Comparison of Feed Digestibility between Ponies, Standardbreds and Andalusian Horses Fed Three Different Diets

Ponies and some horse breeds such as Andalusians exhibit an ‘easy keeper’ phenotype and tend to become obese more readily than other breeds such as Standardbreds. Various hypotheses have been proposed, including differences in appetite or metabolic efficiency. This study aimed to investigate the effect of breed on nutrient digestibility. Ponies, Standardbreds and Andalusian horses were adapted to consuming either a control fibre-based diet (n = 9), a hypercaloric cereal-rich diet (n = 12) or a hypercaloric fat-rich diet (n = 12) over 20 weeks. Total faecal collection was performed over 24 h to determine apparent total tract digestibility of gross energy, dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), starch, crude protein and crude fat. There was no effect of breed on apparent digestibility for any of the nutrients studied (all p > 0.05). However, there was a significant effect of diet, with animals consuming the cereal-rich or fat-rich diets demonstrating higher digestibility of gross energy, DM, NDF and crude protein compared with those consuming the control diet (all p < 0.05). Animals adapted to the cereal-rich diet demonstrated higher digestibility of starch (p < 0.001) and animals adapted to the fat-rich diet demonstrated higher digestibility of fat (p < 0.001). This study found that horses and ponies had similar nutrient digestibility when adapted to the same diets and management conditions. Limitations included the relatively small number of animals from each breed per diet group and the short period of total faecal collection. The tendency towards increased adiposity in ponies and Andalusian-type horse breeds is more likely to reflect differences in metabolism, rather than differences in feed digestibility.

PENINGKATAN PRODUKTIVITAS SAPI POTONG MENGGUNAKAN PROBIOTIK UNTUK RUMINANSIA DI DESA WONGSOREJO DAN GOMBENGSARI KECAMATAN WONGSOREJO, KABUPATEN BANYUWANGI, JAWA TIMUR

The Banyuwangi Regency Government, through the Livestock Service Office, is very active in improving the community's economic level through the livestock sector. It is proven through a variety of dynamic population numbers in 2014 namely, 108,139 beef cattle. For this reason, it is necessary to get broad attention in terms of increasing the productivity of livestock. The success of increasing livestock productivity is determined by the factors of seed, feed, and management, while the largest component, which is 70%, comes from the feed factor. So far, it is rarely known that forage feed or additional feed in the form of tofu dregs or concentrate, is not completely digested in the small intestine but only about 60-70%, while the rest is excreted through feces and urine. For this reason, it is necessary to provide feed supplementation in the form of probiotics for ruminants containing several non-pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria) that can help increase feed digestibility. Probiotics can be defined as food supplements containing live microbes that have a beneficial effect on animals as their host through improving the balance of microflora in the digestive tract. Community service activities that have been carried out include the provision of probiotics for ruminants which are given directly to farmers by visiting the location of the beef cattle pen. The community service program is carried out for 5 months including counseling, training, evaluation, and cadre development. It can be concluded that there is an increase in cognitive, affective, psychomotor and substance aspects in the partner community.Keywords: beef cattle; Wongsorejo; Gombengsari; Banyuwangi AbstrakPemerintah Kabupaten Banyuwangi, melalui Dinas Peternakan sangat gencar dalam meningkatkan taraf perekonomian masyarakat melalui sektor peternakan. Terbukti melalui beragam jumlah populasi dinamis pada tahun 2014 yakni, sapi potong 108.139 ekor. Untuk itu perlu mendapat perhatian yang luas dalam hal peningkatan produktivitas hewan ternak. Keberhasilan peningkatan produktivitas peternakan ditentukan oleh faktor bibit, pakan dan pengelolaan, sedangkan komponen terbesar yaitu sebesar 70 % berasal dari faktor pakan. Selama ini jarang diketahui bahwa pakan hijauan maupun pakan tambahan berupa ampas tahu atau konsentrat, tidak seluruhnya dicerna dalam usus halus melainkan hanya sekitar 60-70 %,sedangkan yang sisanya dibuang lewat feses dan urine. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan pemberian suplementasi pakan berupa pro biotik untuk Ruminan yang mengandung beberapa mikroorganisme (bakteri) non patogen yang mampu membantu peningkatan kecernaan pakan. Probiotik dapat didefinisikan sebagai suplemen makanan yang mengandung mikrobial hidup menimbulkan efek menguntungkan hewan sebagai induk semangnya melalui peningkatan keseimbangan mikroflora di dalam saluran pencernaan. Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat yang telah dilakukan meliputi pemberian probiotik untuk ruminan yang diberikan secara langsung kepada peternak dengan mendatangi lokasi kandang sapi pedaging. Program pengabdian masyarakat dilakukan selama 5 bulan meliputi penyuluhan, pelatihan, evaluasi, dan pembinaan kader. Dapat disimpulkan terdapat peningkatan aspek kognitif, afektif, psikomotor dan substansi pada masyarakat mitra.Kata kunci: sapi potong; Wongsorejo; Gombengsari; Banyuwangi

