282 Nutritional Monitoring of Prenatally Stressed and Translocated Brahman Heifers

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 148-148
Author(s):  
Doug R Tolleson ◽  
Ron D Randel ◽  
George A Perry ◽  
Jose M Diaz ◽  
Heath D Starns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Prenatally Stressed ◽  
Drought Mitigation ◽  
Transportation Stress ◽  
Nutritional Monitoring

Abstract One drought mitigation strategy is transporting livestock to non-drought locations. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of prenatal stress and translocation on growing Bos indicus heifers. Twelve heifers born in spring 2019 at Overton, TX (1245 mm annual precipitation) were transported ~700 km to Sonora, TX (610 mm annual precipitation) in April 2020. Six heifers (283±10 kg) were born to dams subjected to transportation stress during mid-gestation (PNS) and 6 (279±17 kg) were born to non-stressed dams (CON). Heifers grazed a series of 24-ha native range pastures (aboveground forage biomass; 1508±390 kg/ha) and were sampled (non-shrunk BW/BCS score, feces) at 2-wk intervals from May through September. Fecal samples were collected from the ground or the rectum of each animal and stored at -20o C until processed for near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and prediction of diet crude protein (CP) and digestible organic matter (DOM). Inputs to a grazing animal nutrition model for prediction of BW included diet CP and DOM, age, and weather. Differences between groups for BW and nutritional parameters were determined by analysis of variance or paired t-test. Both groups gained BW (22±4 kg) throughout the study, there were no differences (P > 0.1) due to treatment. Diet CP and DOM were affected by date (P < 0.01) as diet quality declined from spring to fall. Percent diet CP was greater (P < 0.05) in PNS than CON, especially during July and August (6.94±0.10 vs 6.23±0.17, respectively). Corresponding values for diet DOM were (59.53±0.55 vs 59.14±0.43, respectively; P = 0.09). Observed vs model-predicted weight was different (P < 0.05) for both groups when using CP-based outputs, but not when using metabolizable protein-based outputs (P > 0.1). In summary, PNS heifers selected a diet of greater CP than CON, and tended to select a diet greater in DOM.

scholarly journals 176 Application of growing degree day to predict diet crude protein in rangeland beef cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 132-132
Author(s):  
Jose M Diaz ◽  
Douglas R Tolleson ◽  
Jay P Angerer ◽  
Amelia Christian ◽  
William E Fox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Remotely Sensed ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Degree Day ◽  
Grazing Animal ◽  
Cumulative Precipitation

Abstract We used a fecal near infrared spectroscopy (FNIRS) calibration for cattle diet crude protein (CP) to evaluate the efficacy of growing degree day (GDD) as a remotely-sensed method to monitor grazing animal nutrition. Composite fecal samples representing a herd of 24 cross bred beef cows grazing native range pastures in southwest Texas were collected along with GDD and precipitation data from April 2018 to September 2019. Regression analyses were performed to determine relationships between FNIRS-predicted diet CP and GDD within year and growing season. In 2018, FNIRS-predicted diet CP ranged from a minimum of 7.05% in August to a maximum of 9.69% in July. 2018 cumulative precipitation was 28% and 94% of the 20-year average for January-April and May-August, respectively. In 2019, FNIRS-predicted diet CP ranged from a minimum of 6.85% in September to a maximum of 12.01% in May. 2019 cumulative precipitation was 74% and 102% of the 20-year average for January-April and May-August, respectively. There were no significant (P > 0.1) simple linear relationships identified between FNIRS-predicted diet CP and GDD. There were, however, cubic exponential relationships identified in both 2018 (y = 7E-10x3 - 5E-06x2 + 0.0106x + 2.9603; R² = 0.7261; P = 0.1271) and 2019 (y = 1E-09x3 - 6E-06x2 + 0.0062x + 9.2923; R² = 0.7659; P = 0.0493). As expected, perennial range grass phenology/nutritive value (i.e. cattle diet CP) was influenced by accumulation of heat units (i.e. GDD) and precipitation. Although FNIRS is an established non-invasive method to monitor grazing animal nutrition, a remotely-sensed method to accomplish this task, such as GDD, has the potential to facilitate large-scale monitoring of grazing animal nutritional status. Our results indicate that complementary research using data from multiple locations and for more than 2 years is needed to fully evaluate these techniques.

