scholarly journals Morphology and reproduction in the Hapalocarcinus marsupialis Stimpson, 1859 species complex (Decapoda: Brachyura: Cryptochiridae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Bähr ◽  
Magnus L Johnson ◽  
Michael L Berumen ◽  
Royale S Hardenstine ◽  
Walter A Rich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Complex ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Morphometric Traits ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Host Genus ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
Putative Species

Abstract Symbiotic relationships contribute considerably to the high biodiversity found on coral reefs. Coral-dwelling gall crabs (Cryptochiridae) represent a prime example of coral-associated invertebrates that exhibit obligate relationships with their host. The induction of a skeletal modification in the coral, used as a dwelling by the crab, is the most remarkable aspect of this close association. Here we examined Hapalocarcinus marsupialisStimpson, 1859, collected from Pocillopora and Stylophora corals in the Saudi Arabian Red Sea. Specimens were DNA barcoded, and five distinct clades were revealed, providing further evidence for the hypothesis that H. marsupialis is a species complex. Divergence (COI) between the clades ranged from 3.2 to 15.7%. The putative species were tested for differences in morphology and reproduction. Crabs were examined regarding morphometric characters (carapace length and width, pleon (abdomen), chelae, and growth patterns) and reproductive traits. The data were pooled and analysed by host genus and putative species, which revealed significant differences for most of the measured variables in female crabs. Specimens retrieved from Pocillopora were significantly larger (up to 49 %) and had higher fecundity than those inhabiting Stylophora. For reproductive output (RO) no differences at species- or host-genus level were detected. The average RO of ~70% over all specimens is high compared to other brachyurans, supporting the assumption that symbiotic brachyurans invest more energy in reproduction than their free-living counterparts. Discrepancies with published data on growth and reproduction of Hapalocarcinus are discussed. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of morphometric traits and fecundity in separating the clades in the H. marsupialis complex, and prepare the ground for further morphometric studies on the genus and other symbiotic brachyurans. Moreover, it highlights the need to check for the presence of cryptic species when studying aspects of the biology of a species.

Heteroplasmy due to coexistence of mtCOI haplotypes from different lineages of theThrips tabacicryptic species group

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.J. Gawande ◽  
S. Anandhan ◽  
A.A. Ingle ◽  
Alana Jacobson ◽  
R. Asokan
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Thrips Tabaci ◽  
Mitochondrial Cytochrome ◽  
Quantitative Real Time Pcr ◽  
Putative Species

AbstractHeteroplasmy is the existence of multiple mitochondrial DNA haplotypes within the cell. Although the number of reports of heteroplasmy is increasing for arthropods, the occurrence, number of variants, and origins are not well studied. In this research, the occurrence of heteroplasmy was investigated inThrips tabaci, a putative species complex whose lineages can be distinguished by their mitochondrial DNA haplotypes. The results from this study showed that heteroplasmy was due to the occurrence of mitochondrial cytochrome oxydase I (mtCOI) haplotypes from two differentT. tabacilineages. An assay using flow cytometry and quantitative real-time PCR was then used to quantify the per cell copy number of the two mtCOI haplotypes present in individuals exhibiting heteroplasmy from nine geographically distant populations in India. All of theT. tabaciindividuals in this study were found to exhibit heteroplasmy, and in every individual the per cell copy number of mtCOI from lineage 3 comprised 75–98% of the haplotypes detected and was variable among individuals tested. There was no evidence to suggest that the presense of lineage-specific haplotypes was due to nuclear introgression; however, further studies are needed to investigate nuclear introgression and paternal leakage during rare interbreeding between individuals from lineages 2 and 3.

scholarly journals Museum Genomics Illuminate the High Specificity of a Bioluminescent Symbiosis for a Genus of Reef Fish

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison L. Gould ◽  
Allison Fritts-Penniman ◽  
Ana Gaisiner
Keyword(s):  
High Specificity ◽  
Bacterial Symbiont ◽  
Light Organ ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Host Genus ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
Luminous Bacteria ◽  
Formalin Fixed

