Diplomatic Couriers

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denza Eileen
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Commercial Aircraft ◽  
Official Document ◽  
Other Hand

This chapter analyses Articles 27.5, 27.6, and 27.7 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. The three sections mainly centre on matters regarding the functions diplomatic couriers. According to Article 27.5, the diplomatic courier, who shall be provided with an official document indicating his status and the number of packages constituting the diplomatic bag, shall be protected by the receiving State in the performance of his functions. He shall enjoy personal inviolability and shall not be liable to any form of arrest or detention. Article 27.6 on the other hand states that the sending State or the mission may designate diplomatic couriers ad hoc. If this happens, then the provisions of Article 27.5 shall also apply. Lastly, Article 27.7 states that a diplomatic bag may be entrusted to the captain of a commercial aircraft and that he shall be provided with an official document indicating the number of packages constituting the bag but he shall not be considered to be a diplomatic courier.

Precedence among Heads of Mission

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denza Eileen
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Holy See ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Similar Body ◽  
Respective State ◽  
Made In

This chapter discusses Articles 16, 17, and 18 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. Article 16 states that, in accordance with Article 13, heads of diplomatic missions take precedence in their respective classes in the order of the date and time of taking up their functions. It also states that any alterations made in the credentials of a head of mission that does not involve the changing of class shall not affect precedence. Lastly, the Article states that it is not prejudiced regarding the precedence of the representative of the Holy See. Article 17 on the other hand states that Ministry for Foreign Affairs or other similar body shall be notified of the precedence of the diplomatic staff, while Article 18 expresses that the procedure to be observed between each respective State for the reception of heads of mission shall be uniform in respect of class.

End of Diplomatic Functions

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denza Eileen
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Article 9 ◽  
Head Of State

This chapter analyses Article 43 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations which discusses the end of diplomatic functions. According to the Article, the function of a diplomatic agent comes to an end, inter alia: (a) on notification by the sending State to the receiving State that the function of the diplomatic agent has come to an end; (b) on notification by the receiving State to the sending State that, in accordance with Article 9, it refuses to recognize the diplomatic agent as a member of the mission. The chapter also looks into how conflict can end the functions of a diplomatic agent. A change of government on either side not involving the Head of State, or the constitutional replacement of an elected Head of State following his death, resignation, or the end of his term of office does not on the other hand automatically end the function of the diplomatic agent.

Termination of Privileges and Immunities

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denza Eileen
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Do So

This chapter analyses Articles 39.2 and 39.3 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. Both deal with the termination of privileges and immunities given to members of the diplomatic missions. Article 39.2 states that when the functions of a person enjoying privileges and immunities have come to an end, such privileges and immunities shall normally cease at the moment when he leaves the country, or on expiry of a reasonable period in which to do so, but shall subsist until that time, even in case of armed conflict. However, with respect to acts performed by such a person in the exercise of his functions as a member of the mission, immunity shall continue to subsist. Article 39.3 on the other hand states that in case of the death of a member of the mission, the members of his family shall continue to enjoy the privileges and immunities until the expiry of a reasonable period.

Breach of Relations and Protection of Interests

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denza Eileen
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
The Third ◽  
Temporary Protection ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Prior Consent

This chapter examines Articles 45 and 46 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. According to the Article 45 which deals with the breach of relations between States, if diplomatic relations are broken off between two States, or if a mission is permanently or temporarily recalled: (a) the receiving State must, even in case of armed conflict, respect and protect the premises of the mission, together with its property and archives; (b) the sending State may entrust the custody of the premises of the mission, together with its property and archives, to a third State acceptable to the receiving State; (c) the sending State may entrust the protection of its interests and those of its nationals to a third State acceptable to the receiving State. On the other hand, Article 46 which deals with the State’s protection of interests, states that with the prior consent of a receiving State, and at the request of a third State not represented in the receiving State, a sending State may undertake the temporary protection of the interests of the third State and of its nationals.

scholarly journals Danza en educación infantil: opinión de los docentes (Dance in preschool education: teachers' opinion)

Retos ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 239-244
Author(s):  
Vicente Juan Peña de Hornos ◽  
Gregorio Vicente Nicolás
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Training ◽  
Teaching Practices ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Preschool Education ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Integral Development ◽  
Development Of Students

El objetivo principal de esta investigación ha sido conocer y analizar la inclusión de actividades de danza en la práctica educativa del aula de Educación Infantil desde la perspectiva de los docentes. Los participantes (N=105) han sido maestras/os que imparten docencia en el segundo ciclo de Educación Infantil en centros educativos de la Región de Murcia (España). Para la recogida de datos se ha diseñado un cuestionario ad hoc y posteriormente se ha aplicado un análisis descriptivo a la información obtenida. Los resultados reflejan que los especialistas de Educación Infantil de la Región de Murcia incluyen en sus programaciones y en su práctica docente actividades de danza. Asimismo, las consideran fundamentales en el desarrollo integral del alumnado y que este responde de forma positiva y activa a este tipo de actividades. Por otro lado, alertan de la necesidad de mejorar la oferta formativa con respecto a estas materias y la calidad y cantidad de medios y recursos para llevarlas adecuadamente a la práctica. Abstract. The main objective of this research was to learn and analyze the inclusion of dance activities in Preschool teaching practices from the perspective of teachers. Participants (N=105) were teachers who teach at the second cycle of Preschool Education in schools from the Region of Murcia (Spain). An ad hoc questionnaire was designed for the collection of data, and descriptive analysis was subsequently applied. The results reflect that specialists of Preschool Education from the Region of Murcia include dance activities in their planning and teaching practices. Likewise, they consider them fundamental for the integral development of students, who respond in a positive and active way to this type of activities. On the other hand, they call the attention on the need to improve both teacher training with respect to these subjects and the quality and quantity of resources to carry them properly into practice.

