scholarly journals Midwakh: Assessment of Levels of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nicotine in Dokha Tobacco Smoke

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatin Samara ◽  
Isra Arshad Alam ◽  
Yehya ElSayed
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Chewing Tobacco ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Abstract Midwakh, originated in the Middle East, has started to spread globally with different brands commercialized online and in local stores across Europe and the USA. Dokha is the tobacco used in midwakh. To this day, risk of midwakh smoking is poorly understood. Three different types of dokha were evaluated in this study, classified as cold, medium, and hot using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The concentrations of nicotine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in raw and smoked dokha samples were measured, and the results were compared to data in the literature on different types of tobacco products. PAH concentrations were used to estimate the toxic equivalency quotient, daily exposures, incremental lifetime cancer risk, and hazard quotient. The level of nicotine in raw dokha exceeded by far the levels reported in cigarettes, cigar, waterpipe, and chewing tobacco. Although only a portion of the nicotine is released into the smoke, the amount of nicotine in dokha smoke exceeded those reported for cigarettes. Two PAHs were found in raw dokha at trace amounts and 12 PAHs were detected in dokha smoke in amounts that exceeded those reported for cigarette smoke. The PAHs distribution showed a specific pattern in the smoke and a higher risk factor than that obtained for cigarettes and other tobacco products. Dokha products present a potential higher risk and immediate action should be taken to avoid its global consumption.

scholarly journals Potential Risks of PM2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals from Inland and Marine Directions for a Marine Background Site in North China

Toxics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Qianqian Xue ◽  
Yingze Tian ◽  
Xinyi Liu ◽  
Xiaojun Wang ◽  
Bo Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
North China ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Diagnostic Ratios ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Ambient PM2.5-bound ions, OC, EC, heavy metals (HMs), 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 7 hopanes, and 29 n-alkanes were detected at Tuoji Island (TI), the only marine background atmospheric monitoring station in North China. The annual PM2.5 average concentration was 47 ± 31 μg m−3, and the average concentrations of the compositions in PM2.5 were higher in cold seasons than in warm seasons. The cancer and non-cancer risks of HMs and PAHs in cold seasons were also higher than in warm seasons. BaP, Ni, and As dominated the ∑HQ (hazard quotient) in cold seasons, while the non-carcinogenic risk in warm seasons was mainly dominated by Ni, Mn, and As. The ILCR (incremental lifetime cancer risk) values associated with Cr and As were higher in the cold season, while ILCR-Ni values were higher in the warm season. The backward trajectory was calculated to identify the potential directions of air mass at TI. Through the diagnostic ratios of organic and inorganic tracers, the sources of particulate matter in different directions were judged. It was found that ship emissions and sea salt were the main sources from marine directions, while coal combustion, vehicles emissions, industrial process, and secondary aerosols were the main source categories for inland directions. In addition, potential HM and PAH risks from inland and marine directions were explored. The non-cancerous effects of TI were mainly affected by inland transport, especially from the southeast, northwest, and west-northwest. The cancerous effects of TI were mainly simultaneously affected by the inland direction and marine direction of transport.

scholarly journals Classroom Dust-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Jeddah Primary Schools, Saudi Arabia: Level, Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2779
Author(s):  
Mansour A. Alghamdi ◽  
Salwa K. Hassan ◽  
Noura A. Alzahrani ◽  
Marwan Y. Al Sharif ◽  
Mamdouh I. Khoder
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Urban Schools ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Residential Schools ◽  
Suburban Schools ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Data concerning polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Jeddah’s schools, Saudi Arabia, and their implications for health risks to children, is scarce. Classroom air conditioner filter dusts were collected from primary schools in urban, suburban and residential areas of Jeddah. This study aimed to assess the characteristics of classroom-dust-bound PAHs and the health risks to children of PAH exposure. Average PAH concentrations were higher in urban schools than suburban and residential schools. Benzo (b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(ghi)perylene (BGP), chrysene (CRY) and Dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA) at urban and suburban schools and BbF, BGP, fluoranthene (FLT) and indeno (1, 2, 3, −cd)pyrene (IND) at residential schools were the dominant compounds in classroom dust. PAHs with five aromatic rings were the most abundant at all schools. The relative contribution of the individual PAH compounds to total PAH concentrations in the classroom dusts of schools indicate that the study areas do share a common source, vehicle emissions. Based on diagnostic ratios of PAHs, they are emitted from local pyrogenic sources, and traffic is the significant PAH source, with more significant contributions from gasoline-fueled than from diesel cars. Based on benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPequi) calculations, total carcinogenic activity (TCA) for total PAHs represent 21.59% (urban schools), 20.99% (suburban schools), and 18.88% (residential schools) of total PAH concentrations. DBA and BaP were the most dominant compounds contributing to the TCA, suggesting the importance of BaP and DBA as surrogate compounds for PAHs in this schools. Based on incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCingestion, ILCRinhalation, ILCRdermal) and total lifetime cancer risk (TLCR)) calculations, the order of cancer risk was: urban schools > suburban schools > residential schools. Both ingestion and dermal contact are major contributors to cancer risk. Among PAHs, DBA, BaP, BbF, benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), and IND have the highest ILCR values at all schools. LCR and TLCR values at all schools were lower than 10−6, indicating virtual safety. DBA, BaP and BbF were the predominant contributors to cancer effects in all schools.

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