scholarly journals Effects of abomasally infused amylase and increasing amounts of corn starch on fecal excretion of starch, total and microbial nitrogen, and volatile fatty acids in heifers1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 3984-3993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Robbers ◽  
Edwin Westreicher-Kristen ◽  
Arnulf Troescher ◽  
Andreas Susenbeth
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Constant Proportion ◽  
Microbial N

Abstract The aim of the present study was to study the effect of exogenous amylase on postruminal disappearance of increasing amounts of corn starch being infused into the abomasum of heifers, and to detect a possible limitation of starch digestion in the small intestine. Four rumen-fistulated heifers (2 German Black Pied and 2 Jersey × German Black Pied) with an initial BW of 565 ± 6 kg were fed 5.6 kg DM/d of a diet targeted to contain only a negligible amount of starch. Animals were assigned randomly to a crossover trial with 2 experimental periods lasting 35 d each with 10 d of diet adaption followed by 25 d of sample collection. During the sampling period, each animal was abomasally infused with native corn starch at 5 levels (953, 1,213, 1,425, 1,733, and 1,993 g DM/d) each for a 5-d period with and without exogenous amylase, respectively. At days 6 to 10 the heifers received an abomasal infusion of starch in amounts of 724 g/d. Feces were sampled 4 times a day during the collection periods. Titanium dioxide was ruminally administered (10 g/d) to estimate fecal excretion. Purine bases in feces were determined and used as a marker for microbial N excretion. Fecal excretion of microbial N increased linearly with increasing level of starch infusion (P < 0.001), indicating a constant proportion of the infused starch being fermented in the hindgut. In contrast, the apparent digestibility of starch from the total postruminal tract decreased linearly from 90% to 80% (P < 0.001) when the intestinal starch supply increased from 1 to 2 kg/d. There is strong evidence based on the increasing starch excretion with feces and the indication of a constant proportion of infused starch being fermented in the hindgut for a decreasing efficiency of starch digestion in the small intestine with increasing intestinal supply. Amylase administration increased fecal excretion of butyrate (P = 0.04) and tended to increase isovalerate excretion (P = 0.06). However, amylase did not affect fecal excretion of microbial N or starch, suggesting that pancreatic amylase activity may not be the primarily limiting factor of postruminal starch digestion in heifers when corn starch is abomasally infused in amounts up to 2 kg/d.

EFFECTS OF NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID ON APPARENT ABSORPTION AND DUODENAL FLOW OF MANGANESE, IRON, ZINC AND COPPER IN SHEEP

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. IVAN ◽  
M. HIDIROGLOU ◽  
M. IHNAT
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrilotriacetic Acid ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Apparent Absorption ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
Pelleted Diet

A latin square design was used with four sheep, each equipped with a rumen fistula and re-entrant cannula in the proximal duodenum. The four treatments were intraruminal dosings with different amounts (0, 450, 900 and 1800 mg/day) of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA). The sheep were fed a pelleted diet with excessive concentrations of manganese, iron, zinc and copper. Fecal excretion of iron and zinc increased, and apparent absorption decreased, with increasing dose of NTA. However, only the differences between means for zinc were statistically significant. Fecal excretion and apparent absorption of manganese and copper were not affected by NTA. Flow of soluble iron through the duodenum increased with increasing dose of NTA. There was no effect of NTA on concentrations of manganese, iron, zinc and copper in the rumen bacteria or on microbial activity in the rumen as measured by the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the rumen and by flow of nitrogen into the small intestine.

scholarly journals The importance of the form of nitrogen on microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of cattle receiving grass silage and continuous intrarumen infusions of sucrose

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Rooke ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Synthetic Fibre ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Microbial N

