Susceptibility of Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 in North and South Carolina

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 1845-1857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom R Bilbo ◽  
Francis P F Reay-Jones ◽  
Dominic D Reisig ◽  
Jeremy K Greene
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Helicoverpa Zea ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Corn Earworm ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Bt Corn ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Bacterium Bacillus

Abstract The corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), is managed in corn and cotton in the United States primarily using transgenic cultivars that produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). However, increasing reports of resistance to one or more Bt proteins threaten the continued efficacy of Bt traits. To better understand the development of resistance of H. zea to Bt corn and cotton in the southeastern United States, we monitored for resistance to Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 among 22 field populations of H. zea collected in non-Bt and Bt corn expressing Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 during 2017 and 2018. Colonies were established in the laboratory and progeny were screened in diet-overlay bioassays to purified Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 proteins. Compared with two susceptible laboratory colonies, all 14 field colonies tested with Cry1A.105 were highly resistant, with resistance ratios (RRs) ranging from 13.5 to >4,000. For Cry2Ab2, 19 colonies were tested and RRs ranged from 0.26 to 33.7. Field populations were significantly more susceptible to Cry2Ab2 than Cry1A.105. We documented variability in F0 and F1 pupal weight and developmental rates of natural populations of H. zea, but observed no significant correlation with susceptibility to either Cry1A.105 or Cry2Ab2. Our results expand on the recent reports of H. zea resistance to Cry1A and Cry2A proteins and will aid in the design and deployment of future pyramided crops in the United States.

scholarly journals Pest Status and Management of Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Field Corn in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis P F Reay-Jones
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Corn Earworm ◽  
Bt Corn ◽  
Pest Status ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Type Of Injury ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Economic Pest

Abstract The corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), is a common lepidopteran pest of corn (Zea mays L.) in the United States. This article provides an overview of the life history, ecology, plant injury, and management of H. zea in corn. Leaf injury by H. zea feeding can occur in vegetative stage corn, though this type of injury is rare. The most common type of injury is caused by larval feeding in ears. Because kernel injury is typically limited to the tip of the ear, H. zea is generally not considered an economic pest. The use of transgenic corn hybrids expressing insecticidal Cry proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Berliner can reduce injury from H. zea, though complete control is not achieved with most Bt traits. Resistance has been reported to several Bt toxins. Because H. zea is a major economic pest in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and because H. zea moths that developed on corn can migrate to cotton, selection pressure on H. zea in Bt corn has major implications for the pest status and injury to Bt cotton. Although the impact of H. zea on yield of field corn is generally negligible, the selection pressure exerted by Bt corn has led to management issues in cotton.

Influence of Transgenic Corn Expressing Insecticidal Protein of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on Natural Populations of Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Southwestern Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry C. Allen ◽  
Henry N. Pitre
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Helicoverpa Zea ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Corn Earworm ◽  
Bt Corn ◽  
Transgenic Corn ◽  
Diatraea Grandiosella ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Corn Borer

A 2-yr study was conducted to measure the influence of transgenic corn, Zea mays L., expressing the CrylAb endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (Bt) by means of Event MON810 on natural populations of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Diatraea grandiosella (Dyar). The studies were conducted at Leland and Morgan City, MS, in 1999 and at Morgan City in 2000. Although total numbers of H. zea larvae were not significantly different on transgenic corn hybrids compared with their near-isogenic parent lines, fewer large larvae were found on the transgenic hybrids. Differences in H. zea larval growth were noticeable when larvae fed on Bt corn vs non-Bt corn. The delay in larval growth for insects within a single generation, which could possibly result in asynchronous mating between insecticide resistant and susceptible insects, was observed for larvae feeding on plants expressing the Bt toxin. Diatraea grandiosella caused limited damage to the transgenic corn hybrids compared with their near-isogenic parent lines. Yields were not significantly greater for the Bt corn hybrids compared with their near-isogenic parent lines. Yields were not significantly greater for the Bt corn hybrids compared with the near-isogenic, non-Bt corn parents; however, there was a trend toward higher yields for Bt hybrids compared with their near-isogenic non-Bt parents.

scholarly journals Simulated Corn Earworm, Helicoverpa zea, Injury in an Indeterminate Soybean Cultivar at Various Growth Stages under Non-Irrigated Conditions in the Southern United States

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1450
Author(s):  
Mariane Coelho ◽  
Donald R. Cook ◽  
Angus L. Catchot ◽  
Jeff Gore ◽  
André L. Lourenção ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Helicoverpa Zea ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
The United States ◽  
Corn Earworm ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Artificial Fruit ◽  
The Impact

