Peanuts or An Isocaloric Lower Fat, Higher Carbohydrate Nighttime Snack Have Similar Effects on Fasting Glucose in Adults with Elevated Fasting Glucose Concentrations: A 6-Week Randomized Crossover Trial

Abstract Background The glycemic effects of peanuts are not well-studied and no trials have been conducted in adults with elevated fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Furthermore, intake of peanuts as a nighttime snack, an eating occasion affecting FPG, has not been examined. Objective The aim was to determine the effect of consuming 28 g/d of peanuts as a nighttime snack for 6-weeks on glycemic control and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, compared to an isocaloric lower fat, higher carbohydrate (LFHC) snack (whole grain crackers and low-fat cheese), in adults with elevated FPG. Methods In a randomized crossover trial, 50 adults (FPG 100 ± 8 mg/dL) consumed dry roasted, unsalted, peanuts (164 kcal; 11% E carbohydrate, 17% E protein, and 73% E fat) or a LFHC (164 kcal; 54% E carbohydrate, 17% E protein, and 33% E fat) as a nightly snack (after dinner and before bedtime) for 6-wk with a 4-wk washout period. Primary (FPG) and secondary endpoints (Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015), weight, insulin, fructosamine, lipids/lipoproteins, central and peripheral blood pressure, and pulse wave velocity) were evaluated at the beginning and end of each condition. Linear mixed models were used for data analysis. Results FPG was not different between peanuts vs. LFHC (endpoint mean difference -0.6 mg/dL; 95% CI -2.7, 1.6; P = 0.67). There were no between-condition effects for secondary cardiometabolic endpoints. The HEI-2015 score was not different between the conditions (3.6 points; P = 0.19), although seafood/plant protein (2.0 points; P < 0.01) and added sugar (0.8 points; P = 0.04) components were improved following peanut intake. The whole grain component was lower with peanuts vs. LFHC (-2.6 points; P < 0.01). Conclusion In adults with elevated FPG, peanuts as a nighttime snack (28 g/d) did not affect FPG vs. an isocaloric LFHC snack after 6-weeks. Clinical trial registration: NCT03654651 This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03654651.

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Fasting Glucose Response to Evening Snacks That Differ by Carbohydrate and Fat Composition: A 6-Week, Randomized, Crossover Trial in Subjects with Impaired Fasting Glucose

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa055_028 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1143-1143

Author(s):

Philip Sapp ◽

Kristina Petersen ◽

Penny Kris-Etherton

Keyword(s):

G Protein ◽

Plasma Glucose ◽

Crossover Trial ◽

Fasting Glucose ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Random Order ◽

Glucose Response ◽

Randomized Crossover Trial

Abstract Objectives To examine the effect of consuming one ounce of peanuts (PNUT) as an evening snack on fasting plasma glucose and other cardiovascular disease risk factors, compared to an isocaloric lower fat higher carbohydrate snack (LFHC), in individuals with IFG. Methods Fifty-one individuals with IFG (52% male; 42 ± 15 y; BMI 28 ± 5.6 kg/m2; glucose 105 ± 4.9 mg/dL) were enrolled in this two-period, randomized, crossover trial. In random order, subjects consumed each snack in the evening (after dinner and before bedtime) for 6 weeks (PNUT: 164 kcal, 14 g fat, 2.2 g saturated fat, 6 g carbohydrate, 7 g protein, 2.4 g fiber; LFHC: 165 kcal, 6 g fat, 2 g saturated fat, 22 g carbohydrate, 7 g protein, 3.0 g fiber). Subjects were told not to consume other caloric foods/beverages after dinner. On two consecutive days at the beginning and end of each diet period a fasting blood sample was assessed for plasma glucose, serum lipids/lipoproteins, and insulin. Blood pressure (BP) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured at each time point. Results Compared with baseline (100 mg/dL, 95% CI 99, 102), glucose was unchanged following both conditions (PNUT: −0.9 mg/dL 95% CI −2.1, 1.3; LFHC: −0.4 mg/dL 95% CI −2.6, 0.8) with no between-condition difference (P > 0.05). Changes for LDL-C from baseline differed between conditions (−4.8 mg/dL; 95% CI −9.2, −0.4); there were no within-condition changes from baseline (LFHC −2.3 mg/dL, 95% CI −5.7, 1.0; PNUT 2.5 mg/dL, 95% CI −0.9, 5.8). Greater triglyceride lowering was observed with PNUT (−17 mg/dL, 95% CI −28, −6.2) vs. LFHC (−5.7 mg/dL, 95% CI −17, 5.1). There were no condition effects for weight, HDL-C, insulin, BP or PWV. In a post hoc analysis of subjects who had IFG (>99 mg/dL) at baseline (107 mg/dL, 95% CI 106, 108), glucose was lowered compared to baseline for both conditions (PNUT: −2.6 mg/dL, 95% CI −4.6, −0.6; LFHC: −3.1 mg/dL, 95% CI −5.1, −1.0). Conclusions In individuals with IFG, consuming a relatively low-calorie, mixed macronutrient, nighttime snack improves fasting glucose levels. Greater reductions in triglycerides were observed with evening peanut consumption, which may be explained by the lower carbohydrate and higher fat content. Funding Sources The Peanut Institute Supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health.

