Effect of storage of wet brewer’s grains with incremental levels of salt on apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility and purine derivative excretion in dairy heifers

Abstract Objectives of this study were to evaluate apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility and purine derivative (PD) excretion in dairy heifers limit-fed diets containing wet brewer’s grains (WBG) treated with salt. A 12-wk replicated 4×4 Latin square was conducted using 8 Holstein heifers of 224.5 ± 19.4 d of age, and body weight (BW) of 219.2 ± 28.1 kg (mean ± SD). Fresh WBG were treated with 0%, 0.8%, 1.6%, and 2.4% salt and stored for 4 d before being fed. Salt was added either to the WBG or separately to equalize the amount of salt in the diet. The diet contained 9% grass silage, 47% corn silage, 19% corn meal, 17.6% WBG and salt, 2% soybean meal (SBM), and 3% mineral mix. Diets were formulated to be limit-fed at 2.15% of BW, provide 14% crude protein (CP) and 2.27 Mcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg of dry matter (DM). Heifers were adapted to diets for 14 d followed by a 7-d collection period. Dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded daily during the collection week while BW was recorded once a week. Urine and fecal samples were collected during the last 4 d of the collection period. Acid insoluble ash was used as an internal marker to determine apparent nutrient digestibility. Weight loss of WBG during storage was determined from d 1 to d 11 and initial and final yeast and mold counts were determined. Final yeast counts were similar among treatments while final mold counts tended to be lesser (P = 0.07) for the 0.8 and 1.6% salt treatments. Urinary volume was similar among treatments while allantoin (P = 0.14), and uric acid (P < 0.01) and total PD excretion tended to increase (P = 0.13) quadratically. Dry matter intake was varied by treatment (linear, quadratic, and cubic effects P < 0.01). Heifers fed the 0.8% treatment had the least DMI. Non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) digestibility linearly decreased (P < 0.04) as salt increased. Digestibilities of DM, and organic matter (OM), tended to decrease (P < 0.10) with increasing levels of salt added to WBG. Fat digestibility was quadratic with the greatest value for the 1.6% treatment. Treating WBG with salt reduced its deterioration based on lesser mold counts for the 0.8 and 1.6% treatments. These treatments had resulted in greater fat digestibility and tended to have increased PD excretion suggesting improved microbial protein synthesis.

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Growth performance and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility of limit-fed diets containing wet brewer’s grains to Holstein heifers

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txaa079 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Eric Hatungimana ◽

Tess C Stahl ◽

Peter S Erickson

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Limit Feeding ◽

Daily Gain ◽

Body Condition Scores

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth performance and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility of Holstein heifers limit-fed diets containing different amounts of wet brewer’s grains (WBG). A 12-wk randomized complete block study was conducted using 30 yearling Holstein heifers [378 ± 27 d of age, and body weight (BW) of 357.8 ± 27.6 kg (mean ± SD)]. Treatments were 0%, 10% and 20% of WBG on a dry matter (DM) basis and diets were formulated to be limit-fed for dry matter intake (DMI) at 2.35% of BW and provided 15% crude protein (CP) and 2.27 Mcal metabolizable energy/kg of DM. Dry matter intake was recorded daily, while BW and skeletal measurements were measured every 2 wk. During week 12, fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum over four consecutive days and composited by heifer to determine apparent total tract nutrient digestibility using acid detergent insoluble ash as a marker. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Dry matter intakes, BW, and average daily gain were not different among treatments (P = 0.2, P = 0.4, and P = 0.6, respectively). Dry matter intakes ranged from 8.6 to 9.0 kg/d. Average BW were 404.4, 411.5, and 409.3 kg for heifers fed the 0%, 10%, and 20% WBG diets, respectively. Average daily gains were 1.03, 1.04, and 0.96 kg/d for heifers fed the 0%, 10%, and 20% WBG diets respectively. Skeletal measurements and body condition scores (BCS) were not different among treatments except for the change in heart girth (P < 0.01) and initial BCS (P < 0.01). Apparent total tract digestibilities of DM, organic matter, CP, fat, and hemicellulose were greater or tended to be greater in heifers fed 0% and 20% WBG treatments than heifers fed 10 % WBG (P = 0.04, P = 0.04, P = 0.06, P = 0.06, and P = 0.01, respectively). Neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and fat digestibilities were similar among treatments (P = 0.2, P = 0.3, and P = 0.3, respectively). During the digestibility phase, DMI tended to be greater (P = 0.08) for the 10% WBG treatment. These results demonstrate that limit-feeding heifers with diets containing up to 20% WBG could replace soybean- and corn-based concentrates in diets without adverse consequences to the heifer growth performance.