1. In a 4x4 Latin square design experiment, four cattle were given grass silage in two meals per d to satisfy maintenance energy requirements. In addition, sucrose (170 g/kg silage dry matter (DM)) was infused intraruminally at a constant rate with no nitrogen supplementation; with the infusion intraruminally of either casein (23 g/kg silage DM) or urea (8 g/kg silage DM); or with soya-bean meal (64 g/kg silage DM) fed in two equal portions.2. Samples of duodenal digesta representative of a 24 h period were obtained using chromium-EDTA and ytterbium acetate for flow estimation and35S as a marker of microbial N entering the small intestine. Samples of rumen fluid were also taken for estimation of rumen pH and concentrations of ammonia-N and volatile fatty acids. Estimates of apparent organic matter (OM) and N digestibility and of the rates of silage DM and N disappearance from porous synthetic-fibre bags incubated in the rumen were also made.3. The N supplements had no significant effects on rumen pH, concentrations of volatile fatty acids, their molar proportions or the disappearance of DM or N from porous synthetic-fibre bags. N supplementation increased rumen ammonia-N concentrations (urea,P< 0.05; casein, soya-bean meal, not significant).4. N supplementation had no significant effects on the digestion of OM, acid-detergent fibre or soluble carbohydrate.5. Infusion of casein increased the quantities of total non-ammonia-N (not significant) and microbial N (P< 0.05) entering the small intestine daily and the efficiency of rumen microbial N synthesis (not significant). Giving soya-bean meal twice daily resulted in marginal increases in the quantities of non-ammonia-N and microbial N entering the small intestine, while infusing urea intraruminally had no effect.

The digestion of barley-based diets by cattle: the effect of feeding of three diets containing different amounts of formaldehyde-treated soybean meal

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 809
Author(s):  
JA Lindsay ◽  
HL Davies ◽  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Small Intestines ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding ◽  
Microbial N

Six growing cattle, with intestinal fistulae, were fed on barley-based diets to which were added increments of formaldehyde-treated soybean meal; the latter was substituted for whole-grain barley. The digestion of organic matter (OM), �-linked glucose polymer (starch), nitrogen (N) and rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) were measured at a restricted level of intake. The cattle were offered air-dried feed at 3.4 kg per head daily, or approximately ad libitum (i.e. 4.2 kg air-dried feed per head per day). The three diets contained 19.7, 27.8 or 42.9 g nitrogen (N) per kg and were fed in a Latin-square design. When the feed was offered ad libitum there was a significant increase in OM digestibility, from 78% on the lowest N diet to 84% on the highest N diet. Relatively large quantities of starch (140-477 g/day) entered and were apparently digested in the small intestine, especially on the 19.7 g N/kg dry matter (the highest starch diet) on ad libitum feeding. The molar proportions of VFA in rumen liquor largely reflected the amount of starch which was fermented in the rumen. The digestion of nitrogen was characterized by a net gain in flow to the duodenum compared with intake. There was a significant increase in the amount of N apparently digested in the small intestines on the 42.9 g N/kg dry matter diet. The proportion of microbial N at the duodenum declined as more formaldehyde-treated soybean meal was added to the diet. Compared with that of the lowest N diet, the amount of amino acids entering and being apparently digested in the small intestines doubled in the highest N diet, and the concentrations of plasma-free amino acids reflected this. The feed intake comparison indicated that differences in interpretations of digestion studies were likely if animals were fed solely at restricted intakes. The main discrepancies were in OM digestibility, starch digestion in the small intestine, the proportion of microbial N flow at the duodenum and in the estimation of amino acid absorption and requirement.

scholarly journals The effects of intraruminal infusions of urea, casein, glucose syrup and a mixture of casein and glucose syrup on nitrogen digestion in the rumen of cattle receiving grass-silage diets

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Rooke ◽  
N. H. Lee ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Glucose Syrup ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Microbial N