Nikita Panin, Russian Diplomacy, and the American Revolution

Slavic Review ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
American Revolution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Precise Nature ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

The precise nature of Russian-American diplomatic relations during the War for American Independence has always presented a problem for historians. On the one hand, the Declaration of Armed Neutrality by Catherine II in February 1780 seemed to represent an effort to limit British sovereignty on the seas, and news of its promulgation was greeted with enthusiasm in the struggling American colonies. But on the other hand, the reception by the Russian empress of Francis Dana, the American envoy (1781-83) sent to St. Petersburg in the aftermath of the declaration to obtain Russian aid, was far from hospitable, and was in part responsible for the strained diplomatic relations between the two nations for several years thereafter. This contradiction, more apparent than real, prompted Frank A. Golder, one of America's first historians of Russia, to call for more research in the area of Russian-American relations.

Final Clauses

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denza Eileen
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
International Court Of Justice ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
International Court ◽  
Article 50

This chapter looks into Articles 48 to 53 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. Article 48 states that the Convention shall be open for signature by all States Members of the UN or any of the specialized agencies or Parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice, and by any other State invited by the General Assembly of the United Nations to become a Party to the Convention. Article 49 on the other hand states that the present Convention is subject to ratification, while Article 50 expresses that the Convention shall remain open for accession by any State. Article 51 enumerates the date of the enforcement of the ratifications submitted to the UN, and Article 52 states that the Secretary-General shall inform all States the deposit of instruments of ratification and the date of enforcement. Lastly, Article 53 states that the original texts of the Convention shall be deposited with the Secretary-General, who shall send certified copies thereof to all States.

scholarly journals Aggression towards Referees in Amateur Football in Spain: A Loglinear Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Fuente ◽  
Enrique Cantón ◽  
Francisco Montes ◽  
María Ángeles Sanruperto Abella
Keyword(s):  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
The Other ◽  
Loglinear Model ◽  
The Third ◽  
Youth Football ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The City

Aggressive behavior towards football referees is becoming increasingly common, and as a result we are getting used to it and coming to see it as an inevitable and intrinsic element of football matches. Spectators, players and coaches are all prone to take this view. This article studies how the types of aggression shown by these three groups towards the referee are related to one another, and how they are perceived by the referee, in amateur football. For this purpose, the phenomenon was assessed, using an ad-hoc form, both by an expert and by the referee, in 119 regional and youth football matches in the city of Valencia and surrounding municipalities. We analysed the data using a loglinear model, which enabled us to establish that from the referee’s perspective pairs of the above-mentioned groups influenced each other regardless of the attitude of the third group. On the other hand, departing from the traditional idea that aggressive behaviour by one of the groups determines the behaviour of the other two, the analysis of the expert’s opinions on the attitudes of the three groups led us to a model in which their respective actions were independent of one another.

scholarly journals Protective Parents, Democratic Parents and Support to Physical Activity and Sport

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (40) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Higinio González-García ◽  
Antonia Pelegrín Muñoz ◽  
José Luis Carballo Crespo
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Care Education ◽  
Levels Of Care ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Personalized Education ◽  
Adjustment Test

The aim of this study is to determine if parental education styles influence on parents support in sport of athletes. The sample consisted of 374 athletes and physical practitioners. In order to measure the different variables were used, an ad hoc Sociodemographic questionnaire, the Oviedo Scale of Infrequency Response (INF-OV) and the Self- Assessment Multifactorial Childhood Adjustment Test (TAMAI). The results showed significant differences in: care education close to mother protectionism (p<.05), mother personalized education (p<.01), father personalized-assistance education (p<.01) and father protectionism (p<.01), in favour of athletes who felt support from parents. On the other hand, mother restriction (p<.01) and father restriction obtained significant differences, in favour of athletes who did not feel support in the practice of physical activity and sport. The regression analysis showed that care education close to mother protectionism (p<.05) and father personalized assistance education (p<.05), are linked with perceived greater support in sport. On the other hand, higher levels of mother restriction (p<.05) and father restriction (p<.05) are related to perceiving less support in the practice of physical activity and sport. It was concluded that athletes who perceived support for physical activity, obtained higher levels of care education close to mother protectionism, mother personalized education, father personalized education and father protectionism. Key words: parents, athletes, collaboration, sport career, education.

Freedom of Communication

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denza Eileen
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Free Communication ◽  
Wireless Transmitter ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

This chapter considers the first sentence of Article 27.1 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations which discusses the freedom of communication given to all members of the diplomatic mission. According to the Article 27.1, the receiving State shall permit and protect free communication on the part of the mission for all official purposes. Representatives from the sending State may employ all appropriate means, including diplomatic couriers and messages in code or cipher, in communicating with their Government and the other missions and consulates. However, if the mission wishes to use a wireless transmitter, it must first have consent of the receiving State. Without the right of free communication, the mission cannot effectively carry out two of its most important functions—negotiating with the government of the receiving State and reporting to the government of the sending State on conditions and developments in the receiving State.

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