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Effect of supplementing wheat offal with varied graded levels of sugarcane scrapping on utilisation of sorghum panicle fed Red Sokoto buck Keyw

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v44i5.1278 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (5) ◽

pp. 199-202

Author(s):

H. Y. Adamu ◽

A. M. Bolakale ◽

S. B. Abdu ◽

M. R. Hassan ◽

M. Kabir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sugar Cane ◽

Nitrogen Balance ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Latin Square ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Nitrogen Utilization ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

High Dry Matter ◽

Complete Diet ◽

Dietary Treatments

Four Red Sokoto bucks of averageweight 17. 40±2kg were fed sugarcane scrappingmeal in a complete diet to evaluate the nutrients intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance. In a 4×4 Latin Square Design four dietary treatments containing sugarcane scrapping at 0, 10, 20, and 30% levels of inclusion supplementing wheat offal in a complete diet were used The proximate composition of the sugarcane scrapping showed that the scrapping had, 10.01, 2.98%and 3114 Kcal/Kg of CF, CP andME respectively. The results of the trial showed that significant high dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility of some and the nitrogen balance values were recorded in the bucks fed 30%. It was concluded that DM intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization of bucks can be enhanced by including 30% of sugar cane scrapping in their diets.

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Effect of diets containing graded levels of groundnut haulms on Dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and Nitrogen balance of Friesian x Bunaji Bulls

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v45i1.354 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 342-350

Author(s):

H. I. Finangwai ◽

O. W. Ehoche ◽

G. E. Jokthan ◽

P. P. Barje

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Balance ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Energy Content ◽

Control Diet ◽

Nutrient Balance ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Percent Nitrogen

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feeding concentrate diets containing varying levels of groundnut haulms on dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and nutrient balance in Friesian x Bunaji bulls. The feed consisted of four concentrate mixed diets formulated to contain on average 14.45- 14.65% crude protein. Groundnut haulms (GH) in the concentrate diets were on nitrogen basis at 0, 25, 50 and 75% levels with control diet having 0% inclusion of GH. Sixteen bulls aged 12-18months were divided into four each and were randomly allotted to the four treatment diets in a completely randomized design for metabolic trial. During trial, the bulls were housed in metabolic crates and fed Gamba hay adlib and the basal or particular test concentrate mixture at 40% of estimated DM intake. Chemical composition and energy contents of the diets were determined. Dry matter intake (D M ) and organic matter intake (OMI) were also determined. The CP value averaged 14.45±0.44 - 14.65±1.22% for the four experimental diets. The metabolizable energy content expressed in Kcal/kg of diets decreased with increase in GH level from 0-75% (3166-1752 kcal/kg). There was no significant (P>0.05) difference on voluntary DMI and OMI. The digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, CF, EE, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and ash were significantly (P<0.05) higher at 75% level of groundnut haulms. CF and ADF digestibility were significantly influenced (P<0.05) when groundnut haulms level reached 25%. Conversely, the digestibility of NFE did not differ (P>0.05) across treatments. Nitrogen balance were similar (P>0.05) among animals fed concentrate mixtures. Nitrogen balance expressed in percent was slightly higher at 75% level of groundnut haulms. It is concluded that inclusion of GH in concentrate diets of crossed bulls up to 75% can improve nutrient digestibility and the percent Nitrogen balance.

