Detection of Flaviviral-Like DNA Sequences in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Collected From Argentina

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melisa B Bonica ◽  
Dario E Balcazar ◽  
Ailen Chuchuy ◽  
Jorge A Barneche ◽  
Carolina Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
The Past ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
The World ◽  
Aegypti Genome ◽  
Dengue Epidemics

Abstract Diseases caused by flaviviruses are a major public health burden across the world. In the past decades, South America has suffered dengue epidemics, the re-emergence of yellow fever and St. Louis encephalitis viruses, and the introduction of West Nile and Zika viruses. Many insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) that cannot replicate in vertebrate cells have recently been described. In this study, we analyzed field-collected mosquito samples from six different ecoregions of Argentina to detect flaviviruses. We did not find any RNA belonging to pathogenic flaviviruses or ISFs in adults or immature stages. However, flaviviral-like DNA similar to flavivirus NS5 region was detected in 83–100% of Aedes aegypti (L.). Despite being previously described as an ancient element in the Ae. aegypti genome, the flaviviral-like DNA sequence was not detected in all Ae. aegypti samples and sequences obtained did not form a monophyletic group, possibly reflecting the genetic diversity of mosquito populations in Argentina.

scholarly journals World Health Organization Essential Medicines List: Multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapies application

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-158
Author(s):  
Jennifer McDonell ◽  
Kathleen Costello ◽  
Joanna Laurson-Doube ◽  
Nick Rijke ◽  
Gavin Giovannoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
Disease Modifying Therapies ◽  
The World ◽  
Disease Modifying ◽  
Health Organization

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) publishes a biennial Essential Medicines List (EML) to assist governments in low-resource settings to prioritize their spending on medicines. Currently, no medicines on the EML have a multiple sclerosis (MS) indication. Multiple Sclerosis International Federation (MSIF) prepared an application for inclusion of MS disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for the 2019 EML together with the regional Committees for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (TRIMS) and the World Federation of Neurology. Rationale: The MSIF taskforce categorized 15 DMTs according to their efficacy and risk profiles to ensure the ability to treat as many different clinical scenarios as possible. Three DMTs were selected: glatiramer acetate, fingolimod, and ocrelizumab. Outcome: The WHO Expert Committee did not recommend the addition of any of the DMTs to the EML. They acknowledged the public health burden of MS, the need for effective and affordable MS medications, and the high volume of letters received in support of the application but requested a revised application. Discussion: Despite the negative outcome, the repeated recognition of MS as a global public health burden is sending a powerful message to governments globally that a range of affordable and good quality medications need to be available to health systems and people affected by MS.

scholarly journals Global burden of COVID-19: Situational analyis and review

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Addis Adera Gebru ◽  
Tadesse Birhanu ◽  
Eshetu Wendimu ◽  
Agumas Fentahun Ayalew ◽  
Selamawit Mulat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
Review Period ◽  
The World ◽  
And Control

BACKGROUND: The novel Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19) is the major public health burden in the world. The morbidity and mortality of global community due to this disease is dramatically increasing from time to time. OBJECTIVE: This situational analysis is aimed to analysis prevalence, and incidence of COVID-19 and to provide clear information about this disease for the scientific community, stakeholders and healthcare practitioners and decision-makers. METHODS: The literatures were identified by searching the key relevant and officially known online databases: medRxiv, Google scholar and PubMed. The online databases contain archives of most English biomedical journals and scientific papers published online from 31 December to 3 April 2020 were included. After the literature search, articles were screened independently by two reviewers for eligibility. RESULTS: The world continents have confirmed a total of 1,202,320 confirmed COVID-19 cases: (51.2%) in Europe, (27.7%) in North America, (17.9%) in Asia, (1.96%) in South America and at less number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Africa and Australia which was accounted 0.8% and 0.5%, respectively. However, this review showed that there was significantly increased the confirmed COVID-19 cases by 109,555 in Asia, 8,658 in Africa, 332,866 in North America, 20,269 in South America, 568,894 in Europe, 5,051 in Australia and 1,045,403 in the whole world continent except Antarctica during the review period. The overall results showed that there were 1,098,762 cases and 59,172 deaths have recorded from during the review period. The result zero number of deaths with COVID-19 was observed in 66 countries. CONCLUSION: The review concluded that COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 is the major public health burden in the world, the morbidity and mortality of global community is dramatically increasing from time to time. Strongly collaboration among all sectors and then design effective prevention and control strategies which include staying home, social/physical distancing, quarantine, testing of suspected patients, isolation and managing of the confirmed cases. Therefore, the world continents countries should have to implement five major COVID-19 prevention and control programmes as soon as possible at community level.

scholarly journals Skin melanoma. State of the problem. Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-6) ◽  
pp. 113-120
Author(s):  
S. A. Yargunin ◽  
A. F. Lazarev
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Metastatic Potential ◽  
Skin Tumor ◽  
Skin Melanoma ◽  
Treatment Standards ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
The World ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Low Efficiency

Skin melanoma, being the deadliest form of skin tumor, contributes significantly to cancer mortality and carries a significant and growing public health burden. The incidence of MK is growing steadily throughout the world and is in the nature of a silent epidemic. The critical mortality rate is due to the high metastatic potential of the tumor and the low efficiency of systemic therapy of disseminated forms of the disease. Thanks to a breakthrough in understanding the genetic mechanisms of the appearance of a tumor, the spread and tolerance to treatment, the emergence of a number of targeted and immunological drugs, patients with advanced MK have the hope of prolonging life and even complete cure. However, many diagnostic problems remain; treatment standards; emerging tolerance to therapy. All these questions compel further research into the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