Responses to various protein and energy supplements by steers fed low-quality tropical hay. 1. Comparison of response surfaces for young steers

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. McLennan ◽  
M. J. Bolam ◽  
J. F. Kidd ◽  
K. A. Chandra ◽  
D. P. Poppi
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Response Surfaces ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Energy Supplements ◽  
Sugar Source

Response curves were established for different supplements, offered at intakes ranging from 0 to 20 g/kg liveweight (W).day to young Bos indicus crossbred steers fed low-quality Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay ad libitum in two pen experiments. Supplements included protein meals of varying rumen-degradability (cottonseed meal (CSM) or fishmeal), as well as ‘energy sources’ comprising grains of high and low ruminal starch degradability (barley and sorghum) and a highly fermentable sugar source (molasses), with all diets adjusted for rumen-degradable nitrogen and mineral content. Unsupplemented steers gained 0.08 and 0.15 kg/day, in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Growth of steers increased linearly with intake of ‘energy source’ supplements in increasing order of molasses, sorghum and barley (all differences P < 0.05). Steer growth rate also increased linearly with fishmeal, albeit over a narrow intake range (0–4.1 g/kg W.day), whereas the response with CSM was asymptotic, showing a steep response at low intake before levelling at ~1.2 kg/day. All supplement types were associated with a linear reduction in hay intake by the steers (energy substitution) where the reduction was greater (P < 0.05) for barley and molasses (not different) than for sorghum (P < 0.05), and for fishmeal compared with CSM (P < 0.05). In concurrent metabolism studies with the same rations, organic matter digestibility of the total ration (561–578 g/kg DM, unsupplemented) was increased linearly by barley and molasses (both P < 0.05) but was unaffected by CSM and sorghum supplements. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in steers increased linearly, from 91 g microbial crude protein/kg digestible organic matter (unsupplemented), in both molasses and CSM-supplemented steers, with the trend for a higher response to molasses (P = 0.05), and appeared most closely related to digestible organic matter intake. The response curves from these studies provide the practical framework upon which to formulate rations for cattle grazing low-quality forages.

Prediction of crude protein and neutral detergent fibre concentration in residues of in situ ruminal degradation of pasture samples by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 1504 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Keim ◽  
H. Charles ◽  
D. Alomar
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Insufficient Amount ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Animal Feedstuffs

An important constraint of in situ degradability studies is the need to analyse a high number of samples and often with insufficient amount of residue, especially after the longer incubations of high-quality forages, that impede the study of more than one nutritional component. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been established as a reliable method for predicting composition of many entities, including forages and other animal feedstuffs. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of NIRS for predicting the crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentration in rumen incubation residues of permanent and sown temperate pastures in a vegetative stage. In situ residues (n = 236) from four swards were scanned for their visible-NIR spectra and analysed for CP and NDF. Selected equations developed by partial least-squares multivariate regression presented high coefficients of determination (CP = 0.99, NDF = 0.95) and low standard errors (CP = 4.17 g/kg, NDF = 7.91 g/kg) in cross-validation. These errors compare favourably to the average concentrations of CP and NDF (146.5 and 711.2 g/kg, respectively) and represent a low fraction of their standard deviation (CP = 38.2 g/kg, NDF = 34.4 g/kg). An external validation was not as successful, with R2 of 0.83 and 0.82 and a standard error of prediction of 14.8 and 15.2 g/kg, for CP and NDF, respectively. It is concluded that NIRS has the potential to predict CP and NDF of in situ incubation residues of leafy pastures typical of humid temperate zones, but more robust calibrations should be developed.

Prediction of crude protein content in field peas using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Arganosa ◽  
T. D. Warkentin ◽  
V. J. Racz ◽  
S. Blade ◽  
C. Phillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Spectroscopic Method ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

A rapid, near-infrared spectroscopic method to predict the crude protein contents of 72 field pea lines grown in Saskatchewan, both whole seeds and ground samples, was established. Correlation coefficients between the laboratory and predicted values were 0.938 and 0.952 for whole seed and ground seed, respectively. Both methods developed are adequate to support our field pea breeding programme. Key words: Field pea, near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy, crude protein

EVALUATION OF NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY FOR PREDICTING FORAGE QUALITY IN TIMOTHY

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SURPRENANT ◽  
R. MICHAUD
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Wavelength Selection ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Laboratory Procedures ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is a newly attractive technology introduced for the analysis of agricultural products and for which new instruments have been developed. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the capabilities of the Technicon InfraAlyzer 500 (I/A-500), a scanner monochromator type instrument, with regard to its potential utilization in the breeding of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) for higher nutritional qualities. Special features of this instrument were also used to further assess its capacities once the wavelengths were deliberately reduced and set to make the I/A-500 comparable to a 19 wavelength filter instrument such as typically found in a Technicon I/A-400R model. The investigation was performed using a total of 120 timothy samples collected from spaced plant nurseries in 1982 and 1984 and analyzed for acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), digestibility (DMM), water solubility (WS), water retention (WR) and packed volume (PV) in the laboratory. The equations developed with the I/A-500 had R2 and r2 larger than 0.85 for ADF, NDF, CP, DDM and WS in both 1982, and 1984, and combined 1982–1984 with the exception of DDM and WS in 1982 that had r2 of 0.76. The lower R2 and r2 obtained for WR and PV were attributed to poor laboratory procedures. The standard errors of calibration of ADF, NDF, CP and DDM were all as good or better than those previously reported, with other cool season grasses. The equations developed by using only the 19 wavelengths typically found in an I/A-400R provided R2 standard errors of calibration, r2 and standard error of analysis which were quite similar to those obtained with the I/A-500. Thus, we concluded that both the unrestricted wavelength selection of the I/A-500 and the restricted wavelength selection available in an I/A-400R would be adequate to evaluate forage quality in timothy. In this experiment, the main limitations appeared to have been related to the precision of the laboratory procedures and to the lack of variation in the populations under evaluation. As a general guideline to evaluate these two factors, it is proposed to use the ratio of the standard deviation of the population over the standard deviation of the laboratory procedure. In our experimentation a ratio larger than 5.0 appeared suitable to obtain adequate calibrations.Key words: Fiber, crude protein, digestibility, forage physical properties, Phleum pratense L.