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Self-fed Supplements of Low and Medium Intake for Beef Steers Finished on Pasture

10.21203/rs.3.rs-548103/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Saimon de Souza Souza ◽

Régis Luis Missio ◽

Wagner Paris ◽

Jefferson Felipe Cavazzana ◽

Marcelo Machado Severo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Latin Square ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Ingestive Behavior ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Randomized Design

Abstract The obstacles of using supplementation are related to the cost and labor. Self-fed supplements of low and medium intake can be an option to overcome these problems. However, the nutritive value and pasture yield are crucial to finding the right composition and amount of supplement. We evaluated productive responses of steers receiving self-fed supplements of low and medium intake on Aruana grass pasture. The animal performance, ingestive behavior, and pasture characteristics were evaluated in a completely randomized design with three treatments and three replicates. Twenty-four Aberdeen Angus steers were used as the tester animals. The dry matter intake and nutrient digestibility were evaluated in a 3 x 3 double Latin square repeated over time. The treatments consisted of mineral salt (control), supplementation for intake of 1.5 g/kg body weight (low-intake), and supplementation for intake of 4.0 g/kg body weight (medium-intake). The supplements did not influence the pasture characteristics and ingestive behavior, except the number of bites/day that was higher for the low-intake. Dry matter digestibility and forage intake were not affected by the supplementation, but the total dry matter intake increased for the medium-intake. The average daily gain, stocking rate, and fat thickness gain were higher for the medium-intake. The self-fed supplements of medium-intake increase the total dry matter intake, maximizing the performance of steers on Aruana grass.

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Evaluation of rehydrated corn grain silage with okara or soybean inclusion in the performance of lactating cows

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n6p2747 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

pp. 2747-2758

Author(s):

Tamara Tais Tres ◽

◽

Clóves Cabreira Jobim ◽

Robson Marcelo Rossi ◽

Antonio Vinicius Iank Bueno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Feed Efficiency ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Latin Square ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Corn Silage ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Lactating Cows ◽

Corn Grain ◽

Corn Grains

This study aimed to evaluate dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, milk production and composition, and feed efficiency of cows fed corn grain silages with okara or raw soybean inclusion. Six Holstein cows were distributed in a double Latin square and arranged in the following treatments: concentrate formulated based on corn grain silage with 30% okara inclusion; concentrate of corn grain silage with 20% raw soybean inclusion, and concentrate based on dry corn grains. Statistical analysis was performed using Bayesian inference. Diets formulated with silages reduced dry matter intake compared to the diet of concentrate based on dry grains. High digestibility of DM, OM, NFC, and EE was observed for diets with silage inclusion. Milk presented an increase in CLA for the diet of corn grain silage diet with soybean inclusion. Rehydrated grain corn silage with soybean or okara inclusion reduced dry matter intake and increased nutrient digestibility, maintaining the same milk production, which demonstrates the higher efficiency of these diets.

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Effect of dietary lipid inclusion from byproduct-based pellets on dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation, and nutrient digestion in finishing beef heifers

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1139/cjas-2020-0133 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Faustin Joy ◽

Jordan A Johnson ◽

Paweł Górka ◽

John McKinnon ◽

Steve Hendrick ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Latin Square ◽

Dietary Lipid ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Lipid Inclusion ◽

High Lipid ◽

Dietary Treatments

This study was designed to evaluate dry matter intake (DMI), ruminal fermentation, ruminal digesta outflow, omasal flow of N constituents, and ruminal and total-tract digestibility in response to increasing dietary lipid content derived from high-lipid byproduct-based pellets for finishing beef cattle. Five ruminally cannulated heifers were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Dietary treatments were iso-nitrogenous with increasing ether extract (EE) concentrations resulting in dietary concentrations of 3.5, 4.2, 4.7, 5.1 and 5.9% of dry matter. Periods were 28 d in duration with the first 19 d used for dietary adaptation and the last 9 d for sample and data collection. Dry matter intake, ruminal pH, omasal flow of N constituents, and SCFA concentrations were not affected by increasing dietary EE content (P ≥ 0.10). Increasing dietary EE content increased outflow of EE from the rumen (P < 0.001). Apparent ruminal and total-tract digestibility of EE increased linearly (P ≤ 0.03) with increasing dietary EE levels. Results indicate that increasing dietary EE content from 3.5 up to 5.9% of DM by including high-lipid byproduct-based pellets does not alter site of nutrient digestibility with no negative effects on nutrient intake, ruminal fermentation, or apparent ruminal and total-tract digestibility.

