Effects of particulate matter exposure on the transmissibility and case fatality rate of COVID-19: A Nationwide Ecological Study in China

AbstractThe Coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic, which was first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, has caused 3,314 death as of March 31, 2020 in China. This study aimed to investigate the temporal association between case fatality rate (CFR) of COVID-19 and particulate matter (PM) in Wuhan. We conducted a time series analysis to explore the temporal day-by-day associations. We found COVID-19 held higher case fatality rate with increasing concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 in temporal scale, which may affect the process of patients developed from mild to severe and finally influence the prognosis of COVID-19 patients.

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Clinical and epidemiological variability in severe sepsis: an ecological study

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health ◽

10.1136/jech-2018-210501 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 72 (8) ◽

pp. 741-745 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J Priyanka Vakkalanka ◽

Karisa K Harland ◽

Morgan B Swanson ◽

Nicholas M Mohr

Keyword(s):

Severe Sepsis ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Ecological Study ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Administrative Database ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Diagnostic Coding ◽

Hospital Administrative

BackgroundTo assess clinical and epidemiological trends of severe sepsis.MethodsEcological study of patients presenting to the emergency department with severe sepsis or septic shock between 2005 and 2013. Patients were identified using the state-wide hospital administrative database. Key outcomes included incidence rates (IRs) and mortality rates (per 1000 population) by age and medically underserved areas (MUAs), sepsis case fatality rate (deaths per 100 sepsis cases), and proportions of transfer and comorbidities.ResultsThere were 154 019 sepsis cases identified. In 2005, 85+ yo in non-MUAs had a 44% increase in IR compared with those in MUAs, and this difference rose to 74% by 2013. Mortality rates were 1.6 (95% CI 1.3 to 1.8) times greater among 85+ yo in non-MUAs. Mortality rates increased by 1.8% annually, while the sepsis case fatality rate decreased by 7.7%. The proportion of transfer among sepsis cases decreased by 2.1% per year (3.8% in non-MUAs, 0.7% in MUAs).ConclusionsSepsis incidence varies geographically, and access to healthcare is one proposed mechanism that may explain heterogeneity. Over time, we may be capturing higher acuity sepsis cases with better recognition and management, as well as observing differential diagnostic coding documentation by location.

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Predictors of Covid-19 case fatality rate: An ecological study

Annals of Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102319 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 65 ◽

pp. 102319

Author(s):

Osama Y. Alshogran ◽

Shoroq M. Altawalbeh ◽

Sayer I. Al-Azzam ◽

Reema Karasneh

Keyword(s):

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Ecological Study ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Fatality Rate

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Ecologic correlation between underlying population level morbidities and COVID-19 case fatality rate among countries infected with SARS-CoV-2

10.1101/2020.04.28.20082370 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Evaezi Okpokoro ◽

Victoria Igbinomwanhia ◽

Elima Jedy-Agba ◽

Gbenga Kayode ◽

Ezenwa James Onyemata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Tobacco Use ◽

Negative Correlation ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Ecological Study ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Population Level ◽

Hiv Prevalence ◽

Fatality Rate

AbstractBackgroundThe ongoing Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is unprecedented in scope. High income countries (HIC) seemingly account for the majority of the mortalities considering that these countries have screened more persons. Low middle income countries (LMIC) countries may experience far worse mortalities considering the existence of a weaker health care system and the several underlying population level morbidities. As a result, it becomes imperative to understand the ecological correlation between critical underlying population level morbidities and COVID-19 case fatality rates (CFR).MethodThis is an ecological study using data on COVID-19 cases, prevalence of COPD, prevalence of tobacco use, adult HIV prevalence, quality of air and life expectancy. We plotted a histogram, performed the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and used spearman correlation to assess the degree of correlation between COVID-19 case fatality rate (CFR) and other covariates mentioned above.ResultAs at the 31st of March 2020, there were a total of 846,281 cases of COVID-19 from 204 countries and a global case fatality rate of 5% (range 0% to 29%). Angola and Sudan both had the highest CFR of 29%, while Italy had the highest number of deaths (i.e. 12,428) as at 31st of March 2020. Adult HIV prevalence has a significant but weak negative correlation with CFR (correlation coefficient = - 0.24, p value =0.01) while all the other variables have positive correlation with CFR due to COVID-19 though not statistically significant. Of the 204 countries analyzed, only 11 countries (i.e. 5%) had complete datasets across all 5 population level morbidities (i.e. prevalence of COPD, prevalence of tobacco use, life expectancy, quality of air, and adult HIV prevalence variables). Correlations of CFR from these 11 countries were similar to that from the 204 countries except for the correlation with quality of air and prevalence of tobacco use. Conclusion: While we interpret our data with caution given the fact that this is an ecological study, our findings suggest that population level factors such as prevalence of COPD, prevalence of tobacco use, life expectancy and quality of air are positively correlated with CFR from COVID-19 but, adult HIV prevalence has a weak and negative correlation with COVID-19 CFR and would require extensive research.