scholarly journals Comparison of Spectral Reflectance-Based Smart Farming Tools and a Conventional Approach to Determine Herbage Mass and Grass Quality on Farm

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3256
Author(s):  
Leonie Hart ◽  
Olivier Huguenin-Elie ◽  
Roy Latsch ◽  
Michael Simmler ◽  
Sébastien Dubois ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Conventional Approach ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Harvest Scheduling ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Smart Farming

The analysis of multispectral imagery (MSI) acquired by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and mobile near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) used on-site has become increasingly promising for timely assessments of grassland to support farm management. However, a major challenge of these methods is their calibration, given the large spatiotemporal variability of grassland. This study evaluated the performance of two smart farming tools in determining fresh herbage mass and grass quality (dry matter, crude protein, and structural carbohydrates): an analysis model for MSI (GrassQ) and a portable on-site NIRS (HarvestLabTM 3000). We compared them to conventional look-up tables used by farmers. Surveys were undertaken on 18 multi-species grasslands located on six farms in Switzerland throughout the vegetation period in 2018. The sampled plots represented two phenological growth stages, corresponding to an age of two weeks and four to six weeks, respectively. We found that neither the performance of the smart farming tools nor the performance of the conventional approach were satisfactory for use on multi-species grasslands. The MSI-model performed poorly, with relative errors of 99.7% and 33.2% of the laboratory analyses for herbage mass and crude protein, respectively. The errors of the MSI-model were indicated to be mainly caused by grassland and environmental characteristics that differ from the relatively narrow Irish calibration dataset. The On-site NIRS showed comparable performance to the conventional Look-up Tables in determining crude protein and structural carbohydrates (error ≤ 22.2%). However, we identified that the On-site NIRS determined undried herbage quality with a systematic and correctable error. After corrections, its performance was better than the conventional approach, indicating a great potential of the On-site NIRS for decision support on grazing and harvest scheduling.

Reducing calcium and phosphorus in crossbred beef cattle diets: impacts on productive performance during the growing and finishing phase

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 1643 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. F. Prados ◽  
S. C. Valadares Filho ◽  
S. A. Santos ◽  
D. Zanetti ◽  
A. N. Nunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Daily Gain

Forty 3/4 Bos indicus × 1/4 Bos taurus bulls (initial bodyweight = 214 ± 4 kg; 11 ± 0.2 months) were used in the study. Four bulls were slaughtered as reference and the other 36 bulls were allowed ad libitum consumption of treatment diets following a completely randomised 3 × 3 factorial design. The design included three diet concentrations of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P): standard, 50% of standard, and 75% of standard and three periods of feedlot confinement: 8, 16, and 24 weeks with four bulls per treatment combination. The diets were isonitrogenous and consisted of 60 : 40 corn silage to concentrate. Dry matter intake, crude protein, ether extract, organic matter, non-fibrous carbohydrates, Ca, and P, expressed as kg/day, were greater (P < 0.05) for bulls confined for longer periods. Nutrient digestibility and average daily gain was not affected (P > 0.05) by Ca and P concentration of diet or by feedlot phase. Dressing were decreased (P < 0.05) for bulls that remained in confinement for a shorter period. The daily maintenance requirements of Ca and P were 13.66 and 21.51 mg/kg empty bodyweight, respectively, and the absorption coefficients of Ca and P were 0.70 and 0.67, respectively. We concluded that for crossbred cattle in the feedlot, dietary levels of Ca and P recommended by BR-CORTE (2010), NRC (2000), and AFRC (1991) could be reduced by 62%, 66%, and 57%, respectively, for Ca and by 14%, 15%, and 43%, respectively, for P with significant savings in costs. This study shows that Ca and P can be reduced to 1.8 and 2.2 g/kg DM respectively, in the diets for crossbred cattle in feedlot.

