scholarly journals Long-term field studies of mammals: what the short-term study cannot tell us

2017 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 600-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loren D. Hayes ◽  
Carsten Schradin
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Short Term Study ◽  
Term Field

Chemical control of suckers in hazelnut orchards of western Oregon

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 863-869
Author(s):  
Larissa Larocca de Souza ◽  
Marcelo L. Moretti
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Common Method ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Short Term Study ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Term Field

AbstractHazelnut naturally grows as a multi-stemmed tree. The basal sprouts, known as suckers, grow throughout the season. Suckers are removed to promote a single trunk that facilitates production mechanization and increased yield. In western Oregon, herbicides are the most common method of sucker control, and at least four applications per season are performed in the spring and summer seasons. This study evaluated the efficacy of foliar-applied herbicides currently registered for sucker control in hazelnuts. Season-long and short-term field studies were conducted to assess the efficacy of herbicides to control hazelnut suckers. In the season-long studies, four consecutive applications of treatments that contained 2,4-D, glufosinate, or paraquat provided 50% to 80% control, maintained sucker height at 50 cm or less as compared to 155 cm for the nontreated control, and reduced sucker biomass by 87% as compared to the nontreated control. The short-term study results confirmed the efficacy of 2,4-D, glufosinate, and paraquat for sucker control, and in this study, carfentrazone and saflufenacil reduced sucker biomass to a level comparable to 2,4-D or glufosinate treatment. These results confirm that 2,4-D, glufosinate, paraquat, carfentrazone, and saflufenacil can be used for sucker control in hazelnut and emphasize the necessity of multiple applications during the growing season to control suckers in hazelnut. Proper herbicide selection is important to control suckers with success.

Hematologic and Bone Marrow Changes after Short- and Long-term Administration of Two Recombinant Bovine Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factors

1992 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 521-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Cullor ◽  
W. Smith ◽  
J. G. Zinkl ◽  
J. D. Dellinger ◽  
T. Boone
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Colony Stimulating Factors ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Short Term Study ◽  
Term Administration ◽  
A Cell

Colony-stimulating factors are a category of glycoproteins that are instrumental in the regulation of hematopoiesis and inflammation. This investigation documented the clinical bone marrow and peripheral blood responses to short-term and long-term administration of a recombinant bovine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rb-GCSF) and an analog, where the cysteine at position 17 was substituted with a serine (rb-GCSF ser17). The colony-stimulating factors produced the expected changes in the hematologic findings of the bovine subjects in the study, and there was a cell-specific response to the compounds. The sustained neutrophilia in the long-term study indicates that the bovine species can tolerate the administration of recombinant forms of bovine GCSF for extended periods of time without detectable adverse side effects. The neutrophils from the short-term study revealed no apparent fluctuation, either as enhanced or reduced capability to reduce nitro blue tetrazolium as compared to pretreatment neutrophils. The administration of both recombinant forms of GCSF produced large increases in the bone marrow myeloid: erythroid (M:E) ratio concomitantly with the neutrophilias. This is the first preliminary report documenting the bone marrow response of cattle to the native and recombinant (rb-GCSF ser17) forms of bovine GCSF.

Traffic Flow Measurements in the Dover Strait

1971 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Beattie
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
National Physical Laboratory ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Marine Traffic ◽  
Short Term Study ◽  
Physical Laboratory

At the end of February 1971 an exploratory survey of marine traffic on the English side of the Dover Strait was organized and conducted by the National Physical Laboratory of the Department of Trade and Industry. The aim of this first short-term study was to examine possible methods for the long term, and the basic radar ship count was carried out by Decca Radar on behalf of the N.P.L. This trial took place over 72 hours between 12.00 hours on Friday, 26 February and 12.00 hours on Monday, 1 March 1971, all times G.M.T.; it showed that further flow data in other areas of the Strait would be of value and Decca Radar decided to gather additional limited data on traffic flow. The most urgent appeared to be at the narrowest part of the Strait between Cap Gris Nez and Folkestone where the Greek M.V. Niki sank off the Varne during the trial at 20.00 G.M.T. on Saturday, 27 February.

