Evaluation of Current Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) Thresholds in Transgenic MON 88702 Cotton Expressing the Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 Trait

Abstract The tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), is an important pest of cotton in many areas of the southern United States. An experiment was conducted at two locations in Mississippi during 2016 and 2017 to evaluate action thresholds for tarnished plant bug on a novel Bacillus thuringiensis cotton that expresses the Cry51Aa2.834_16 toxin. Treatments included the current action threshold, a 2× threshold, and treatments where insecticides were only applied during the early season (preflower) or only during late season (during flowering) based on the current action thresholds. These were compared to an untreated control and a weekly insecticide use regime that received weekly insecticide sprays. All treatments were imposed on both Bt Cry1Aa2.834_16 cotton and a nontraited cotton. The Bt Cry1Aa2.834_16 trait reduced the number of tarnished plant bugs and injury, and improved yields compared to nontraited cotton. For all spray treatments except the weekly insecticide use regime, yields were greater for the Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 cotton than the nontraited cotton. In terms of thresholds, Bt Cry1Aa2.834_16 cotton sprayed based on current action thresholds resulted in similar yields to the weekly insecticide use regime of both cotton types. In contrast, the 2× threshold resulted in lower yields than the current threshold for both cotton types. Though thresholds intermediate to the currently recommended action threshold and the 2× threshold were not tested, these data suggest that currently recommended action thresholds appear appropriate for Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 cotton. These results suggest that this trait will be an important component of current IPM programs in cotton where tarnished plant bug is an important pest.

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Biology, Ecology, and Pest Management of the Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) in Southern Row Crops

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12090807 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 807

Author(s):

Justin George ◽

James P. Glover ◽

Jeffrey Gore ◽

Whitney D. Crow ◽

Gadi V. P. Reddy

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Pest Management ◽

Boll Weevil ◽

The United States ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

Southern United States ◽

Lygus Lineolaris ◽

Anthonomus Grandis ◽

Tarnished Plant Bug ◽

Row Crops

The tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), (Hemiptera: Miridae) is considered the most damaging pest of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the mid-southern United States, although it is established throughout the United States, southern Canada, and northern Mexico. The introduction of transgenic crops for the control of moths in the Heliothine complex and eradication of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis, from much of the United States led to greatly reduced pesticide use in cotton fields, which allowed L. lineolaris to emerge as a new primary pest of cotton in the mid-southern United States. Since the publication of a review by Layton (2000) on damage caused by Lygus lineolaris, many new studies have been published on the changes in host range, population dynamics, sampling methods and thresholds, cultural practices, sex pheromones and attractant blends, novel pesticides and insecticide resistance mechanisms, olfactory and feeding behaviors, introduction of biological control agents, host-plant resistance mechanisms, and new molecular and genetic tools for integrated pest management of Lygus species in cotton and other important crops. Here, we review and discuss the latest developments in L. lineolaris research in the last two decades.

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Combining the use of trap crops and insecticide sprays to control the tarnished plant bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) in strawberry (Rosaceae) fields

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/tce.2019.7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 151 (02) ◽

pp. 251-259 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

F. Dumont ◽

C. Provost

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Lygus Lineolaris ◽

White Mustard ◽

Trap Crop ◽

Tarnished Plant Bug ◽

Trap Crops ◽

Chemical Treatments ◽

Behavioural Avoidance ◽

Major Pest ◽

Insecticide Sprays

AbstractThe tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Miridae), causes severe damages in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier; Rosaceae) fields in Québec, Canada. Currently, only chemical insecticides successfully control that major pest. Lygus lineolaris aggregate in trap crops such as buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench; Polygonaceae) and white mustard (Sinapis alba Linnaeus; Brassicaceae) but do not remain long enough on these plants to significantly reduce damages on strawberries. However, the attractiveness of the trap crop gives the opportunity to gather L. lineolaris in an area of the field where chemical treatments could be applied more efficiently. The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of the combination of trap crop (buckwheat and white mustard) and chemical treatments to control L. lineolaris. Randomised complete-block design included treatment with either no trap crop, buckwheat, or white mustard row planted close to strawberry plants. Half blocks were treated with insecticide (cypermethrin) sprayed on strawberry plants (in treatment without trap crop) or directly on trap crop. We found that L. lineolaris was more abundant on buckwheat than on white mustard or strawberry plants. Insecticide application on trap crops reduced the population on these hosts, but did not reduce L. lineolaris on adjacent strawberry plants. Behavioural avoidance and physiological pesticide resistance could explain this result.