Faecal Indices Based on near Infrared Spectroscopy to Assess Intake, in vivo Digestibility and Chemical Composition of the Herbage Ingested by Sheep (Crude Protein, Fibres and Lignin Content)

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fanchone ◽  
M. Boval ◽  
Ph. Lecomte ◽  
H. Archimède
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Faecal Samples

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of faecal indices based on near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to assess chemical composition and functional properties (intake and in vivo digestibility) of fresh grass ingested by sheep. Reference data and faecal spectra were obtained from a pen experiment with 12 ewes individually housed and fed fresh Digitaria decumbens at varying stages of re-growth (14–63 days) during a period of 49 days. The amount of herbage offered, refused and faecal excretion were measured per ewe daily. Organic matter (OM) content, crude protein (CP) content, neutral and acid detergent fibre (NDF, ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) content were dosed in offered, refused and faecal samples. OM digestibility (OMD), intake (OMI) and chemical composition of the herbage ingested (OMi, CPi, NDFi, ADFi, ADLi, % dry matter) were calculated per ewe and per seven days. Faecal samples were bulked within each seven days of measurement period, per ewe. Eighty four dried and milled faecal samples were scanned using a monochromator. Faecal spectra were used to calibrate and cross-validate equations for predicting the various parameters using the modified partial least square (MPLS) procedure. For the CP content of the herbage really ingested (CPi), derived standard error of cross-validation ( SECV) and cross-validation R2 ( R2cv) were 0.61% and 0.98. For NDFi, ADFi and ADLi, the values of SEC-V and R2 cv were, respectively, 1.64% and 0.45, 0.78% and 0.91 and 0.34% and 0.77. For OMD, the values of SECV and R2 cv were 2.02% and 0.77, whereas lower calibrations statistics were obtained for OMI (11.04 g kg BW–0.75 and 0.45). These values confirmed the potential of NIR Spectra of faeces as a technology for reliably predicting the in vivo digestibility and chemical quality of herbage really ingested and estimating the herbage intake by small ruminants.

Assessing the effect of ingredients variability on the composition of the final complete feed for swine

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lluís Fabà ◽  
David Solà-Oriol ◽  
Aitor Balfagon ◽  
Jaume Coma ◽  
Josep Gasa
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Diet Formulation ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Ingredient Composition ◽  
Fattening Pigs ◽  
Theoretical Procedure

To characterize the variability of 11 feed ingredients and their impact on the final feed, 728 ingredient samples were collected during 5 months in a feed-plant and were analyzed by near-infrared spectrophotometry (NIRS). Six diets for fattening pigs and gestating sows were formulated using regional information of ingredient chemical composition (reference): LIM, limited; EU, common European; and MULT, multi-ingredient; respectively, including 5, 7, and 10 ingredients. The formulas were replicated 15 times using actual chemical composition (NIRS) from three samples per ingredient and month. This theoretical procedure was validated through small-scale manufacturing 30 LIM-diets, which samples were proximal (PA) and NIRS analyzed for dry matter and crude protein (CP) contents. Those mixtures were also PA analyzed. The ingredients showed coefficient of variation (CV %) higher for crude fiber (CF) (2.6%–18.3%) than CP (2.0%–9.3%). Comparing all diets for all chemical components, variability was reduced when including more ingredients from 0.5%–5.5% to 0.3%–2.6% CV. In most cases, the actual chemical composition of the diets underestimated their reference formula (1.3%–10.8%, CP and CF). A deviation from the targeted diet occurs if variability is not regarded. Therefore, a proper method to predict ingredient composition and nutritional value before use may increase the accuracy of diet formulation between 2% and 10%.

Sampling requirements for predicting cattle diet quality using faecal near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (F.NIRS) in heterogeneous tropical rangeland pastures

2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 435 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. White ◽  
L. P. Hunt ◽  
D. P. Poppi ◽  
S. R. Petty
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Collection Method

Faecal near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (F.NIRS) provides predictive information on cattle diets and nutritional levels, useful for livestock management or for research purposes. Potential errors exist throughout the entire F.NIRS process, including the collection method. The accepted collection method involves aggregating equal amounts of faecal material from 5 to 15 animals, mixing and removing a single sample for analysis. The adequacy of this method was tested by collecting and analysing up to 70 samples from individual cattle in different paddocks. Two methods were used to determine sample size based on observed variability in dietary attributes. Variability of dietary non-grass material and crude protein content increased with paddock size, so required sample size also increased. For dietary F.NIRS predictions to be used for research, our results suggest from 20 to 51 samples are needed in small to large paddocks to accurately predict the proportion of dietary non-grass material, from 12 to 50 samples for crude protein content and from 6 to 34 samples for dry matter digestibility. Composite samples from 15 cattle provided representative means in less than 50% of the situations investigated using biologically significant precision levels, but would be adequate for management of animal nutrition. Analysis of individual samples provided additional measures of range and variability which were also informative.

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