Brain Neutral Lipids and Phospholipids Are Modified by Long-Term Feeding of Beef Tallow vs. Corn Oil Diets

The Wnt signaling pathway plays an essential role in carcinogenesis, and the amount of fat intake and composition of dietary fatty acids are crucial factors for colon carcinogenesis. We investigated whether various dietary fats affected the Wnt signaling pathway of colon tumorigenesis in azoxymethane (AOM)-treated rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given intraperitoneal injections of AOM and supplemented with 10% corn, olive, beef, and fish oil for 44 wk. Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and tumors were examined at 12 and 44 wk. Normal appearing colon mucosal proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated by 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and percentages of fragmented DNA, respectively. Expressions of β-catenin, cyclin D1, Wnt2, Wnt3, and Wnt5a of normal appearing colon mucosa were analyzed by Western blot analysis. Long-term dietary corn oil and beef tallow increased ACF, tumor incidence, and tumor numbers in AOM-treated rats. In contrast, both olive and fish oil inhibited them. Dietary corn oil and beef tallow increased BrdU incorporation and the expression of cytosolic β-catenin and cyclin D1 and decreased apoptosis in the colon mucosa. Expressions of Wnt2 and Wnt3 in rats fed with beef tallow and Wnt5a in rats fed with corn oil increased with or without AOM-treatment. BrdU-incorporated cells were often observed at the tops of crypts in rats fed with beef tallow, whereas this was not observed in rats fed with the other diet. Long-term high intake of corn oil and beef tallow enhanced cell proliferation through Wnt signaling and modulated the distribution of proliferating cells, which might contribute to promoting effects in colon tumorigenesis.

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Diets with corn oil and/or low protein increase acute acetaminophen hepatotoxicity compared to diets with beef tallow in a rat model

Nutrition Research and Practice ◽

10.4162/nrp.2009.3.2.95 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 95 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jinah Hwang

Keyword(s):

Rat Model ◽

Beef Tallow ◽

Corn Oil ◽

Low Protein ◽

Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity

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Effects of milk diets containing beef tallow or coconut oil on the fatty acid metabolism of liver slices from preruminant calves

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114500001586 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 84 (3) ◽

pp. 309-318 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Benoît Graulet ◽

Dominique Gruffat-Mouty ◽

Denys Durand ◽

Dominique Bauchart

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽

Beef Tallow ◽

Neutral Lipids ◽

Lipid Production ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Acid Oxidation ◽

Milk Diet ◽

Liver Slices ◽

Triacylglycerol Accumulation

Coconut oil (CO) induces a triacylglycerol infiltration in the hepatocytes of preruminant calves when given as the sole source of fat in the milk diet over a long-term period. Metabolic pathways potentially involved in this hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation were studied by in vitro methods on liver slices from preruminant Holstein × Friesian male calves fed a conventional milk diet containing CO (n 5) or beef tallow (BT, n 5) for 19 d. Liver slices were incubated for 12 h in the presence of 0·8 mM-[14C] oleate or -[14C] laurate added to the medium. Fatty acid oxidation was determined by measuring the production of CO2 (total oxidation) and acid-soluble products (partial oxidation). Production of CO2 was 1·7–3·6-fold lower (P 0·0490) and production of acid-soluble products tended to be lower (P = 0·0625) in liver slices of CO- than BT-fed calves. Fatty acid esterification as neutral lipids was 2·6– to 3·1–fold higher (P = 0·0088) in liver slices prepared from calves fed the CO diet compared with calves fed the BT diet. By contrast with what occurs in the liver of rats fed CO, the increase in neutral lipid production did not stimulate VLDL secretion by the hepatocytes of calves fed with CO, leading to a triacylglycerol accumulation in the cytosol. It could be explained by the reduction of fatty acid oxidation favouring esterification in the form of triacylglycerols, in association with a limited availability of triacylglycerols and/or apolipoprotein B for VLDL packaging and subsequent secretion.