An Overview of Available Antimalarials: Discovery, Mode of Action and Drug Resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 583-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Qing Tang ◽  
Qian Ye ◽  
He Huang ◽  
Wei-Yi Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Artemisinin Resistance ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Antimalarial Drugs ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
The World

: Malaria is one of the three most deadly infectious diseases in the world and seriously endangers human health and life. To reduce the public health burden of this disease, scientists have focused on the discovery and development of effective antimalarial drugs, from quinine and chloroquine to antifolates and artemisinin and its derivatives, which all play a profound role in the treatment of malaria. However, drugresistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum have emerged due to frequent use of antimalarials and have become increasingly resistant to existing antimalarial drugs, causing disastrous consequences in the world. In particular, artemisinin resistance is of greatest concern which was reported in 2008. Resistance to artenisinins has been a major obstacle for malaria control, and current efforts to curb artemisinin resistance have not been successful. Based on the current situation, it is urgent to develop more effective new antimalarials with distinct targets from conventional antimalarials in the world, which could facilitate to minimize the phenomenon of drug resistance. This review aims to summarize different kinds of antimalarial therapeutic efficacy, mechanisms of action and resistance, and proposes new solutions aiming towards further improvement of malaria elimination.

The genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Palestine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nouar Qutob ◽  
Zaidoun Salah ◽  
Damien Richard ◽  
Hisham Darwish ◽  
Husam Sallam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Genomic Epidemiology ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
The World ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Uk

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the novel coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, continues to cause significant public health burden and disruption globally. Genomic epidemiology approaches point to most countries in the world having experienced many independent introductions of SARS-CoV-2 during the early stages of the pandemic. However, this situation may change with local lockdown policies and restrictions on travel leading to the emergence of more geographically structured viral populations and lineages transmitting locally. Here, we report the first SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Palestine sampled from early March, when the first cases were observed, through to August of 2020. SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Palestine fall across the diversity of the global phylogeny, consistent with at least nine independent introductions into the region. We identify one locally predominant lineage in circulation represented by 50 Palestinian SARS-CoV-2, grouping with isolated viral samples from patients in Israel and the UK. We estimate the age of introduction of this lineage to 05/02/2020 (16/01/2020 - 19/02/2020), suggesting SARS-CoV-2 was already in circulation in Palestine predating its first detection in Bethlehem in early March. Our work highlights the value of ongoing genomic surveillance and monitoring to reconstruct the epidemiology of COVID-19 at both local and global scales.

Tuberculosis and notifiable skin diseases amongst a representative cohort of refugees in Germany (2014–16)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick D Dissmann ◽  
Felix Koehring ◽  
Florian Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Head Lice ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
Representative Cohort ◽  
Screening Result

Abstract Until now, systematic surveillance for infectious diseases in refugees is still missing. For that reason, this study aims at illustrating the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) and notifiable skin diseases in a representative cohort of refugees in Lippe, a district of the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. We collected data on notifiable communicable diseases (TB, scabies, and head lice) from refugees (n = 8946) based on a medical screening after their arrival from October 2014 until May 2016. Data were analysed using descriptive and bivariate methods. Overall, we found 63 of 8764 screened refugees to have an abnormal TB screening result (0.72%). Of 8946 screened refugees, only 51 individuals were found to have scabies (0.57%) and a further 49 were tested positive for head lice (0.55%). The absolute number of TB cases indicate only a moderate public health burden. However, communicable skin diseases can become a problem in crowded holding camps, where they can cause local outbreaks.

scholarly journals COVID-19-related anxiety disorder in Iraq during the pandemic: an online cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saad Kazim Karim ◽  
Perjan Hashim Taha ◽  
Nazar Mohammad Mohammad Amin ◽  
Habeeb Shuhaib Ahmed ◽  
Miami Kadhim Yousif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mental Health ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Health Anxiety ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Academic Degree ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Health Burden

Abstract Background The COVID-19 outbreak is an unprecedented global public health burden, which popped up in China in late 2019 to early 2020 and distributed worldwide rapidly. Indeed, this pandemic transmission has raised global physical and mental health concerns. Mental health issues that concur with this public health emergency may pose anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder. In Iraq, there are no registered known data on the psychological consequence of the public during the communicable disease outbreak. The ongoing study aims to address the paucity of these data as an appraisal of the mental health burden represented by anxiety disorder related to the global COVID-19 era. Results Among the 1591 Iraqi respondents, 788 (49.5%) accounted for having health anxiety over the current home restriction situation. Younger ages experienced more COVID-19-related health anxiety compared to older ages. Females reported higher health anxiety compared to males (57.7% vs 42.3%). The health care professionals reported 20.9% health anxiety. The Iraqi southern population displayed more health anxiety compared to the northern and middle portions. This work showed about half of the respondents were spending over 60 min focusing on news of COVID-19. We found that 80 to 90% carrying out preventive efforts and home quarantine against COVID-19 infection. Interestingly, participants experienced fear from the risk of COVID-19 infection, whether more or equal to a level of war scare, in 70.1% of the sample. Conclusions In Iraq, during the COVID-19 pandemic, nearly half of the respondents have health anxiety. Southern Iraqi cities displayed higher rates of anxiety. Also, being female, younger ages, holding an academic degree, or being a college student are associated with more prominent degrees of anxiety. Furtherly, it is important to adopt strategies for public health education and prevention and alerting future governmental responses focusing on psychological state impact among the general population.

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