Soybean is considered one of the most valuable crops in the United States of America. Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) is among several insect pests which are associated with soybean, damaging leaves when infestations occur during the vegetative stages, and flowers and pods during the reproductive stages, which can directly impact yield. Artificial fruit removal is a method used to understand insect damage and to adjust action levels for control. The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of five levels of fruit removal (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) at four stages (R2, R3, R4 and R5) on maturity and yield of soybean. These methods were used to simulate H. zea damage under controlled conditions in non-irrigated environments, during 2016 and 2017. There was a significant interaction between fruit removal timing and fruit removal level for the percentage of non-senesced main stems and abscised leaves. For soybean yield, there was no significant interaction between fruit removal timing and fruit removal level. Plots that received fruit removal treatments at R5 had significantly lower soybean yields compared to plots that received damage at other growth stages and the nontreated control. Plots with 100% fruit removal had significantly lower yields compared to plots that received any of the other fruit removal treatments. These data demonstrate that indeterminate midmaturity group IV soybeans that are commonly grown in the midsouthern region of the United States may be able to compensate for even severe levels of fruit loss early during the reproductive portion of the growing season if favorable growing conditions occur.

scholarly journals Pest Management Needs and Limitations for Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), an Emergent Key Pest of Hemp in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kadie E Britt ◽  
Thomas P Kuhar ◽  
Whitney Cranshaw ◽  
Christopher T McCullough ◽  
Sally V Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Helicoverpa Zea ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
The United States ◽  
Corn Earworm ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Abstract Corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), has emerged as an injurious insect pest to hemp, Cannabis sativa L., a crop newly reintroduced to the United States. Growing hemp presents a potential alternative economic opportunity for farmers but can be challenging with a market that is unstable and just developing. One of the most notable production challenges is managing corn earworm, an insect pest that is particularly damaging when it feeds on flower buds produced in cannabinoid varieties, creating extensive bud tunneling and wounds that allow entry of pathogens that can aid development and presence of bud rot. Damage to seeds is of lesser concern in hemp cultivars grown for grain and minimal risk is associated with hemp grown for fiber. Our ability to research hemp has only recently been allowed as production was largely suspended following World War II and, as such, there has been limited opportunity to develop information for empirically-based pest management recommendations. Further complicating development of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies are regulatory challenges associated with providing registration support to add hemp to pesticide labels, as it was not formally recognized as a crop by U.S. regulatory agencies until late 2019. Research needs and challenges to develop effective IPM programs for corn earworm on hemp are discussed here.

Evaluation of Insecticide Thresholds in Late-Planted Bt and Non-Bt Corn for Management of Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 814-823
Author(s):  
Tom R Bilbo ◽  
Francis P F Reay-Jones ◽  
Jeremy K Greene
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Helicoverpa Zea ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Bt Corn ◽  
Significant Protection ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Development Of Resistance

Abstract The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is a major pest of corn in North and South America. It is managed primarily with transgenic corn-producing insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), but the development of resistance threatens their durability and necessitates the use of alternative management strategies. We conducted late-planted field trials during 2016 and 2017 in South Carolina using natural infestations. We evaluated the use of Bt and non-Bt corn hybrids in combination with foliar applications of chlorantraniliprole at varying infestation thresholds to protect field corn from infestation and damage and determine effects on grain yield. All Bt hybrids were more effective at reducing fall armyworm infestation rates and leaf injury than multiple insecticide sprays, and no Bt hybrid reached the lowest infestation threshold (20%) to require supplemental insecticide treatments, despite infestations in non-Bt corn reaching >68% in each year. The only Bt and/or insecticide treatment to significantly reduce ear feeding or the proportion of ears injured (mainly by Helicoverpa zea [Boddie]) was the Bt hybrid pyramid producing Vip3A. However, significant protection of yield was detected only in the Bt hybrids producing Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2. All Bt traits tested in this study were effective in reducing infestation and feeding damage from fall armyworm, although this did not always result in significant protection of yield. Our results demonstrate the potential and limitations of using chlorantraniliprole with Bt (when resistance is present) and non-Bt corn to manage this pest.

scholarly journals Decline in Sublethal Effects of Bt Corn on Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Linked to Increasing Levels of Resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (5) ◽  
pp. 2241-2249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis P F Reay-Jones ◽  
Thomas R Bilbo ◽  
Dominic D Reisig
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Sublethal Effect ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Corn Earworm ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Bt Corn ◽  
North And South

Abstract As part of an ongoing longitudinal study in North and South Carolina, this study reports the recovery of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) pupae in field trials with genetically engineered corn, Zea mays L., hybrids that produce insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in 2017–2019. In total, 10,400 corn ears were collected, which led to 3,927 H. zea pupae (2,215 in South Carolina and 1,712 in North Carolina). Late-planted corn led to a 3.39-fold increase in recovery of pupae compared to early-planted corn. Bt corn expressing Cry1F + Cry1Ab and Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 had 1.67-fold and 2.51-fold fewer pupae than non-Bt near-isolines, respectively. Only six pupae were recovered from the hybrid expressing Cry1F + Cry1Ab + Vip3Aa20. Averaged across trials, Bt corn expressing either Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 or Cry1F + Cry1Ab significantly reduced pupal weight compared to non-Bt near-isolines in North and South Carolina. Combining our data with a previous study at the same locations (Bilbo et al. 2018), reduction in pupal weight between Bt and non-Bt near-isolines significantly declined from 2014 to 2019 for Cry1Ab + Cry1F in North and South Carolina. This decline in levels of a sublethal effect of Bt corn expressing Cry1Ab + Cry1F on H. zea at both locations is likely correlated with resistance development.