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Effects of nutritional status and acute variation in substrate supply on cardiac and skeletal-muscle fructose 2,6-bisphosphate concentrations

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj2500773 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 250 (3) ◽

pp. 773-779 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

T J French ◽

M J Holness ◽

P A MacLennan ◽

M C Sugden

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Corn Oil ◽

Acute Administration ◽

Acute Effects ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Substrate Supply ◽

Lipid Substrate

We examined the long-term effects of nutritional status and the acute effects of changes in exogenous carbohydrate- and lipid-substrate supply and utilization on fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2) concentrations in heart, gastrocnemius and soleus. Starvation decreased Fru-2,6-P2 concentrations in all three muscles. The acute administration of insulin and glucose increased skeletal-muscle Fru-2,6-P2 in the fed, but not in the starved, state, but cardiac Fru-2,6-P2 was unchanged. Cardiac and skeletal-muscle Fru-2,6-P2 concentrations were unaffected by acute increases in fatty acid supply produced by the administration of corn oil plus heparin, or by acute decreases in fatty acid supply produced by inhibition of lipolysis. Differences in cardiac and skeletal-muscle Fru-2,6-P2 concentrations observed in response to starvation were not reversed by administration of glucose or glucose plus insulin, or by inhibition of lipolysis, even though changes in citrate (heart), acylcarnitine (heart) and glycogen (skeletal muscle) were observed. Concentrations remained low for at least 8 h after chow re-feeding, but the fed value was restored by 24 h.

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Interactions of insulin, glucagon and dexamethasone in controlling the activity of glycerol phosphate acyltransferase and the activity and subcellular distribution of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase in cultured rat hepatocytes

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj2300525 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 230 (2) ◽

pp. 525-534 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

R A Pittner ◽

R Fears ◽

D N Brindley

Keyword(s):

Neutral Lipids ◽

Relative Proportion ◽

Rat Hepatocytes ◽

Glycerol Phosphate ◽

Acyltransferase Activity ◽

Phosphatidate Phosphohydrolase ◽

Cultured Rat Hepatocytes ◽

Total Glycerol

Rat hepatocytes were incubated in monolayer culture for 8 h. Glucagon (10nM) increased the total phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity by 1.7-fold. This effect was abolished by adding cycloheximide, actinomycin D or 500 pM-insulin to the incubations. The glucagon-induced increase was synergistic with that produced by an optimum concentration of 100 nM-dexamethasone. Theophylline (1mM) potentiated the effect of glucagon, but it did not affect the dexamethasone-induced increase in the phosphohydrolase activity. The relative proportion of the phosphohydrolase activity associated with membranes was decreased by glucagon when 0.15 mM-oleate was added 15 min before the end of the incubations to translocate the phosphohydrolase from the cytosol. This glucagon effect was not seen at 0.5 mM-oleate. Since glucagon also increased the total phosphohydrolase activity, the membrane-associated activity was maintained at 0.15 mM-oleate and was increased at 0.5 mM-oleate. This activity at both oleate concentrations was also increased in incubations that contained dexamethasone, particularly in the presence of glucagon. Insulin increased the relative proportion of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase that was associated with membranes at 0.15 mM-oleate, but not at 0.5 mM-oleate. It also decreased the absolute phosphohydrolase activity on the membranes at both oleate concentrations in incubations that also contained glucagon and dexamethasone. None of the hormonal combinations significantly altered the total glycerol phosphate acyltransferase activity. However, glucagon significantly increased the microsomal activities, and insulin had the opposite effect. Glucagon also decreased the mitochondrial acyltransferase activity. There was a highly significant correlation between the total phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity and the synthesis of neutral lipids from glycerol phosphate and 0.5 mM-oleate in homogenates of cells from all of the hormonal combinations. Phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity is increased in the long term by glucocorticoids and also by glucagon through cyclic AMP. In the short term, glucagon increases the concentration of fatty acid required to translocate the cytosolic reservoir of activity to the membranes on which phosphatidate is synthesized. Insulin opposes the combined actions of glucagon and glucocorticoids. The long-term events explain the large increases in the phosphohydrolase activity that occur in vivo in a variety of stress conditions. The expression of this activity depends on increases in the net availability of fatty acids and their CoA esters in the liver.

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DIRECT GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC FRACTIONATION OF MIXED NEUTRAL LIPIDS OF NATURAL ORIGIN

Canadian Journal of Biochemistry ◽

10.1139/o64-049 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 419-430 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

A. Kuksis

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Steryl Ester ◽

Corn Oil ◽

Neutral Lipids ◽

Carbon Number ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Chromatographic Fractionation ◽

Natural Origin ◽

Virtual Absence ◽

Gas Chromatographic Separation

The experimental conditions previously developed for the gas chromatographic separation of natural triglyceride mixtures are also satisfactory for a direct gas chromatographic fractionation of mixed neutral lipids. This type of analysis has been shown to be readily applicable to the mixtures of free sterol, steryl ester, and triglyceride found in lymph, blood plasma, and certain molecular distillates of corn oil. The separations are based primarily on the carbon number or molecular weight of the material and are effective because of the virtual absence of short chain triglycerides from these samples. The results are essentially quantitative and can be obtained within an hour on 10 to 50 μg of total lipid. For these analyses a solvent-refined lipid extract is usually satisfactory.