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Strawberry Cultivar Performance and Susceptibility to Tarnished Plant Bug Injury

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.460d ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 460d-460

Author(s):

D.T. Handley ◽

M.A. Schupp ◽

J.F. Dill

Keyword(s):

Lower Order ◽

Tarnished Plant Bug ◽

Strawberry Cultivar ◽

Marketable Fruit ◽

Feeding Pressure ◽

High Yields ◽

Insecticide Sprays ◽

Strawberry Cultivars

Twelve strawberry cultivars established in matted row plots in 1993 were treated with insecticides for tarnished plant bug or left untreated for the 1994, 1995, and 1996 seasons. `Honeoye', `Cavendish', and `Oka' had the highest yields of marketable fruit. `Jewel', `Chambly', and `Kent' had lower, but acceptable, yields. `Lateglow', `Blomidon', `Seneca, NY1424', `Settler', and `Governor Simcoe' had lower yields than other varieties. Tarnished plant bug populations were very low during the 1994 and 1996 seasons, and thus feeding pressure may have been too low for any differences in susceptibility between varieties to be expressed. In 1995, when tarnished plant bug feeding pressure was greatest, `Oka', `Cavendish', and `Honeoye' had the lowest injury levels. `Kent' and `Lateglow' had the highest levels of injury. Insecticide sprays significantly reduced the percent of injured fruit for most cultivars, but did not significantly increase the weight of marketable fruit harvested. This is due to injury being most prevalent on lower order, and thus smaller, fruit. Cultivars that produced high yields, had low injury levels, and had the least difference between sprayed and unsprayed treatments are most likely to have resistance to tarnished plant bug injury. `Oka', `Cavendish', and `Honeoye' were the most promising cultivars in this regard.

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ECONOMIC INJURY LEVELS OF THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG, LYGUS LINEOLARIS (HEMIPTERA (HETEROPTERA): MIRIDAE), ON GREEN BEANS IN QUEBEC

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent112306-3 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 112 (3) ◽

pp. 306-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. K. Stewart ◽

A. R. Khattat

Keyword(s):

Chemical Control ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Lygus Lineolaris ◽

Green Beans ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Tarnished Plant Bug ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Economic Injury ◽

Plant Stage ◽

Effect Of Feeding

AbstractCaged microplots of “Contender” green beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., were artificially infested with various densities of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) to determine the effect of feeding on yield and quality, and to establish economic injury levels. Plants infested at bloom or pod set stage were more severely injured than those infested at the flower bud stage. Higher infestation levels reduced crop yield, but the percentage of crude protein in bean seeds was not affected. Based on 1975 crop values and chemical control costs, economic injury levels ranged between 0.3 and 4.4 insects/10 plants depending on crop use, chemical control, and plant stage infested.

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Percussion signals of Lygus rugulipennis Poppius (Heteroptera: Miridae)

Open Life Sciences ◽

10.2478/s11535-014-0285-2 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 543-549

Author(s):

Sándor Koczor ◽

Andrej Cokl

Keyword(s):