Symbiotic relationships between bioluminescent bacteria and fishes have evolved multiple times across hundreds of fish taxa, but relatively little is known about the specificity of these associations and how stable they are over host generations. This study describes the degree of specificity of a bioluminescent symbiosis between cardinalfishes in the genus Siphamia and luminous bacteria in the Vibrio family. Primarily using museum specimens, we investigated the codivergence of host and symbiont and test for patterns of divergence that correlate with both biogeography and time. Contrary to expectations, we determined that the light organ symbionts of all 14 Siphamia species examined belong to one genetic clade of Photobacterium mandapamensis (Clade II), indicating that the association is highly specific and conserved throughout the host genus. Thus, we did not find evidence of codivergence among hosts and symbionts. We did observe that symbionts hosted by individuals sampled from colder water regions were more divergent, containing more than three times as many single nucleotide polymorphisms than the rest of the symbionts examined. Overall, our findings indicate that the symbiosis between Siphamia fishes and P. mandapamensis Clade II has been highly conserved across host taxa and over a broad geographic range despite the facultative nature of the bacterial symbiont. We also present a new approach to simultaneously recover genetic information from a bacterial symbiont and its vertebrate host from formalin-fixed specimens, enhancing the utility of museum collections.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATIONS ON MESOPHOTIC CORAL ECOSYSTEMS IN CUBA (1970-1973) AND MEXICO (1983-1984)

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Vassil Zlatarski
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems ◽  
Trends Analysis ◽  
Collaborative Efforts ◽  
Existing Data

After a pioneering study of Jamaican coral reefs, the Cuban archipelago was the second to be surveyed by SCUBA for scleractinian corals and reef life to a depth of 90m, sampling all phenotypes.  Regrettably, the published data on the mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) of Cuba, collected 1970 to 1973, have been ignored.  This is also true for the published data on the MCEs of the Mexican Yucatán Peninsula, collected 1983 to 1984.  These two investigations described immense areas exhibiting a rich continuum of coral life, from shallow reefs into MCEs without scleractinian faunal break, and no depth-specialists species complex.  Instead, a morphological changeover of three-dimensional corallum into two-dimensional corallum was observed and documented.  The existing data on the Cuban and Mexican MCEs (now 45 and 34 years old, respectively) present a unique opportunity for long-term status and ecosystem trends analysis.  MCEs require terminological clarification from collaborative efforts to effectively use the globally available data.Investigaciones sobre ecosistemas coralinos mesofóticos en Cuba (1970-1973) y México (1983-1984)RESUMEN. Después de un estudio pionero en arrecifes de Jamaica sobre corales escleratinios y vida arrecifal, el archipiélago cubano fue el segundo que se estudió mediante buceo SCUBA a profundidades de hasta 90m, incluyendo muestras de todos los fenotipos. Infortunadamente, los datos publicados sobre ecosistemas coralinos mesofóticos (ECM), recabados entre 1970 y 1973 han sido soslayados, al igual que los datos publicados sobre los ECM de la Península de Yucatán, México, recabados entre 1983 y 1984.  Ambas investigaciones describen áreas inmensas que exhiben un rico continuo de vida coralina, desde arrecifes someros hasta ECM sin ruptura en la fauna escleratinia y sin complejos de especies especialistas de profundidad. En vez de esto, se observó y documentó un reemplazamiento de formas tridimensionales de corales por formas bidimensionales.  La información existente sobre ECM cubanos y mexicanos con antigüedades de 45 y 34 años, respectivamente ofrecen una oportunidad única para realizar análisis sobre estatus a largo plazo y tendencias de ecosistema.  Los ECM requieren aclaración terminológica de esfuerzos de colaboración para utilizar efectivamente los datos disponibles globalmente.