1. In an incomplete 5 x 5 Latin square experiment, four cattle were given grass silage in two meals per d to satisfy 1.15 maintenance energy requirements. In addition, water or casein (21 g nitrogen and 0.17 kg organic matter (OM)/d) or urea (U; 28 g N/d) or a glucose syrup (G; 0.87 kg OM/d) or casein and glucose syrup (CG; 17 g N and 0.93 kg OM/d) were infused intraruminally at a constant rate.2. A 24 h collection of duodenal digesta was made using chromic oxide for flow estimation and 35S as a marker of microbial N entering the small intestine. Samples of rumen fluid were also taken for estimation of rumen pH, and concentrations of ammonia-N and volatile fatty acids.3. The intraruminal infusions had no significant effects on rumen pH, concentrations of volatile fatty acids or their molar proportions. Infusion of either C or U significantly (P < 0.05) increased rumen NH3-N concentrations whereas infusions of either G or CG lowered rumen NH3-N concentrations.4. Infusions of C or U had no significant effect on the quantities of OM, acid-detergent fibre (ADF) or N constituents which entered the small intestine.5. Infusions of G or CG increased the quantities of OM (G P < 0.05, CG P < 0.01), ADF (CG P < 0.05), non-NH3-N (G P < 0.05, CG P < 0.01), amino acid N (G P < 0.05, CG P < 0.01) and microbial N (G P < 0.05, CG P < 0.01) which entered the small intestine.6. The efficiency of rumen microbial N synthesis was unchanged by the infusion of C, U or G (P > 0.05) but increased significantly (P < 0.05) when CG were infused.

Cereal grain digestion by selected strains of ruminal fungi

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
Y. Dong ◽  
L. J. Yanke ◽  
H. D. Bae ◽  
K.-J. Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corn Starch ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Protein Matrix ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Neocallimastix Patriciarum ◽  
Grain Starch

The ruminal fungi Orpinomyces joyonii strain 19-2, Neocallimastix patriciarum strain 27, and Piromyces communis strain 22 were examined for their ability to digest cereal starch. All strains digested corn starch more readily than barley or wheat starch. Orpinomyces joyonii 19-2 exhibited the greatest propensity to digest starch in wheat and barley, whereas the digestion of these starches by N. patriciarum 27 and P. communis 22 was limited. Media ammonia concentrations were lower when fungal growth was evident, suggesting that all strains assimilate ammonia. Fungi formed extensive rhizoidal systems on the endosperm of corn, but O. joyonii 19-2 was the only strain to form such systems on the endosperm of wheat and barley. All strains penetrated the protein matrix of corn but did not penetrate starch granules. Starch granules from all three cereals were pitted, evidence of extensive digestion by extracellular amylases produced by O. joyonii 19-2. Similar pitting was observed on the surface of corn starch granules digested by N. patriciarum 27 and P. communis 22, but not on wheat and barley starch granules. The ability of ruminal fungi to digest cereal grains depends on both the strain of fungus and the type of grain. The extent to which fungi digest cereal grain in the rumen remains to be determined.Key words: ruminal fungi, cereal grain, starch digestion, ruminant.

Application of a dynamic mechanistic model of small intestinal starch digestion in the dairy cow

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 104-104
Author(s):  
J. A. N. Mills ◽  
E. Kebreab ◽  
L. A. Crompton ◽  
J. Dijkstra ◽  
J. France
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Biological Knowledge ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
High Contribution ◽  
Small Intestinal

The high contribution of postruminal starch digestion (>50%) to total tract starch digestion on certain energy dense diets (Mills et al. 1999) demands that limitations to small intestinal starch digestion are identified. Therefore, a dynamic mechanistic model of the small intestine was constructed and evaluated against published experimental data for abomasal carbohydrate infusions in the dairy cow. The mechanistic structure of the model allowed the current biological knowledge to be integrated into a system capable of identifying restrictions to dietary energy recovery from postruminal starch delivery.

scholarly journals USE OF FORMALDEHYDE TO REGULATE DIGESTION OF BARLEY STARCH

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 581-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. McALLISTER ◽  
K.-J. CHENG ◽  
L. M. RODE ◽  
J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Endosperm Cell ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Protein Matrix ◽  
Fermentation Efficiency ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Anaerobic Media