Sweet vs. Salty Former Food Products in Post-Weaning Piglets: Effects on Growth, Apparent Total Tract Digestibility and Blood Metabolites

Former food products (FFPs) have a great potential to replace conventional feed ingredients. This study aimed to investigate the possibility to partially replace standard ingredients with two different types of FFPs: bakery (FFPs-B) or confectionary (FFPs-C) FFPs and their effects on growth performances, feed digestibility and metabolic status in post-weaning piglets. Thirty-six post-weaning piglets were randomly assigned to three experimental diets (n = 12 per diet) for 42 days: a standard diet (CTR), a diet where 30% of standard ingredients were replaced by confectionary FFPs (FFPs-C) and a diet where 30% of standard ingredients were replaced by bakery FFPs (FFPs-B). Individual body weight and fecal dry matter were measured weekly. Feed intake (FI) was determined daily. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. Fecal samples were collected daily for three days/week to determine apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (ATTD). At day 0, 21 and 42, blood samples were collected from all the piglets. No significant differences (p > 0.05) between groups were found in growth performances and metabolic profile. However, ATTD in FFPs-B group was lower (p < 0.05) compared to the CTR group at the end of the experiment. This study confirmed the possibility to formulate homogeneous diets integrated with 30% of both categories of FFPs. Further investigations are needed to clarify the effects of bakery former food products on the digestibility of the diet.

The addition of feed additive in beef cattle ration on in vitro fermentation characteristics

The effects of feed additives are increasing feed digestibility, balance of rumen microbial community, stimulating the immune response and livestock productivity. This study aimed to determine the effects of feed additives combination in the rumen fermentation. The method used in this study was a block randomized design with 9 treatments and 3 replications. The experiment using Theodorou In vitro method for 48 hours with parameters such as pH, kinetics gas and methane production, DMD, OMD, NH3, and partial VFA. The treatment were P0; control (Basal Diet 70% Concentrate + 30% Forages), P1; P0 + Premix, P2; P1 + Probiotic, P3; P1 + Enzyme, P4; P1 + Plant Extract, P5; P1 + (Probiotics + Enzyme), P6; P1 + (Probiotics + Plant Extract), P7; P1 + (Probiotic + Enzyme + Plant Extract), and P8; P1 + (Enzyme + Plant Extract). The results showed kinetics gas, methane production, NH3, and partial VFA were significantly affected (P <0.05), while the value of pH, DMD, and OMD was not significant. In conclusion, the addition of mix feed additives can affect the kinetics gas and methane production. However, it does not affect the level of pH, dry matter and organic matter digestibility.

PSX-B-8 Effect of supplementing red osier dogwood extract on in vitro gas production, feed digestibility and fermentation characteristics of high-forage diet