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The effects of diet on the esterification of glycerol phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 2-hexadecylglycerol by homogenates of rat adipose tissue

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj1600701 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 160 (3) ◽

pp. 701-706 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

P F Dodds ◽

D N Brindley ◽

M I Gurr

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Beef Tallow ◽

Corn Oil ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Male Rats ◽

Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate ◽

Glycerol Phosphate ◽

Triacylglycerol Content ◽

Rat Adipose Tissue

1. Male rats were fed for 5 weeks after weaning on a diet containing (by weight) 59% of starch or on diets that contained 39% of starch and 20% of either sucrose, beef tallow or corn oil. 2. The rats fed on the beef tallow consumed more energy than did the rats fed on the starch and sucrose diets. The rats fed on the corn oil drank less water than did the other groups of rats. 3. There were no significant differences between the four groups in terms of body-weight gain, epididymal-fat-pad weight and in the size, number and triacylglycerol content of the adipocytes in the fat-pads. 4. There was a significant correlation (P < 0.001) between the activities of glycerol phosphate acyltransferase and monoacylglycerol acyltransferase in individual rats. Both of these activities were highest in the group fed on the high-starch diet and both correlated with the consumption of glucose by individual rats in the four groups. 5. The percentage of glycerol phosphate converted into diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol was positively correlated with the mean diameters, surface area and triacylglycerol content of the adipocytes for individual rats and was greates in the sucrose-fed rats. 6. The specific activity of dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase was highest in the rats fed on beef tallow. This activity was positively correlated with the energy intake for all dietary groups over the 5-week feeding period. 7. The results are discussed in terms of the functions of the three routes of glycerolipid synthesis in adipose tissue.

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Comparison of the effects of dietary beef tallow and corn oil on pancreatic carcinogenesis in the hamster model

Carcinogenesis ◽

10.1093/carcin/11.5.745 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 745-748 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Diane F. Birt ◽

Alan D. Julius ◽

Emily Dwork ◽

Tonia Hanna ◽

Lenora T. White ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Beef Tallow ◽

Corn Oil ◽

Hamster Model ◽

Pancreatic Carcinogenesis

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Long-term ingestion of reduced glutathione suppressed an accelerating effect of beef tallow diet on colon carcinogenesis in rats

Journal of Gastroenterology ◽

10.1007/s00535-009-0101-3 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 44 (10) ◽

pp. 1026-1035 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ryosuke Shiraishi ◽

Takehiro Fujise ◽

Tsukasa Kuroki ◽

Takashi Kakimoto ◽

Lujie Miao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Beef Tallow ◽

Reduced Glutathione ◽

Colon Carcinogenesis ◽

Beef Tallow Diet

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375 Mono-, Di-, and Tri-acylglycerols and Phospholipids Inhibit Scald Development in `Delicious' Apples

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.3.508d ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 508D-508

Author(s):

Zhiguo Ju ◽

Yousheng Duan ◽

Zhiqiang Ju

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Corn Oil ◽

Neutral Lipids ◽

Linseed Oil ◽

Plant Oils ◽

Commercial Plant ◽

Fruit Skin ◽

Oil Components ◽

Cotton Seed Oil

Effects of different plant oils (soybean oil, corn oil, olive oil, peanut oil, linseed oil, and cotton seed oil) and oil component emulsions on scald development in `Delicious' apples were studied. Prestorage treatment with commercial plant oils reduced scald development, but was not as effective as 2000 mg•L-1 diphenylamine (DPA) after 6 months of cold storage. Different oil components played different roles in affecting scald. At 6% or 9% concentrations, neutral lipids (mono-, di-, and tri-acylglycerols), and phospholipids inhibited scald to the same level of 2000 mg•L-1 DPA treatment. Free fatty acids partially reduced scald, while α-tocopherol at 3% or higher concentrations accelerated scald development. There were no differences in scald inhibition between unsaturated neutral lipids and saturated neutral lipids or among the different acylated neutral lipids. When α-tocopherol was stripped from plant oils, the stripped plant oils at 6% or 9% controlled scald to the same level of 2000 mg•L-1 DPA treatment. Emulsions of 6% or 9% neutral lipids, phospholipids, or stripped plant oils did not induce greasiness on fruit skin. Fruit treated with lipids, phospholipids, or stripped plant oils looked greener and fresher compared with the control by the end of storage.

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