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PSIV-14 Calcium digestibility in hatchery byproducts fed to nursery pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.456 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 224-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jung Y Sung ◽

Beob G Kim

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Latin Square ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Adaptation Period ◽

Nursery Pigs ◽

Collection Period

Abstract The objective was to determine standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of calcium (Ca) in hatchery byproducts fed to nursery pigs. Ten barrows with mean body weight of 10.2 ± 0.7 kg were individually housed in metabolism crates. Four corn-based diets were formulated to contain 10% of infertile eggs (40% CP, 11.6% Ca, and 4,630 kcal/kg GE as-is), 10% of unhatched eggs (40% CP, 12.7% Ca, and 4,296 kcal/kg GE as-is), 25% of culled chicks (66% CP, 1.8% Ca, and 5,897 kcal/kg GE as-is), and 15% of a mixture of 3 ingredients aforementioned (56% CP, 6.2% Ca, and 5,342 kcal/kg GE as-is), respectively. A calcium-free diet was also prepared to measure basal endogenous losses of Ca. Ten animals were assigned to a replicated 5 × 4 Latin square design with 5 diets, and 4 periods. Each period consisted of a 5-d adaptation period and 5-d collection period. The marker to marker method was employed for total feces collection. The STTD of Ca in culled chicks (75.6%) was greater than that in the mixture (64.5%; P < 0.05). The ATTD and STTD of Ca in unhatched eggs (38.3 and 43.4%, respectively) were less than those in infertile eggs (48.5 and 53.3%, respectively; P < 0.05). Basal endogenous losses of Ca were determined at 659 mg/kg of dry matter intake. In conclusion, culled chicks had the greatest standardized total tract digestibility of calcium among test ingredients and standardized total tract digestible calcium in infertile eggs, unhatched eggs, culled chicks, and the mixture were 6.2, 5.5, 1.4, and 4.0%, respectively.

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Cassava root fermented with yeast improved feed digestibility in Brahman beef cattle

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an15685 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 57 (8) ◽

pp. 1613 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

C. Promkot ◽

P. Nitipot ◽

N. Piamphon ◽

N. Abdullah ◽

A. Promkot

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Control Diet ◽

Latin Square ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽

Feed Digestibility ◽

Cassava Root ◽

Dietary Treatments

Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used to enhance the protein level of low-protein feedstuffs such as cassava root. In the present study, fresh cassava root was grated and subjected to solid-state fermentation with S. cerevisiae to enhance the protein content. The fermentation process lasted for 21 days, followed by fermentation with yeast for 5 days. The fermented product was called yeast-fermented cassava root (YEFECAR). The YEFECAR was then evaluated as a feed ingredient at 10%, 20% and 30% dry matter in concentrate diet for dry matter intake and nutrient digestibility in non-pregnant female Brahman beef cattle (bodyweight 256 ± 11.5 kg). Four cattle were randomly given four treatments in 4 × 4 Latin square design for 21-day period, including a control diet (without fermented cassava root). Cattle were fed rice straw as roughage. The results showed that while dry matter intake was not significantly different among dietary treatments, average dairy gain tended to increase when fermented cassava root was fed at 20% in the concentrate diet. There were no significant differences in nutrient digestibility among the dietary treatments. However, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibility showed an increasing trend when fermented cassava root was fed to the cattle. Likewise, fermented cassava root showed no effect on rumen microbial population, although rumen bacterial population and microbial protein tended to increase with YEFECAR addition. It was concluded that yeast-fermented cassava root at 20% in concentrate feed tended to enhance rumen bacteria population and neutral detergent fibre digestibility in cattle.