Cross-cultural comparison of long-term care in the United States and Finland: Research done through a short-term study-abroad experience

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina M. Kruger ◽  
Sarah Gilland ◽  
Jacquelyn B. Frank ◽  
Bridget C. Murphy ◽  
Courtney English ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Comparison ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
Short Term Study

Nitrogen immobilization in decomposing litter contributes to productivity decline in ageing pastures of green panic (Panicum maximum var. trichoglume)

1989 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Robbins ◽  
J. J. Bushell ◽  
G. M. McKeon
Keyword(s):  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Study ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Short Term Study ◽  
N Release ◽  
Productivity Decline ◽  
Long Term Studies

SUMMARYThe extent and rate of N release from nylon bags containing green panic (Panicum maximumvar.trichoglume)litter was measured for up to 319 days (long-term studies) in 1978/79 and 1979/80 in Gayndah, Australia. Dry matter (DM) decomposition rates were measured in 41 periods of 39 days and related to environmental variables and initial litter N concentrations (short-term study).About half of litter DM decomposed during the long-term studies, while N concentration in the remaining litter increased from an initial average of 0–57 % N, to 0–95 % N. Net release of N from bags began when its concentration in the residue increased to c.0–65% N (or when the C:N ratio decreased to 75:1). Only a net 20–30 % of the initial N was released for potential plant uptake by the end of the study. The short-term study showed that DM decomposition was rapid and independent of pasture age. Decomposition rate increased with soil moisture and average daily temperature but was unaffected by initial litter N concentration. Release of N from decomposing litter was slow, despite rapid DM decomposition. It was concluded that a major cause of declining productivity in sown grass pastures is the immobilization of N in decomposing grass litter.

scholarly journals The long-term effects of a short-term study abroad experience on baccalaureate-prepared nursing students

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Laura Streeter
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Study Abroad ◽  
Cultural Competency ◽  
Baccalaureate Nursing ◽  
Cultural Transformation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Short Term Study

Cultural competency is a crucial component of baccalaureate nursing education to support patient-centered practice (Calvillo, Clark, Ballantyne, Pacquiao, Purnell, and Villarruel 2009). Studying abroad is associated with short-term gains in students' cultural competency; however, little research has addressed whether cultural competence is affected long-term, particularly when the study abroad experience is relatively short (Phillips, Bloom, Gainey, and Chiocca, in press). Therefore, the question that drove this study was: what are the long-term effects of a short-term study abroad experience on baccalaureate nursing students? The participants in this study were practicing nurses (N=21) who had traveled to Ghana for two-week study abroad experiences as senior nursing students between 2011 and 2015. Qualitative data (collected immediately post-travel) with these participants revealed four key themes of transformation consistent with cultural transformation: adaptability, cultural competency, understanding of social determinants of health, and mutual partnerships with patients. Social media was used to enroll participants in a study conducted over a one-month period in fall 2016. Of the 45 contacted, 28 responded and consented to participate and 21 completed data collection. A series of Likert-style questions (5=Strongly Agree, 1=Strongly Disagree) were used to measure these nurses' perceived immediate post-travel change, versus their perceptions of the sustained changes over time. Results supported that the four key themes of cultural transformation persisted over time. Creating mutual partnerships and understanding social determinants of health had the highest mean score and lowest standard deviation (mean= 4.76, standard deviation= 0.44)

scholarly journals Vaccine Targeted Alpha 1D-Adrenergic Receptor for Hypertension

Hypertension ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 1551-1562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Li ◽  
Xiaole Yan ◽  
Danyu Wu ◽  
Kai Zhang ◽  
Xin Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenergic Receptor ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Short Term Study ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Long Term Observation

The α1-AR (α1 adrenergic receptor) blockers currently on the market cannot meet clinical needs because of low-selectivity for subtypes of α1-ARs, short half-life, and uncertain role in cardiovascular end point events. The study sought to find a vaccine specifically against α1D-AR (α1D-adrenergic receptor) for treating hypertension. A short peptide ADR-004 (cgiteeagy) belonging to α1D-AR was screened, and the ADRQβ-004 vaccine was produced and injected into spontaneously hypertensive rats model (including a short-term study, 10 weeks, and a long-term observation study, 39 weeks) and NG-nitro- l -arginine methyl ester + spontaneously hypertensive rats model (15 weeks). The antihypertensive effect and target organ protection of the ADRQβ-004 vaccine were carefully evaluated. The possible immune-mediated damage was detected in normal vaccinated Sprague Dawley rats. The ADR-004 peptide has perfect immunogenicity, and the ADRQβ-004 vaccine could induce strong antibody production. In the short-term study, the ADRQβ-004 vaccine averagely decreased the systolic blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats up to 15 mm Hg and that of NG-nitro- l -arginine methyl ester+spontaneously hypertensive rats up to 29 mm Hg. In the long-term observation model, the antihypertensive effect of the ADRQβ-004 vaccine was quite stable, and the average decline of systolic blood pressure was 22 mm Hg. The ADRQβ-004 vaccine effectively prevented vascular structural remodeling, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, and renal injury of hypertensive animals, superior to prazosin at renal level. Moreover, the ADRQβ-004 vaccine obviously downregulated the expression of α1D-AR, but not α1A-AR. Additionally, no significant immune-mediated damage was detected in immunized animals. The present results demonstrate that the ADRQβ-004 vaccine may provide a novel and promising method for the treatment of hypertension.

