4 Protein and Amino Acid Concepts and Use in Swine Nutrition: Gary Allee’s Contributions to the Swine Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 16-16
Author(s):  
Robert D Goodband
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Cooperative Research ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Protein Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Novel Concept ◽  
Swine Nutrition

Abstract I was very fortunate to meet Gary Allee in 1984 when I began my M.S. degree at Kansas State University. I’ll remember Gary most in that he cared about people and truly wanted to serve humanity and make the world a better place through animal agriculture. He helped develop scholars, both nationally and internationally, that would be the future of our industry. Gary was proficient in seeking a solution to a problem and finding the experimental resources to explain it. Very early in his career, he helped verify the concept of a lysine:calorie ratio as a means of explaining the previously varied and inconsistent response to added fat in swine diets. Early research outlined the order of limiting amino acids in various feed ingredients. Gary’s research also focused on determining the nutritional value of protein sources for weanling pigs, such as dried whey, fish meal and dried skim milk that ultimately led to phase feeding strategies for early weaned pigs that are the backbone of our industry. Gary and his students determined lysine and other amino acid requirements for growing pigs and sows under field conditions. He helped elucidate the effects of low-protein, amino acid fortified diets under heat stress environments. As market weights increased, his research was instrumental in determining how to feed heavy weight pigs as well as those fed ractopamine. Gary grasped concepts and applied them into practical solutions in swine nutrition. He was a strong believer and leader in cooperative research among universities but also, at that time, a novel concept of university-industry partnerships. Those of us that can say they knew Gary Allee, are very fortunate and better because of it.

A comparison of phase feeding and choice feeding as methods of meeting the amino acid requirements of growing pigs

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. V. Bradford ◽  
R. M. Gous
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Choice Feeding

ABSTRACTTwo experiments are reported in which a comparison was made of phase feeding and choice feeding as methods of meeting the changing amino acid requirements of growing pigs. In the first experiment, three feeding strategies were used: a system in which a single food (165 g protein per kg food) was offered throughout the growth period; a phase-feeding system, using five different treatments; and three choice-feeding treatments, in which the two diets offered differed only in their protein concentrations. The second experiment consisted of six treatments, three of which constituted a single feeding system, being a high, a medium, (the control) and a low protein food (240, 165 and 100 g protein per kg); there were two phase-feeding treatments, of three and five phases; and one treatment in which a choice was offered of the high and the low protein foods. In both experiments, group data were collected on Landrace × Large White pigs, sexes separate, during the growing period (30 to 90 kg). All pigs were weighed weekly, as was the amount of food consumed in each pen of 10 animals. Phase feeding improved food conversion efficiency (+4·4 g/kg) and caused a decline in both food intake (−45·3 g) and P2 backfat thickness (−0·4 mm) with each increment in the number of phases used. Results of the choice feeding treatments were not statistically significantly different from either the control or the phase feeding treatments. The intake of dietary protein was higher in the choice treatments than in the control (420 v. 370 g in experiment 1 and 345 v. 334 g in experiment 2). Where the two foods on offer differed only in protein content, pigs reduced the proportion of high protein food in the combination chosen by 0037 and 0·059 per week in the two experiments respectively, these linear trends being statistically highly significant. They were less successful in differentiating between the high protein food and maize, the proportion of high protein food chosen decreasing at a statistically significant rate of 0018 per week, but where the maize had not been supplemented with vitamins and minerals there was no significant trend in the way in which the pigs selected their diet, demonstrating the importance of the correct design of the two foods on offer in a choice-feeding programme.

scholarly journals Oxidation of an indicator amino acid by young pigs receiving diets with varying levels of lysine or threonine, and an assessment of amino acid requirements

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyu-Il Kim ◽  
James I. Elliott ◽  
Henry S. Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Level ◽  
Dietary Amino Acids ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