Red osier dogwood (ROD) is native shrub plant in Canada and rich in bioactive compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ROD extract supplementation in a high-forage (HF) diet on gas production (GP), dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD) and fermentation characteristics in batch cultures with varying media pH. The study was a completely randomized design with 4 levels of ROD extract (0, 1, 3 and 5% of substrate) × 2 media pH (5.8 and 6.5) factorial arrangement. The study was conducted in three replicate experiments. Substrate contained 60% barley silage and 40% barley concentrate (DM basis). Inoculum was obtained from 2 ruminally fistulated beef heifers offered the HF diet. Substrate (0.5 g DM) ground (1 mm) was incubated for 48 h in a culture bottle. Data were analyzed using Mixed procedure of SAS with fixed effects of treatments and random effect of experiment. There was no interaction between media pH and level of ROD on GP, DMD and fermentation characteristics. Increased media pH (5.8 vs. 6.5) increased (P &lt; 0.01) GP (averaged 164 vs. 275 ml/g substrate), DMD (50.6 vs. 60.6%), and total VFA production (63 vs. 71 mM). Increasing ROD extract levels did not affect GP but linearly (P = 0.05) decreased DMD from 62.1 to 58.9% at pH 6.5. Although total VFA production was not affected, increasing ROD extract linearly (P &lt; 0.01) increased the proportion of acetate (47.9 to 49.7%) and propionate (20.5 to 22.3%) at pH 5.8; whereas at pH 6.5, acetate to propionate ratio quadratically (P = 0.04) changed to be lower with 3% ROD extract (2.08) than other treatments (2.21). These results indicated that supplementation of HF diet with ROD extract may improve fibre digestion at low media pH, and improve fermentation efficiency at high media pH.

Effort to reduce ammonia gas in the broiler chicken excreta with the addition of probiotic as substitute for antibiotic growth promoter

This study has been carried out to evaluate the use of drinking water-soluble probiotics as an alternative to Zinc bacitracin Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) in an effort to reduce the concentration of ammonia excreta as a result of increased feed digestibility. The probiotic used contains 2.0 × 107 CFU mL−1 Lactobacillus sp, 1.6 × 107 CFU mL−1 Bacillus sp, and 7.4 × 109 CFU mL−1 Streptomyces sp. The excreta sample was obtained from 15 male Lohmann strain broiler chickens aged 35 days from a total population of 300 chickens that had previously been reared since Day Old Chick. The chickens were distributed into three treatments and five replications in a metabolic cage with a size of 50 cm × 30 cm × 56 cm for three days. This study used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The addition of probiotic significantly reduced (P <0.01) water content and ammonia concentration of broiler chicken excreta. The addition of drinking water-soluble probiotics significantly increased (P <0.01) the feed intake and feed digestibility of broiler chicken. The use of probiotics was better than Zinc bacitracin in reducing excreta ammonia concentration and feed digestibility.

Inclusions of probiotics and prebiotics in diet for coral trout, Plectropomus leopardus nursery

Coral trout is one of marine fishery commodities with high economic value. This grouper fish has limited ability in the utilization of artificial feed. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the effectiveness of probiotics and prebiotics inclusions in diet to increase growth of coral trout. Fish was reared in fiber tanks 300-L with a density of 30 fish/tank. Fish weight and length were 3.7±0.1 g and 6.3±0.1 cm, respectively. Each tank was equipped with a flowing water system and aeration as a source of oxygen supply. The feed was formulated with 48% protein and 9% lipid. Treatments were inclusion of probiotics in diet (diet A), inclusion of mannan oligosaccharide/MOS (diet B), inclusion of probiotic + mannan oligosaccharide/MOS (diet C), and diet D as control. The study was conducted in a complete randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Fish fed trial diets with a frequency of 3 times a day at satiation. The parameters observed were growth, feed efficiency, feed digestibility, bacteria density and immunity. The data obtained were analysed with anova followed by LSD. The results showed that diet with the probiotic content promoted better growth and feed efficiency of coral trout compared to the other treatments. The highest growth of coral trout fingerlings was obtained by fish fed diet A (added with probiotics) with a weight gain of 794.86%. While fish fed diet containing probiotics and prebiotic (diet C) showed a lower growth response (weight gain 641.26%) than those fed diet with probiotics and prebiotics (MOS) separately. Survival during the study for all treatments ranged from 90.00% to 93.33%.

Manipulation of In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Feed Digestibility as Influenced by Yeast Waste-Treated Cassava Pulp Substitute Soybean Meal and Different Roughage to Concentrate Ratio