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Whole-Grain Processing and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Trial

Diabetes Care ◽

10.2337/dc20-0263 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 (8) ◽

pp. 1717-1723 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sebastian Åberg ◽

Jim Mann ◽

Silke Neumann ◽

Alastair B. Ross ◽

Andrew N. Reynolds

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Glycemic Control ◽

Crossover Trial ◽

Whole Grain ◽

Grain Processing ◽

Randomized Crossover Trial

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Apple consumption reduces markers of postprandial inflammation following a high fat meal in overweight and obese adults: A randomized, crossover trial

Food & Function ◽

10.1039/d1fo00392e ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Danyelle M. Liddle ◽

Xinjie Lois ◽

Emily Ward ◽

Liam C. Cox ◽

Amanda J. Wright ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Crossover Trial ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

High Fat ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Obese Adults ◽

Randomized Crossover Trial ◽

Postprandial Inflammation ◽

Fat Meal

High fat meal-induced postprandial inflammation is exacerbated in overweight and obesity and may contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. This study aimed to determine the effects of apples, rich in...

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Abstract P138: Diet Quality Improvements In Response To Evening Snacks That Differ By Carbohydrate And Fat Composition: A 6-week, Randomized, Crossover Trial In Participants With Impaired Fasting Glucose

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.143.suppl_1.p138 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Philip Sapp ◽

Kristina Petersen ◽

Penny M Kris-Etherton

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

G Protein ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Total Protein ◽

Crossover Trial ◽

Fasting Glucose ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Whole Grains ◽

Randomized Crossover Trial

Objectives: To examine the effect of consuming one ounce of peanuts (PNUT) as an evening snack on diet quality compared to an isocaloric lower fat higher carbohydrate snack (LFHC), in individuals with impaired fasting glucose IFG. Methods: Fifty-one individuals (48% female; 42 ± 15 y; BMI 28.3 ± 5.6 kg/m 2 ; glucose 100 ± 8 mg/dL; total cholesterol 189 ± 30 mg/dL; LDL-C 121 ± 26 mg/dL; HDL-C 53 ± 14 mg/dL; triglycerides 116 ± 73 mg/dL) were enrolled in this two-period, randomized, crossover trial. In random order, subjects consumed each snack in the evening (after dinner and before bedtime) for 6 weeks (PNUT: 164 kcal, 14 g fat, 2.2 g saturated fat, 6 g carbohydrate, 7 g protein, 2.4 g fiber; LFHC: 165 kcal, 6 g fat, 2 g saturated fat, 22 g carbohydrate, 7 g protein, 3.0 g fiber) with a 4 week compliance break. Subjects were instructed not to consume other caloric foods/beverages after dinner. Participants self-reported being adherent to the protocol on 88% of study days. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-hour recalls (ASA24® Dietary Assessment Tool) conducted at the beginning and end of each diet period. The Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) was calculated using the NCI SAS code. Results: There was no between-condition difference in the HEI-2015 score for PNUT compared to LFHC (mean difference 3.2; 95% CI -1.1, 7.4). Individual mean component scores were significantly different following PNUT compared to LFHC (whole grains: -2.0 [95% CI -3.1, -1.0]; seafood and plant protein: 1.5 [95% CI 0.8, 2.3]; fatty acids: 2.0 [95% CI 0.8, 3.2]; and saturated fat 1.2 [95% CI 0.1, 2.4]). Following PNUT, consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (3 g; 95% CI 0.2, 6.6), total protein foods (2.0 oz-eq; 95% CI 0.5, 3.4) and vegetable oils (6.5 g; 95% CI 1.6, 11.5) were higher whereas whole grain (-0.9 oz-eq; 95% CI -1.2, -0.5) consumption was lower compared to LFHC. No other differences in dietary intake were observed. Conclusions: In individuals with IFG, consuming 28g of peanuts as an evening snack increased consumption of total protein foods, oils, and polyunsaturated fatty acids and reduced whole grains compared to the LFHC snack. Overall diet quality was not increased, but fatty acid and total protein food scores improved.

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Whole grain and cereal fibre intake in the Australian Health Survey: associations to CVD risk factors

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980019004233 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (8) ◽

pp. 1404-1413 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Eden M Barrett ◽

Marijka J Batterham ◽

Eleanor J Beck

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Health Survey ◽

Fasting Glucose ◽

Lifestyle Factors ◽

Lipid Lowering ◽

Whole Grain ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Fibre Intake ◽

Australian Health

AbstractObjective:To explore associations of whole grain and cereal fibre intake to CVD risk factors in Australian adults.Design:Cross-sectional analysis. Intakes of whole grain and cereal fibre were examined in association to BMI, waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), serum lipid concentrations, C-reactive protein, systolic BP, fasting glucose and HbA1c.Setting:Australian Health Survey 2011–2013.Participants:A population-representative sample of 7665 participants over 18 years old.Results:Highest whole grain consumers (T3) had lower BMI (T0 26·8 kg/m2, T3 26·0 kg/m2, P < 0·0001) and WC (T0 92·2 cm, T3 90·0 cm, P = 0·0005) compared with non-consumers (T0), although only WC remained significant after adjusting for dietary and lifestyle factors, including cereal fibre intake (P = 0·03). Whole grain intake was marginally inversely associated with fasting glucose (P = 0·048) and HbA1c (P = 0·03) after adjusting for dietary and lifestyle factors, including cereal fibre intake. Cereal fibre intake was inversely associated with BMI (P < 0·0001) and WC (P < 0·0008) and tended to be inversely associated with total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and apo-B concentrations, although associations were attenuated after further adjusting for BMI and lipid-lowering medication use.Conclusions:The extent to which cereal fibre is responsible for the CVD-protective associations of whole grains may vary depending on the mediators involved. Longer-term intervention studies directly comparing whole grain and non-whole grain diets of similar cereal fibre contents (such as through the use of bran or added-fibre refined grain products) are needed to confirm independent effects.

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