Observations on the effect of house dust potencies

1981 ◽  
Vol 70 (02) ◽  
pp. 70-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. Morris-Owen ◽  
K. Datt-Lai
Keyword(s):  
House Dust ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Dust Inhalation ◽  
Short Term Study ◽  
Term Response ◽  
Made In

SummaryA short term study of the effect of House-dust potencies (30, 200) has been made in seventy-nine nasal or naso-bronchial patients with some degree of irritable reaction to inhaled house dust.Sixty-two firm assessments of the initial treatments were made: in twenty-three there was clearly no effect, twenty-eight showed remissions of varying tempo and duration: in seven of these there were associated ‘reactive’ features. Eleven showed only symptomatic effects which might be considered as “reactive” or as “proving” manifestations.Detail is given of the further course of those who began with remission, and of the symptoms encountered in the aggravations. Immunity to the effects of dust inhalation was an outstanding feature of the remissions, which however generally covered the whole symptomatic behaviour as well.Only six patients have so far appeared capable of long-term response to treatment with House dust potencies alone.The effects are compared with those of house dust injections, and it is clearly indicated that the two treatments operate on different lines.Tentative suggestions are made for the discrimination of patients who may respond to the potencies and for the bearing these observations have on the design of a controlled trial.

scholarly journals On the importance of time scales when studying adaptive evolution

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Perrier ◽  
Anne Charmantier
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Trait Variation ◽  
Bill Length ◽  
Term Field

AbstractLong-term field studies coupled with quantitative genomics offer a powerful means to understand the genetic bases underlying quantitative traits and their evolutionary changes. However, analyzing and interpreting the time scales at which adaptive evolution occurs is challenging. First, while evolution is predictable in the short term, with strikingly rapid phenotypic changes in data series, it remains unpredictable in the long term. Second, while the temporal dynamics of some loci with large effect on phenotypic variation and fitness have been characterized, this task can be complicated in cases of highly polygenic trait architecture implicating numerous small effect size loci, or when statistical tests are sensitive to the heterogeneity of some key characteristics of the genome, like recombination rate variations. After introducing these aforementioned challenges, we discuss a recent investigation of the genomic architecture and spatio-temporal variation in great tit bill length, which was related to the recent use of bird feeders. We discuss how this case study illustrates the importance of considering different temporal scales and evolutionary mechanisms both while analyzing trait temporal trends and when searching for and interpreting the signals of putative genomic footprints of selection. More generally this commentary discusses interesting challenges for unraveling the time scale at which adaptive traits evolve and their genomic bases.Impact summaryAn important goal in evolutionary biology is to understand how individual traits evolve, leading to fascinating variations in time and space. Long-term field studies have been crucial in trying to understand the timing, extent, and ecological determinants of such trait variation in wild populations. In this context, recent genomic tools can be used to look for the genetic bases underlying such trait variation and can provide clues on the nature and timing of their evolution. However, the analysis and the interpretation of the time scales at which evolution occurs remain challenging. First, analyzing long-term data series can be tricky; short-term changes are highly predictable whereas long-term evolution is much less predictable. A second difficult task is to study the architecture of complex quantitative traits and to decipher the timing and roles of the several genomic mechanisms involved in their evolution. This commentary introduces these challenges and discusses a recent investigation of the nature and timing of ecological and genomic factors responsible for variation in great tit bill length. Overall, we raise cautionary warnings regarding several conceptual and technical features and limitations when coupling analyses of long-term and genomic data to study trait evolution in wild populations.

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