scholarly journals Radiation-induced unrepairable DSBs: their role in the late effects of radiation and possible applications to biodosimetry

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (suppl_2) ◽  
pp. ii114-ii120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asao Noda
Keyword(s):  
Late Effects ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Effects Of Radiation

scholarly journals Radiation-Induced Dual Oxidase Upregulation in Rat Heart Tissues: Protective Effect of Melatonin

Medicina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhood ◽  
Aliasgharzadeh ◽  
Amini ◽  
Saffar ◽  
Motevaseli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Effects ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Chronic Oxidative Stress ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Heart Injury ◽  
Chest Irradiation ◽  
Effects Of Radiation

Background: Radiation-induced heart injury can lead to increased risk of heart failure, attack, and ischemia. Some studies proposed IL-4 and IL-13 as two important cytokines that are involved in late effects of ionizing radiation. On the other hand, these cytokines may, through upregulation of Duox1 and Duox2, induce chronic oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. In this study, we evaluated the upregulation of Duox1 and Duox2 pathways in hearts following chest irradiation in rats and then detected possible attenuation of them by melatonin. Materials and Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (1) control; (2) melatonin treated (100 mg/kg); (3) radiation (15 Gy gamma rays); (4) melatonin treated before irradiation. All rats were sacrificed after 10 weeks and their heart tissues collected for real-time PCR (RT-PCR), ELISA detection of IL-4 and IL-13, as well as histopathological evaluation of macrophages and lymphocytes infiltration. Results: Results showed an upregulation of IL-4, IL4ra1, Duox1, and Duox2. The biggest changes were for IL4ra1 and Duox1. Treatment with melatonin before irradiation could attenuate the upregulation of all genes. Melatonin also caused a reduction in IL-4 as well as reverse infiltration of inflammatory cells. Conclusion: Duox1 and Duox2 may be involved in the late effects of radiation-induced heart injury. Also, via attenuation of these genes, melatonin can offer protection against the toxic effects of radiation on the heart.

scholarly journals Sphingosine-1-phosphate and its mimetic FTY720 do not protect against radiation-induced ovarian fibrosis in the nonhuman primate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farners Amargant ◽  
Sharrón L Manuel ◽  
Megan J Larmore ◽  
Brian W Johnson ◽  
Maralee Lawson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Effects ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Tunica Albuginea ◽  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Protein Assay ◽  
Ovarian Stroma ◽  
Sphingosine 1 Phosphate ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Effects Of Radiation ◽  
Long Acting

Abstract Oocytes are highly radiosensitive, so agents that prevent radiation-induced ovarian follicle destruction are important fertility preservation strategies. A previous study in rhesus macaques demonstrated that ovarian treatment with anti-apoptotic agents, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and FTY720, its long-acting mimetic, preserved follicles following a single dose of 15 Gy X-ray radiation, and live offspring were obtained from FTY720-treated animals. However, it is unknown whether these anti-apoptotic agents also protected the ovarian stroma from late effects of radiation, including vascular damage and fibrosis. Using ovarian histological sections from this study, we evaluated the vasculature and extracellular matrix in the following cohorts: vehicle + sham irradiation, vehicle + irradiation (OXI), S1P + irradiation (S1P), and FTY720 + irradiation (FTY720). One ovary from each animal was harvested prior to radiation whereas the contralateral ovary was harvested 10 months post-treatment. We assessed vasculature by immunohistochemistry with a PECAM1 antibody, hyaluronan by a hyaluronan binding protein assay, and collagen by picrosirius red and Masson’s trichrome staining. Disorganized vessels were observed in the medulla in the OXI and S1P cohorts relative to the sham, but the vasculature in the FTY720 cohort appeared intact, which may partially explain fertoprotection. There were no differences in the hyaluronan matrix among the cohorts, but there was thickening of the tunica albuginea and fibrosis in the OXI cohort relative to the sham, which was not mitigated by either S1P or FTY720 treatment. Thus, the fertoprotective properties of S1P and FTY720 may be limited given their inability to protect the ovarian stroma against the late effects of radiation-induced fibrosis.

Oral Sequelae of Head and Neck Radiotherapy

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vissink ◽  
J. Jansma ◽  
F.K.L. Spijkervet ◽  
F.R. Burlage ◽  
R.P. Coppes
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Radiation Caries ◽  
Temporomandibular Joints ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Heavy Burden ◽  
Effects Of Radiation ◽  
Induced Changes

In addition to anti-tumor effects, ionizing radiation causes damage in normal tissues located in the radiation portals. Oral complications of radiotherapy in the head and neck region are the result of the deleterious effects of radiation on, e.g., salivary glands, oral mucosa, bone, dentition, masticatory musculature, and temporomandibular joints. The clinical consequences of radiotherapy include mucositis, hyposalivation, taste loss, osteoradionecrosis, radiation caries, and trismus. Mucositis and taste loss are reversible consequences that usually subside early post-irradiation, while hyposalivation is normally irreversible. Furthermore, the risk of developing radiation caries and osteoradionecrosis is a life-long threat. All these consequences form a heavy burden for the patients and have a tremendous impact on their quality of life during and after radiotherapy. In this review, the radiation-induced changes in healthy oral tissues and the resulting clinical consequences are discussed.