1. The catabolism of [14C]phenylalanine was used to indicate the effects of varying the dietary level of lysine and threonine on the retention of dietary amino acids by 2-week-old pigs receiving diets containing skim milk and a mixture of free amino acids.2. Reducing the dietary level of lysine from 16 to 12 g/kg had no influence on phenylalanine oxidation, reducing the lysine level from 12 to 11 then to 10 g/kg caused an almost linear increase in phenylalanine oxidation whereas further reduction to 9 or 8 g/kg resulted in a less-marked increase in phenylalanine oxidation. This showed that 12 g lysine/kg was required to maximize amino acid retention and indicated that lysine was conserved more effectively at low dietary concentrations than at dietary concentrations approaching the requirement.3. Reducing the dietary level of threonine from 8 to 6 g/kg had no influence on phenylalanine oxidation, whereas further reduction to 4 g/kg caused a linear increase in phenylalanine catabolism showing that 6 g threonine/kg was required to maximize amino acid retention.4. Reduction of the levels of lysine, threonine and methionine from the generous levels characteristic of a diet containing 240 g protein from skim milk/kg, to the requirement levels determined separately in the presence of the generous levels of all the other amino acids, resulted in a twofold increase in phenylalanine catabolism. This shows that the pig seems able to conserve limiting intakes of a single amino acid, but not if the intakes of two or three amino acids are limiting.

Amino acid requirements of growing pigs 8. The response of pigs from 50 to 90 kg live weight to dietary ideal protein

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Yen ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Linear Response ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Lysine Concentration ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Ideal Protein

ABSTRACTThe response to dietary lysine when provided as part of an ideal protein was examined in pigs over the range of live weight from 50 to 90 kg. Ninety-six pigs, 32 trios of littermate boars, castrated males and gilts were allocated to eight diets with lysine concentrations of 5·6, 6·2, 7·3, 8·3, 9·3, 10·3, 11·4 and 12·4 g/kg diet and corresponding concentrations of crude protein (CP) from 90 to 186 g/kg diet (all having a digestible energy of 13·38 MJ/kg). Pigs were given food on a restricted scale once daily. With increasing lysine concentration, there was a linear response (followed by a plateau) for growth and carcass characteristics up to dietary lysine concentrations of 91, 7·2 and 8·4 g/kg diet and CP concentrations of 142, 116 and 132 g/kg diet with daily lysine intakes of 22·9, 18·6 and 21·2 g and CP intakes of 357, 290 and 331 g for boars, castrated males and gilts respectively.

Technical review of the energy and protein requirements of growing pigs: protein

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.T. Whittemore ◽  
D.M. Green ◽  
P.W. Knap
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Amino Acid Requirement ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Endogenous Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Turn Over

AbstractA review of work reported in the literature was used to present quantitative descriptions of protein use in the growing pig. These are detailed in the text, which also points to preferred values, and to anomalies and lacunae. The review was prepared with the objective of allowing from its content the inclusive and quantitative modelling of amino acid requirement. Requirement was approached as the sum of the component factors: maintenance and protein retention. Ileal true digestible protein and amino acid requirements are presented in a form consistent with that forwarded for energy. Thus both energy and protein elements can be conceptualized within a single coherent framework. Priority uses for absorbed amino acids were assumed to be (a) to support endogenous protein losses resultant from the passage of food and incomplete re-absorption prior to the terminal ileum, (b) to replace lost hair and skin, and (c) to cover the basic maintenance losses which will occur as a result of minimal protein turn-over even when protein retention is zero. The bulk of the protein requirement was directly linked to the daily rate of protein retention, for which the linear-plateau response was accepted. For determination of the maximum rate of protein retention the Gompertz function was proposed, although the use of a single value throughout the growth period was not dismissed. The balance of amino acids for protein retention is specified as different from that for maintenance. Central to the approach was the proposal that the inefficiency of use of ileal digested ideal protein, even when not supplied in excess, was an expression of protein losses occurring as a result of protein turn-over. The requirement for the satisfaction of the losses from protein turn-over occurring as a consequence of protein retention, and therefore additional to the requirements for maintenance, was identified. Quantification was attempted with sufficient success to warrant its inclusion into requirement estimation. It was concluded that this element addressed previously inadequately explained protein utilization inefficiencies. Algorithms are presented based upon protein turn-over which appear to be consistent with empirical findings.

