N-alkane marker technique, respectively. The Cage technique estimated average DMI of animals in each pasture of 17.5 ± 11.61 kg d-1 and this was higher (P < 0.05) than estimates from the other techniques. Dry matter intake estimates from different techniques were ranked: Cage technique > Minson equation > N-alkane marker technique > Net Energy equation. The DMI estimates generated by the Cage technique were associated with the largest coefficient of variation, with extreme values representing a range from 0.3 to 15.2% BW. The N-alkane marker technique estimated DMI that ranged from 0.6 to 4.5% BW. The strongest correlation (r = 0.30; P = 0.001) in DMI estimates was between the Net Energy and Minson equations due to the inclusion of BW as a component in both equations. Results of this study suggest that prediction equations can be useful for rapid DMI estimation. The N-alkane marker technique may be the preferred technique when a wide range of pasture conditions is anticipated. Key words: Grazing cages, n-alkanes, prediction equations, dry matter intake, grazing animals

Comparison of in vivo and in silico growth performance and variability in pigs when applying a feeding strategy designed by simulation to control the variability of slaughter weight

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 1939 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Brossard ◽  
B. Vautier ◽  
J. van Milgen ◽  
Y. Salaun ◽  
N. Quiniou
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
In Silico Simulation ◽  
Ad Libitum

Variability in bodyweight (BW) among pigs complicates the management of feeding strategies and slaughter. Including variability among individuals in modelling approaches can help to design feeding strategies to control performance level, but also its variability. The InraPorc model was used to perform simulations on 10 batches of 84 crossbred pigs each to characterise the effect of feeding strategies differing in amino acid supply or feed allowance on the mean and variation in growth rate. Results suggested that a feed restriction reduces the coefficient of variation of BW at first departure for slaughter (BW1) by 34%. Growth performance obtained from an in silico simulation using ad libitum and restricted feeding plans was compared with results obtained in an in vivo experiment on a batch of 168 pigs. Pigs were offered feed ad libitum or were restricted (increase in feed allowance by 27 g/day up to a maximum of 2.4 and 2.7 kg/day for gilts and barrows, respectively). A two-phase feeding strategy was applied, with 0.9 and 0.7 g of digestible lysine per MJ of net energy (NE) in diets provided before or after 65 kg BW, respectively. Actual growth was similar to that obtained by simulation. Coefficient of variation of BW1 was similar in vivo and in silico for the ad libitum feeding strategy but was underestimated by 1 percentage point in silico for the restriction strategy. This study confirms the relevance of using simulations performed to predict the level and variability in performance of group housed pigs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document