The AIM2 and NLRP3 inflammasomes trigger IL-1–mediated antitumor effects during radiation

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (59) ◽  
pp. eabc6998
Author(s):  
Chuanhui Han ◽  
Victoria Godfrey ◽  
Zhida Liu ◽  
Yanfei Han ◽  
Longchao Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antitumor Immunity ◽  
Radiation Treatment ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Effects Of Radiation ◽  
Nlrp3 Inflammasomes ◽  
Priming Activity ◽  
Deficient Mice

The inflammasome promotes inflammation-associated diseases, including cancer, and contributes to the radiation-induced tissue damage. However, the role of inflammasome in radiation-induced antitumor effects is unclear. We observed that tumors transplanted in Casp1−/− mice were resistant to radiation treatment compared with tumors in wild-type (WT) mice. To map out which molecule in the inflammasome pathway contributed to this resistant, we investigated the antitumor effect of radiation in several inflammasome-deficient mice. Tumors grown in either Aim2−/− or Nlrp3−/− mice remained sensitive to radiation, like WT mice, whereas Aim2−/−Nlrp3−/− mice showed radioresistance. Mechanistically, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and EV-free supernatant derived from irradiated tumors activated both Aim2 and Nlrp3 inflammasomes in macrophages, leading to the production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). IL-1β treatment helped overcome the radioresistance of tumors growing in Casp1−/− and Aim2−/−Nlrp3−/− mice. IL-1 signaling in dendritic cells (DCs) promoted radiation-induced antitumor immunity by enhancing the cross-priming activity of DCs. Overall, we demonstrated that radiation-induced activation of the AIM2 and NLRP3 inflammasomes coordinate to induce some of the antitumor effects of radiation by triggering IL-1 signaling in DCs, leading to their activation and cross-priming.

Pharmacological Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Kidney Injury Induced by Radiotherapy: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeleh Sahebnasagh ◽  
Fatemeh Saghafi ◽  
Saeed Azimi ◽  
Ebrahim Salehifar ◽  
Seyed Jalal Hosseinimehr
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Injury ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Pharmacological Interventions ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Effects Of Radiation ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽  
Radiation Beams

: More than half of cancer patients need radiotherapy during the course of their treatment. Despite the beneficial aspects, the destructive effects of radiation beams on normal tissues lead to oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell injury. Kidneys are affected during radiotherapy of abdominal malignancies. Radiation nephropathy eventually leads to the release of factors triggering systemic inflammation. Currently, there is no proven prophylactic or therapeutic intervention for the management of radiation-induced nephropathy. This article reviews the biomarkers involved in the pathophysiology of radiation-induced nephropathy and its underlying molecular mechanisms. The efficacy of compounds with potential radio-protective properties on amelioration of inflammation and oxidative stress is also discussed. By outlining the approaches for preventing and treating this critical side effect, we evaluate the potential treatment of radiation-induced nephropathy. Available preclinical and clinical studies on these compounds are also scrutinized.

Radiation Safety in Vascular Surgery

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy B. Reed ◽  
Melissa L Kirkwood
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Endovascular Procedures ◽  
Radiation Safety ◽  
National Council ◽  
Skin Injury ◽  
Air Kerma ◽  
Dose Limits ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Effects Of Radiation ◽  
Harmful Effects

Modern vascular surgeons perform an ever-increasing number of complex endovascular procedures, largely based on patient preference, decreased length of stay, and improved outcome. With the upsurge of endovascular cases, concern has grown regarding the harmful effects of radiation exposure delivered to the patient and the operator. Surgeon education on the appropriate use of fluoroscopic operating factors coupled with appropriate training in radiation safety has been shown to decrease radiation dose. This review elucidates dose terminology and metrics, possible radiation-induced injuries, risk factors for deterministic injury, and radiation safety principles and techniques. Tables provide practical tips to lower patient and operator radiation dose during fluoroscopically guided intervention, and National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurements recommended dose limits for occupational exposure. Figures illustrate reference air kerma, radiation-induced skin injury, effects of image receptor and table position, and operator exposure. This review contains 4 figures, 3 tables, and 53 references.

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