479. Studies on the biological value of the proteins (nitrogen) of dried skim milk: effects of the addition of certain amino-acids, of age of rat and of level of protein intake

1952 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Henry ◽  
S. K. Kon
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Biological Value ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
Control Milk

1. It has been shown that the biological value of undeteriorated dried skim milk is depressed to the same extent by the addition of 1·25% L-lysine as by the addition of 1·25% D-lysine. The latter is not used by the rat. It is therefore concluded that the added L-lysine is surplus to the animal's needs and that the apparent lowering of the biological value is due to excretion of the lysine in the urine.2. The slightly greater loss in the biological value of milk stored in air-pack compared with gas-pack was eliminated by the addition of 0·5% L-histidine to the former. Histidine is not a limiting amino-acid in the control or stored gas-pack milks for either young or adult rats.3. A lower biological value was found for the control milk with adult than with young rats at 4 and 8% levels of intake. No further lowering in the biological value of the stored milk, deficient in lysine, was observed with adult rats, the value obtained for this milk being independent of the age of the rat. These results are in keeping with the known lowered requirements of the adult rat for lysine.4. The significance of these findings in relation to the known amino-acid requirements of young and adult rats is discussed.

scholarly journals Ileal and faecal protein digestibility measurement in humans and other non-ruminants – a comparative species view

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (S2) ◽  
pp. S247-S257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouter H. Hendriks ◽  
Jürgen van Baal ◽  
Guido Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Protein Amino Acid ◽  
Ruminant Species ◽  
Fermentation Of Amino Acids

A comparative non-ruminant species view of the contribution of the large intestinal metabolism to inaccuracies in nitrogen and amino acid absorption measurements is provided to assess potential implications for the determination of crude protein/amino acid digestibility in adult humans consuming lower digestible protein sources. Most of the amino acids in the hindgut are constituents of the microorganisms and significant microbial metabolism of dietary and endogenous amino acids occurs. Bacterial metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds leads to a significant disappearance of nitrogen in the large intestine. Literature data show that some 79 % of the nitrogen entering the large intestine of the horse is absorbed. For dogs, sows, and growing pigs these estimates are 49, 34 and 16 %, respectively. The coefficient of gut differentiation of humans compares closely to that of dogs while the coefficient of fermentation in humans is the lowest of all non-ruminant species and closest to that of cats and dogs. Large intestinal digesta transit times of humans compare closest to adult dogs. Significant amino acid metabolism has been shown to occur in the large intestine of the adult dog. Use of the growing pig as an animal model is likely to underestimate the fermentation of amino acids in the human large intestine. Based on the significant degree of fermentation of nitrogen-containing components in the large intestine of several non-ruminant species, it can be expected that determination of amino acid digestibility at a faecal level in humans consuming low quality proteins would not provide accurate estimates of the amino acids absorbed by the intestine.

scholarly journals Estimating Amino Acid Requirements in Real-Time for Precision-Fed Pigs: The Challenge of Variability among Individuals

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3354
Author(s):  
Aline Remus ◽  
Luciano Hauschild ◽  
Marie-Pierre Létourneau-Montminy ◽  
Candido Pomar
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Interindividual Variability ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nutrient Efficiency ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Amino Acid Intake ◽  
Similar Amino Acid

This study aimed to measure protein deposition (PD) in pigs fed with daily tailored diets where either dietary lysine (Lys) or threonine (Thr) were provided at independent levels (ignoring an ideal ratio). A total of 95 growing pigs (35 kg body weight (BW)) with electronic ear tags granting them access to automatic feeders were randomly assigned to treatments. The setup was an unbalanced 2 × 5 factorial arrangement with Lys and Thr provided at five levels (i.e., 60%, 80%, 100%, 120%, and 140% of the estimated individual requirements of Lys and Thr), resulting in 25 treatments for 21 days. The observed PD variation to Lys and Thr provisions was large, with Lys and Thr intake explaining only 11% of the variation. Cluster analysis discriminated pigs with low (167 g/d, n = 16), medium (191 g/d, n = 38), and high (213 g/d, n = 37) PD, but with a similar amino acid intake. Differences in PD were associated with differences in nutrient efficiency of utilization. Providing Lys and Thr in a factorial mode, ignoring an ideal ratio, did not decrease the variability in PD. Future research efforts should focus on identifying and investigating the sources of interindividual variability—a necessary step before final recommendations can be made for AA in precision-fed pigs.

scholarly journals Simulated amino acid requirements of growing pigs differ between current factorial methods

animal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 725-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Remus ◽  
L. Hauschild ◽  
C. Pomar
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements
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