scholarly journals Hemp Pest Spectrum and Potential Relationship between Helicoverpa zea Infestation and Hemp Production in the United States in the Face of Climate Change

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 940
Author(s):  
Olufemi S. Ajayi ◽  
Michelle Samuel-Foo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United States ◽  
Helicoverpa Zea ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
The United States ◽  
Corn Earworm ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
The Face ◽  
Industrial Hemp

There has been a resurgence in the cultivation of industrial hemp, Cannabis sativa L., in the United States since its recent legalization. This may facilitate increased populations of arthropods associated with the plant. Hemp pests target highly marketable parts of the plant, such as flowers, stalks, and leaves, which ultimately results in a decline in the quality. Industrial hemp can be used for several purposes including production of fiber, grain, and cannabidiol. Thus, proper management of pests is essential to achieve a substantial yield of hemp in the face of climate change. In this review, we provide updates on various arthropods associated with industrial hemp in the United States and examine the potential impact of climate change on corn earworm (CEW) Helicoverpa zea Boddie, a major hemp pest. For example, temperature and photoperiod affect the development and diapause process in CEW. Additionally, drought can lead to a reduction in hemp growth. Host plant diversity of CEW may prevent populations of the pest from reaching outbreak levels. It is suggested that hemp varieties resistant to drought, high soil salinity, cold, heat, humidity, and common pests and diseases should be selected. Ongoing research on effective management of CEW in hemp is critical.

Black Muslimness Mobilized

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Youssef J. Carter
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Religious Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black Atlantic ◽  
West African ◽  
Religious Leader ◽  
American Muslims ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Sufi Order

The Mustafawi Tariqa is a transnational Sufi Order that was initiated in 1966 by the late Cheikh Mustafa Gueye Haydara (d. 1989) in Thiès, Senegal. Yet, only since 1994 has this specific Sufi network reached westward across the water, bringing American Muslims—many of whom are converts—into the larger network. In the United States, the majority of students who have entered the Tariqa and have declared allegiance (bayah) to Shaykh Arona Rashid Faye Al-Faqir are African-Americans who have inserted themselves religiously, culturally, and pedagogically into a West African Sufi tradition which emphasizes religious study and the practice of dhikr (remembrance of God). Shaykh Arona Faye is a Senegalese religious leader who relocated to the southeastern region of the United States from West Africa to spread the religion of Islam and expose American Muslims to the rich West African tradition of spiritual purification and Islamic piety. At the same time, many of those who are African-American members of this tradition have made it a point to travel to Senegal themselves to strengthen transatlantic ties with West African compatriots and visit sacred burial sites in the small city of Thiès. I examine how two sites of pilgrimage for the Mustafawi—Moncks Corner, South Carolina and Thiès, Senegal—play a part in the infrastructure of Black Atlantic Sufi network. Moncks Corner is the central site in which access to the Tariqa’s most charismatic living shaykh, Shaykh Arona Faye, has worked for the past two decades teaching and mentoring those on the Path. On the other hand, Thiès is the location where the Tariqa’s founder is buried and travelers visit the town in order to pay homage to his memory. I show how these sites catalyze mobility and operate as spaces of spiritual refuge for visitors in both local and regional contexts by looking at how a local zawiyah produces movement in relation to a broader tariqa. By looking at pilgrimage and knowledge transmission, I argue that the manner in which esoteric approaches to spiritual care and the embodiment of higher Islamic ethics via the West African Sufi methodology of the Mustafawi informs the manner in which Muslims of varying African descent inhabit a broader diasporic identification of “Black Muslimness.”

City on a Hill: American Exceptionalism and the Elect Nation

2000 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 299-318
Author(s):  
J. R. Oldfield
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Elementary School ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
American Exceptionalism ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Anthem ◽  
Pledge Of Allegiance ◽  
American Flag

Some years ago I was invited to spend a day in an elementary school in Columbia, South Carolina. The day began, as I imagine every day began, with the national anthem and the pledge of allegiance to the American flag. The children then sang a song, a ditty really, which began as it ended with the simple refrain: ‘I am special’. Later I was shown some of the work the class had been doing. Across the back of the room were pinned up the children’s attempts to answer a question that had been exercising me, namely what was special about the United States. Some of the responses were fairly predictable. America was special, one seven-year-old wrote, because it was a democracy. Others singled out freedom or liberty as their country’s unique virtue. One brave soul boldly asserted that America was special because Americans were rich, while another thought the secret had something to do with happiness.

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