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Preliminary Estimate of COVID-19 Case Fatality Rate in the Philippines using Linear Regression Analysis

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3569248 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Arieh Medina

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Linear Regression ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Case Fatality ◽

The Philippines ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Preliminary Estimate

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Impact of hydroxychloroquin/azithromycin protocol on COVID-19 case-fatality rate reduction in Algeria. (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.20886 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ahmed Youssef Kada

Keyword(s):

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Doubling Time ◽

Case Fatality ◽

World Health ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Therapeutic Protocol ◽

First Case ◽

The World ◽

The Impact ◽

At Home

BACKGROUND Covid-19 is an emerging infectious disease like viral zoonosis caused by new coronavirus SARS CoV 2. On December 31, 2019, Wuhan Municipal Health Commission in Hubei province (China) reported cases of pneumonia, the origin of which is a new coronavirus. Rapidly extendable around the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) declares it pandemic on March 11, 2020. This pandemic reaches Algeria on February 25, 2020, date on which the Algerian minister of health, announced the first case of Covid-19, a foreign citizen. From March 1, a cluster is formed in Blida and becomes the epicentre of the coronavirus epidemic in Algeria, its total quarantine is established on March 24, 2020, it will be smoothly alleviated on April 24. A therapeutic protocol based on hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was put in place on March 23, for complicated cases, it was extended to all the cases confirmed on April 06. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquin/azithromycin protocol in Algeria, in particular after its extension to all patients diagnosed COVID-19 positive on RT-PCR test. We were able to illustrate this fact graphically, but not to prove it statistically because the design of our study, indeed in the 7 days which followed generalization of therapeutic protocol, case fatality rate decrease and doubling time increase, thus confirming the impact of wide and early prescription of hydroxychloroquin/azithromycin protocol. METHODS We have analyzed the data collected from press releases and follow-ups published daily by the Ministry of Health, we have studied the possible correlations of these data with certain events or decisions having a possible impact on their development, such as confinement at home and its reduction, the prescription of hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin combination for serious patients and its extension to all positive COVID subjects. Results are presented in graphics, the data collection was closed on 31/05/2020. RESULTS Covid-19 pandemic spreads from February 25, 2020, when a foreign citizen is tested positive, on March 1 a cluster is formed in the city of Blida where sixteen members of the same family are infected during a wedding party. Wilaya of Blida becomes the epicentre of coronavirus epidemic in Algeria and lockdown measures taken, while the number of national cases diagnosed begins to increases In any event, the association of early containment measures combined with a generalized initial treatment for all positive cases, whatever their degree of severity, will have contributed to a reduction in the fatality rate of COVID 19 and a slowing down of its doubling time. CONCLUSIONS In Algeria, the rapid combination of rigorous containment measure at home and early generalized treatment with hydroxychloroquin have demonstrated their effectiveness in terms of morbidity and mortality, the classic measures of social distancing and hygiene will make it possible to perpetuate these results by reducing viral transmission, the only unknown, the reopening procedure which can only be started after being surrounded by precautions aimed at ensuring the understanding of the population. CLINICALTRIAL Algeria, Covid-19, pandemic, hydroxychloroquin, azithromycin, case fatality rate

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Author Correction: Calcium channel blocker amlodipine besylate therapy is associated with reduced case fatality rate of COVID-19 patients with hypertension

Cell Discovery ◽

10.1038/s41421-021-00267-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lei-Ke Zhang ◽

Yuan Sun ◽

Haolong Zeng ◽

Qingxing Wang ◽

Xiaming Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Channel ◽

Calcium Channel Blocker ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Channel Blocker ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Amlodipine Besylate

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-021-00267-0

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Early determination of case fatality rate of COVID-19 pandemic during the ongoing Yemeni armed conflict

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness ◽

10.1017/dmp.2021.250 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Abdulla Salem Bin Ghouth ◽

Ali Ahmed Al-Waleedi ◽

Marhami Fahriani ◽

Firzan Nainu ◽

Harapan Harapan

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Intensive Care ◽

Armed Conflict ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Mechanical Ventilators ◽

Poor Outcomes

Abstract Objectives: To determine the case-fatality rate (CFR) of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its associated determinants in order to understand the true magnitude of the problem during ongoing conflict in Yemen. Methods: The CFR among confirmed COVID-19 cases in Yemen was calculated. The data was retrieved from national COVID-19 surveillance between April 10, when the first COVID-19 case reported, and May 31, 2020. Results: A total of 419 confirmed COVID-19 cases were reported. There were 14.1% and 5.7% of cases who required intensive care and mechanical ventilators, respectively. Out of total cases, 95 deaths were reported, giving CFR of 22.6% which is much higher compared to other countries. CFR was significantly higher among elderly compared to young adults and varied between governorates. Mortality was associated with preexisting hypertension (OR: 2.30; 95%CI: 1.58, 3.54) and diabetes (OR: 1.68; 95%CI: 1.08, 2.61). Conclusions: Elderly and those with comorbidities, in particular hypertension and diabetes, have higher risk for poor outcomes and therefore should receive more attention in the clinical setting. Preventive measures should also be prioritized to protect those groups in order to reduce the severe cases and deaths-associated COVID-19 in armed-conflict.

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