Cassava pulp (CS) is high in fiber and low in protein; hence, improving the nutritive value of CS is required to increase its contribution to enhancing ruminant production. The present work hypothesized that CS quality could be enhanced by fermentation with yeast waste (YW), which can be used to replace soybean meal (SBM), as well as lead to improved feed utilization in ruminants. Thus, evaluation of in vitro ruminal fermentation and feed digestibility, as influenced by YW-treated CS and different roughage (R) to concentrate (C) ratios, was elucidated. The design of the experiment was a 5 × 3 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. Each treatment contained three replications and three runs. The first factor was replacing SBM with CS fermented with YW (CSYW) in a concentrate ratio at 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100, respectively. The second factor was R:C ratios at 70:30, 50:50, and 30:70. The level of CSYW showed significantly higher (p < 0.01) gas production from the insoluble fraction (b), potential extent of gas production (a + b), and cumulative gas production at 96 h than the control group (p < 0.05). There were no interactions among the CSYW and R:C ratio on the in vitro digestibility (p > 0.05). Furthermore, increasing the amount of CSYW to replace SBM up to 75% had no negative effect on in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradability (IVNDFD) (p > 0.05) while replacing CSWY at 100% could reduce IVNDFD (p > 0.05). The bacterial population in the rumen was reduced by 25.05% when CSYW completely replaced SBM (p < 0.05); however, 75% of CSWY in the diet did not change the bacterial population (p > 0.05). The concentration of propionate (C3) decreased upon an increase in the CSYW level, which was lowest with the replacement of SBM by CSYW up to 75%. However, various R:C ratios did not influence total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and the proportion of VFAs (p > 0.05), except the concentration of C3, increased when the proportion of a concentrate diet increased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, CSYW could be utilized as a partial replacement for SBM in concentrate diets up to 75% without affecting gas kinetics, ruminal parameters, or in vitro digestibility.

COCONUT MEAL INCLUSION IN HIGH CONCENTRATE SHEEP DIETS AFFECTS FEED DIGESTIBILITY AND INTAKE1

ABSTRACT Coconut meal can be an affordable low-cost alternative to noble ingredients such as corn and soybean meal in sheep diets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of coconut meal inclusions, when used as a corn and soybean meal replacement, on the intake, digestibility, and nitrogen balance of sheep diets. Twenty-four male Santa Inês lambs with body weights (BW) of 26.6 ± 3.2 kg were used in the study. The animals were housed in metabolic cages and distributed in a completely randomized block design, with three treatments and eight replications. The animals received a total mixed ratio of 30% roughage (elephant grass) and 70% concentrate. The animals were fed on two experimental diets with 11% and 22% coconut meal inclusion and a control diet (without coconut meal). Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) intake as a percentage of BW were negatively influenced by the inclusion of coconut meal. The ether extract (EE) intake increased but did not differ between the 11% and 22% coconut meal diets. Furthermore, the digestibility of DM, CP, EE, and ADF did not differ between the two evaluated diets. The inclusion of coconut meal reduced NDF digestibility and increased that of NFC. The level of inclusion of coconut meal in the diet must be based on the EE content in the meal; keeping the EE intake below 0.16% of the BW helped to avoid limited intake of feed.

Effects of concentrate mixture level on nutrient digestibility, growth, production and reproduction performance of Jamunapari goat under semi intensive condition

Twenty female Jamunapari goats of live weight of 10.5 ± 1.2 kg at 08± 0.56 months of age were used for 240 days feeding trial. Goats were assigned to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with five (05) goats in each group. All animals were supplied ad libitum green grass and water. They were supplied 150, 200, 250, 300 gm concentrate mixture per day with roughage for group T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively. Total dry matter (TDM) intake (413.2, 456.67, 489.2 and 495.7g/day) in groups T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively, was significantly (p≤0.01) influenced by the level of concentrate in the diet. Average total digestible crude protein (DCP) intake (3.1, 3.5, 3.9, 4.0 g/kg body weight and average total digestible nutrient (TDN) intake 21.1, 22.3, 24.7, 25.1 g/kg body weight was significantly (p≤0.01) higher in group T4 and lower in group T1. The nutrient intake and digestibility were also significantly higher (p≤0.01) in T4 group. The percent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) were 70.1, 75.99, 73.50, 67.24, 62.13 and 49.60%, 73.14, 76.97,76.84, 68.32, 64.04 and 53.25%, 75.45,78.44,78.67,70.43,68.43 and 59.77%, 79.56, 80.16,81.69,72.45,70.82 and 63.09% in T1, T2, T3 and T4 group, respectively. Reproductive performances, birth weight of kids and litter size did not differ significantly between groups, but had significant effect on feed digestibility and milk production. Daily 300 gm concentrate mixture along with roughage is necessary for better growth, production and reproduction performance of Jamunapari doe in semi-intensive system. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.8(2): 223-230, August 2021