This study was conducted to determine the effect of formaldehyde treatment of barley on the rate of microbial starch digestion. Ground barley was left untreated (UB) or treated with 0.5% formaldehyde (TB) and incubated in vials with an inoculum consisting of a homogenate of rumen contents and Bryant's anaerobic media (1:1). Separate vials were analyzed for starch, ammonia, pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA) after 0, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 h. The digestion of starch was lower (P < 0.05) in TB than in UB between 4 and 24 h. Accumulation of NH3 was lower and pH was higher in TB vials (P < 0.05) than in UB vials. VFA production and fermentation efficiency were lower (P < 0.05) in TB than in UB. Formaldehyde treatment of barley reduced (P < 0.05) the production of propionate and enhanced (P < 0.05) the production of butyrate in comparison with UB. Examination by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the initial colonization of TB was inhibited in comparison with that of UB. The distinct shape of the endosperm cells of TB (12 h) were readily recognizable, but the endosperm cells of UB (12 h) were not readily distinguishable. SEM of TB (24 h) showed that the protein matrix of the endosperm cell is resistant to microbial digestion. The formaldehyde-induced reduction in starch digestion appears to result from the protein matrix inhibiting the access of bacteria to underlying starch granules. Key words: Starch, rumen bacteria, formaldehyde, barley

Total nutrient digestibility and small intestine starch digestion in Nellore and Angus young bulls fed a whole shelled corn diet

2018 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Rodolfo R. Carvalho ◽  
Jon P. Schoonmaker ◽  
Mario L. Chizzotti ◽  
Priscilla D. Teixeira ◽  
Julio Cesar O. Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Starch Digestion

scholarly journals The effect of protein- and non-protein-nitrogen supplements to maize silage on total amino acid supply in young cattle

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Cottrill ◽  
D. E. Beever ◽  
A. R. Austin ◽  
D. F. Osbourn
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial N

1. A total of six diets based on maize silage were formulated to examine the effect of protein- and non-protein-nitrogen, and energy supplementation on the flow of amino acids to the small intestine and the synthesis of microbial amino acids in the rumen of growing cattle. All diets contained 24 g totai nitrogen (N)/kg dry matter (DM), of which 550 g N/kg total N was supplied by either urea or fish meal. Four diets contained low levels of barley (estimated total dietary metabolizable energy content of 10·4 M J/kgDM) and urea-N and fish meal-N were supplied in the ratios 3:1, 1·4:1, 0·6:1 and 0·3:1. The other two diets contained between 300 and 400 g barley/kg total diet (11·3 MJ metabolizable energy/kg DM) and the urea-N to fish meal-N ratios were 3:1 and 0·3:1.2. On the four low-energy diets, fish meal inclusion tended to reduce the extent of organic matter (OM) digestion in the rumen but significantly increased duodenal amino acid supply (P< 0·05) in a quadratic manner. Microbial-N synthesis was increased by the two intermediate levels of fish meal supplementation but declined at the highest level of inclusion. With increasing levels of fish meal inclusion, a greater proportion of the dietary protein was found to escape rumen degradation and the apparent degradabilities of fish meal and maize-silage protein of all four diets were estimated to be 0·22 and 0·73 respectively.3. The substitution of barley for part of the maize silage enhanced duodenal supply of amino acids, irrespective of the form of the N supplement, and stimulated microbial amino acid synthesis. For all diets efficiency of microbial-N synthesis was found to vary between 22·5 and 46 g N/kg rumen-digested OM. Contrary to what was found for low-energy diets, the inclusion of fish meal tended to reduce the flow of dietary protein to the small intestine, but these differences were not statistically significant.4. The results appertaining to microbial synthesis, dietary protein degradabilities and duodenal amino acid flow for all diets are discussed in relation to the Agricultural Research Council (1980) proposals for the protein requirements of ruminants, and the production responses observed when similar diets were fed to growing cattle.

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