Resolving the Tetrastigma loheri s. l. Species Complex (Vitaceae) in the Philippines: No Evidence for Recognizing More than One Species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper John A. Obico ◽  
Julie F. Barcelona ◽  
Vincent Bonhomme ◽  
Marie Hale ◽  
Pieter B. Pelser
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Species Recognition ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Putative Species ◽  
Principal Coordinates ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Vegetative Characters

Tetrastigma loheri (Vitaceae) is a vine species native to Borneo and the Philippines. Because it is a commonly encountered forest species in the Philippines, T. loheri is potentially suitable for studying patterns of genetic diversity and connectivity among fragmented forestecosystems in various parts of this country. However, previous research suggests that T. loheri is part of a species complex in the Philippines (i.e. the T. loheri s. l. complex) that potentially also contains Philippine plants identified as T. diepenhorstii, T. philippinense, T. stenophyllum, andT. trifoliolatum. This uncertainty about its taxonomic delimitation can make it challenging to draw conclusions that are relevant to conservation from genetic studies using this species. Here, we tested the hypothesis that T. loheri s. l. is composed of more than one species in the Philippines.For this, we used generalized mixed Yule coalescent (GMYC) and Poisson tree process (PTP) species delimitation models to identify clades within DNA sequence phylogenies of T. loheri s. l. that might constitute species within this complex. Although these methods identified several putative species, these are statistically poorly supported and subsequent random forest analyses using a geometric morphometric leafshape dataset and several other vegetative characters did not result in the identification of characters that can be used to discriminate these putative species morphologically. Furthermore, the results of principal component and principal coordinates analyses of these data suggest the absence of morphological discontinuities within the species complex. Under a unified species concept that uses phylogenetic and morphological distinction as operational criteria for species recognition, we therefore conclude that the currently available data do not support recognizing multiple species in the T. loheri s. l. complex. This implies that T. loheri is best considered as a single, morphologically variable specieswhen used for studying patterns of genetic diversity and connectivity in the Philippines.

scholarly journals Growth Curve of Selectively Bred Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) Reared in Different Environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 585
Author(s):  
Rebeca Marcos ◽  
Ruy Alberto Caetano Corrêa Filho ◽  
Janessa Sampaio de Abreu ◽  
Guilherme Do Nascimento Seraphim ◽  
Ana Carla Carvalho Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Curve ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Morphometric Traits ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Colossoma Macropomum ◽  
Genotype Environment Interaction ◽  
The Family

The objective of this study was to obtain the growth curve of selectively bred tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) reared in different environments. The experiment was carried out in the municipalities of Santo Antônio de Leverger (Mato Grosso – MT) and Campo Grande (Mato Grosso do Sul – MS), Brazil, over 431 days. Weight and morphometric traits of two families (A and B) from the second generation of selective breeding (G2) were measured every 30-45 days. The Gompertz regression model was used to obtain the growth curves. The production performance of both families and the interaction between families and locations (genotype × environment) were evaluated by analysis of variance considering the family (A and B), location (MT and MS), family × location interaction and error as variation factors. The asymptotic value (parameter A) obtained for weight and morphometric traits (except head length) was higher (P<0.05) in MT (weight of families A and B: 2279.6 g) than in MS (weight of family A: 1400.0 g; weight of family B: 1600.0 g). Family B showed better production performance in MS. There was a genotype × environment interaction effect on weight, body length and standard length. The two families have distinct growth patterns in different production environments. Family B has better growth performance in the environment with lower temperatures (MS).

Reproductive incompatibility among genetic groups of Bemisia tabaci supports the proposition that the whitefly is a cryptic species complex

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Xu ◽  
P.J. De Barro ◽  
S.S. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Crossing Experiments ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Putative Species ◽  
Reproductive Incompatibility ◽  
Cryptic Species Complex

AbstractThe worldwide distribution and extensive genetic diversity of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci has long been recognized. However, whether B. tabaci is a complex species or a species complex has been a subject of debate. Recent phylogenetic analyses suggest that B. tabaci is a cryptic species complex composed of at least 24 morphologically indistinguishable species. Here, we conducted crossing experiments and demonstrated reproductive incompatibility among three of the 24 putative species. Our data and those of previously reported crossing experiments among various putative species of B. tabaci were collated to reveal the pattern of reproductive isolation. The combined results provide strong support to the proposition that B. tabaci is a cryptic species complex.