Dominant Frequency ◽

Laser Vibrometer ◽

Pest Species ◽

Adult Males ◽

Tarnished Plant Bug ◽

Lygus Rugulipennis ◽

Important Pest ◽

Low Pass ◽

Males And Females ◽

Study Laboratory

AbstractThe European tarnished plant bug (Lygus rugulipennis Poppius) is among the most serious pests in the family Miridae, and therefore there is increasing interest in understanding the behaviour of this species. In the present study, laboratory recordings were taken using a laser vibrometer on adult males and females to ascertain whether acoustic signals are involved in intraspecific communication. Recordings were both carried out on plant and loudspeaker membrane substrates. Males and females emitted vibratory signals and the present results indicate that these signals are important during courtship. The basic signal characteristics measured were the dominant frequency, pulse duration, repetition time and number of pulses per group within the signal. Male and female signals did not differ in respect to any of these characteristics. Plant recorded signals were longer because of different mechanical properties of substrates. Additionally, the high frequency components were attenuated due to the low-pass filtering properties of plants. As this is the first study on vibratory communication of the European tarnished plant bug, we believe these findings may contribute considerably to the better understanding of the mating behavior of this important pest species.

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Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus lineolaris Palisot De Beauvois (Hemiptera: Miridae)

Encyclopedia of Entomology ◽

10.1007/0-306-48380-7_4225 ◽

2006 ◽

pp. 2179-2184

Author(s):

N. J. Bostanian

Keyword(s):

Lygus Lineolaris ◽

Tarnished Plant Bug

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Sampling Techniques and Setting Thresholds

Turfgrass Insects of the United States and Canada ◽

10.7591/cornell/9781501747953.003.0026 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 381-398

Author(s):

Patricia J. Vittum

Keyword(s):

Sampling Techniques ◽

Insect Management ◽

Site Specific ◽

Tolerance Level ◽

Management Regime ◽

Action Threshold ◽

Insect Populations ◽

Action Thresholds ◽

Inspection Techniques ◽

Standard Techniques

This chapter looks at sampling techniques and setting thresholds. The cornerstone of any integrated insect management regime is accurately identifying pest insects (including assessing population density) and developing appropriate action thresholds. Various methods have evolved by which the populations of insects present in the turf environment may be determined relatively rapidly and efficiently. These methods have become standard techniques for reporting insect densities. The chapter differentiates between passive sampling techniques (use of traps) and active visual inspection techniques (actual quantification of insect populations). Thresholds in turf integrated pest management usually are more accurately considered tolerance levels, or action thresholds. The tolerance level, or action threshold, for turfgrass insects is site-specific and depends on many factors.

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Systems Approach to Evaluate Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) Management Practices in Virginia and North Carolina Cotton

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/toaa142 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 113 (5) ◽

pp. 2223-2234

Author(s):

Seth J Dorman ◽

Dominic D Reisig ◽

Sean Malone ◽

Sally V Taylor

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Management Practices ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Systems Approach ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Cultural Control ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Lygus Lineolaris ◽

Tarnished Plant Bug ◽

Trade Offs

Abstract Economically damaging infestations of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), tarnished plant bug, were sporadic in Virginia and North Carolina cotton before 2010. Given the sudden rise of L. lineolaris as an economic pest in these states, regionally specific management practices (i.e., chemical and cultural control) are needed to help producers protect yield potential while minimizing input costs. Field experiments were conducted in Virginia and North Carolina in 2018 and 2019 to 1) determine the effects of various management practices on L. lineolaris density, plant injury (i.e., square retention, internal boll injury), and lint yield, 2) calculate the economic trade-offs between integrated pest management (IPM) systems approach and current management practices for L. lineolaris in these states, and 3) evaluate economic benefits associated with various sampling thresholds. Lygus lineolaris populations peaked mid-season (i.e., August) during cotton flowering in both states. Weekly scouting and applying foliar insecticides when the current University Extension recommended economic threshold was reached was the most critical management treatment in maximizing economic returns. Additional costs among various IPM practices did not translate into significant yield protection and economic gains. Moreover, there were additional economic benefits associated with protecting glabrous and longer maturing varieties in Virginia. Lygus lineolaris density varied significantly between states; therefore, management recommendations should be modified based on the growing region. Results from this study will be used to create an IPM strategy to help cotton producers effectively manage this insect pest in the Southeast.

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