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Effects of barley and corn as sources of silage and grain on dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation, and total-tract digestibility in growing beef heifers

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1139/cjas-2020-0025 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Brittney D Sutherland ◽

Jordan A Johnson ◽

John McKinnon ◽

Tim A. McAllister ◽

Gregory B. Penner

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Balance ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Latin Square ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Beef Heifers ◽

Cereal Grain ◽

Microbial N

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of barley (BS) or corn (CS) silage when fed with dry-rolled barley (BG), corn (CG), or an equal blend (BCG) of BG and CG for backgrounding cattle. Ruminally cannulated heifers (n=5) were assigned to an incomplete 6 × 6 Latin square design. Treatments contained either BS or CS in combination with BG, CG, or BCG. Samples were collected to determine DMI, ruminal fermentation, total-tract nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen balance. Interactions between cereal silage and cereal grain sources were detected for the molar proportions of propionate and butyrate where the magnitude of change with the type of cereal grain was increased in heifers fed CS relative to BS. Feeding CS increased estimated microbial N production (silage, P = 0.022) and fecal N excretion (silage, P = 0.042) over BS. Diets containing BG had greater DM, OM, starch, and GE digestibility values compared to CG, but values for BCG were not different (grain, P ≤ 0.043). Based on limited silage x grain interactions, use of CS in backgrounding diets may increase microbial N production relative to BS and dry-rolled CG may reduce apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility relative to dry-rolled BG.

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ACCEPTABILITY AND UTILIZATION OF GRADED LEVELS OF GMELINA ARBOREA AND CASSAVA PEELS CONCENTRATES IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF SHEEP

JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE ◽

10.24297/jaa.v4i2.4272 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 415-422

Author(s):

Amoka Pius ◽

Tawose O M

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Control Diet ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Gmelina Arborea ◽

Leaf Meal ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Inclusion Level ◽

Cassava Peels

The nutritive value ,voluntary dry matter intake, and the nutrient digestibility of graded levels of Gmelina arborea and cassava peels concentrates in WAD sheep was investigated. Twelve WAD sheep aged 1-2 years old and weighting 14.00± 0.45 kg were used in a complete randomized design. Diets were formulated such that cassava peels was replaced with Gmelina arborea leaf meal at 0, 33.33, 66.67, 100% levels, designated as diets A, B, C, and D respectively. Diet without Gmelina arborea leaf meal was tagged the control diet. The concentrate feed was compounded to contain 16% CP. Diets with 33.33% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea had significantly (P<0.05) higher dry matter intake (DMI) 598.80g day-1, while the lowest DMI 425.00g day-1 was obtained in animals fed 100% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea. Crude protein intake (CPI) of animals fed diets with 33.33% inclusion levels of Gmelina arborea were significantly (P<0.05) highest, followed by 66.67% inclusion level and the least was observed in 0% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) was significantly (P<0.05) different across the dietary treatments, animals placed on diets with 33.33% inclusion level had the highest DMD, followed by animals on diets with 66.67, 100 and 0% inclusion levels. CP digestibility (P<0.05) increased from 33.33% to 100% inclusion levels of Gmelina arborea leaf meal, the lowest CP digestibility was observed at 0% inclusion level. CF digestibility (P<0.05) increased from 33.33% to 100% inclusion levels of Gmelina arborea leaf meal, while the lowest CF digestibility was observed at 0% inclusion level. N intake increased significantly (P<0.05) with increase in the level of Gmelina arborea inclusion from 33.33% to 100%. N retention was significantly (P<0.05) different, diets with 33.33% Gmelina arborea inclusion had the highest value (64.36g day-1) followed by 66.67%, 100% and the least (52.64g day-1) was at 0% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea. N balance values also followed the same trend. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the inclusion of Gmelina arborea leaf meal in WAD rams diet was well tolerated without adverse effect on acceptability, intake and nutrient digestibility, and inclusion level of 33.33% is hereby recommended in ruminants diet for optimum performance and productivity.

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