scholarly journals Niche-restriction and regional endemism driving facultative coevolutionary symbiosis --- Ecology and phylogeography of two new snapping shrimps associated with a gobiid fish

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Giraldes ◽  
Sonia Boughattas ◽  
Christoph Schubart ◽  
Jassim Al-Khayat ◽  
Aisha Al-Ashwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Niche Differentiation ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Symbiotic Interaction ◽  
Gobiid Fish ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
Snapping Shrimps ◽  
The Persian Gulf

Using ecological, taxonomic and phylogenetic approaches, we here describe geographically isolated symbiotic relationships between a gobiid fish and two misdescribed alpheid snapping shrimps. This was discovered in the southwestern province of the Persian Gulf, more specifically, in the harsh hyperarid intertidal zone separating the coastal ecosystem from the Middle East desert. Phylogenetic results based on the 16S rRNA gene indicate the existence of two new cryptic species within the Alpheus lobidens De Haan, 1849 species complex, described and named here as Alpheus qatari n. sp. and Alpheus arabicus n. sp. Furthermore, phylogeographic results suggest resurrection of Alpheus crassimanus Heller, 1865 within the same species complex. A phylogenetic comparison of the endemic Arabic goby Cryptocentroides arabicus (Gmelin, 1789) with some of its congeners confirms its presence along both sides of the Persian Gulf. Ecologically noteworthy is the facultative symbiotic interaction between this endemic Arabic goby with the two mentioned endemic alpheid shrimps within two distinct ecosystems. Therefore, we herewith report a case of exceptional symbiosis of a littoral fish species with two potential partners, niche-restricted to shallow intertidal zones, however, with niche differentiation defined by the adaptability of each associated shrimp species. Furthermore, the presence of the goby depends on suitable sediment needed for burrowing: either gravel in the periphery of coral reefs, or mud in the periphery of mangrove ecosystems. The corresponding ecology, taxonomic status and phylogeography are discussed with respect to the recorded facultative character of the symbiotic relationship.

scholarly journals STENOSTOMUM LEUCOPS DUGÈS, 1828 (PLATYHELMINTHES, CATENULIDA): A PUTATIVE SPECIES COMPLEX WITH PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (27) ◽  
pp. 375-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCOS T. ROSA ◽  
CAMILA. M. PEREIRA ◽  
GEOVANI. T. RAGAGNIN ◽  
ELGION. L.S. LORETO
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Putative Species

scholarly journals Linking karyotypes with DNA barcodes: proposal for a new standard in chromosomal analysis with an example based on the study of Neotropical Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera)

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir A. Lukhtanov ◽  
Yaroslavna Iashenkova
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Dna Barcode ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Chromosomal Data

Chromosomal data are important for taxonomists, cytogeneticists and evolutionary biologists; however, the value of these data decreases sharply if they are obtained for individuals with inaccurate species identification or unclear species identity. To avoid this problem, here we suggest linking each karyotyped sample with its DNA barcode, photograph and precise geographic data, providing an opportunity for unambiguous identification of described taxa and for delimitation of undescribed species. Using this approach, we present new data on chromosome number diversity in neotropical butterflies of the subfamily Biblidinae (genus Vila Kirby, 1871) and the tribe Ithomiini (genera Oleria Hübner, 1816, Ithomia Hübner, 1816, Godyris Boisduval, 1870, Hypothyris Hübner, 1821, Napeogenes Bates, 1862, Pseudoscada Godman et Salvin, 1879 and Hyposcada Godman et Salvin, 1879). Combining new and previously published data we show that the species complex Oleria onega (Hewitson, [1852]) includes three discrete chromosomal clusters (with haploid chromosome numbers n = 15, n = 22 and n = 30) and at least four DNA barcode clusters. Then we discuss how the incomplete connection between these chromosomal and molecular data (karyotypes and DNA barcodes were obtained for different sets of individuals) complicates the taxonomic interpretation of the discovered clusters.

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