Part II Preliminary Topics, 8 Exclusion of Foreign Law

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torremans Paul
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
International Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Public Welfare ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
The Public ◽  
Foreign Law ◽  
Mandatory Rules ◽  
The Law ◽  
Ordre Public

This chapter examines issues surrounding the exclusion, or non-enforcement, of foreign law. There are circumstances when the law of the forum must be preferred to the foreign law that would normally be applicable to the case. An outstanding example of this is the civil law doctrine of ordre public under which any domestic rule designed to protect the public welfare must prevail over an inconsistent foreign rule. This chapter discusses four cases in which foreign law will not be enforced, either directly or indirectly, by English courts: foreign revenue, penal and other public laws; foreign expropriatory legislation; foreign laws repugnant to English public policy; and the mandatory rules of the forum. It also describes the effect of European private international law on the rule against the enforcement of foreign revenue, penal and other public laws in England.

scholarly journals Mechanism of Application of the Public Policy Clause as a Ground for Limitation of the Application of Foreign Law in Private International Law

2020 ◽  
pp. 74-88
Author(s):  
Mykhailo LATYNSKYI
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
International Law ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Interconnected System ◽  
The Public ◽  
Foreign State ◽  
Legal Remedy ◽  
Foreign Law ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ordre Public

The article analyzes the essence and peculiarities of the implementation in practice of the mechanism of application of the public policy clause (ordre public) as a basis for limiting the effect of foreign law in private international law. The author argues that the introduction of a unified mechanism for the application of the public policy clause as a basis for restricting the effect of foreign law is in the interests of both the international community and individual states. The sources for determining the constituent elements of the mechanism are regulations (international and national) and judicial (arbitration) practice. Based on their study, it is summarized that the mechanism of application of the public policy clause is a complex legal remedy, the proper functioning of which is impossible without the jurisdiction to take preliminary action to invoke the conflict of laws the first sends to. It is established that the basis for the application of the public policy clause in order to limit the effect of foreign law in the country of the court is a violation of public policy. Discussions arise about the normative consolidation and the peculiarities of establishing conditions in law enforcement activities, the existence of which allows the jurisdictional body to apply such reservations. These conditions, although they may be considered in isolation, function as a whole, forming an interconnected system of restrictions and principles designed to ensure that the court complies with the minimum substantive and formal requirements for the application of the public policy clause. The conditions for applying the reservation in cases of exclusion or restriction of foreign law traditionally include: 1) contradiction of public policycannot be stated by the court on the basis of inconsistency or difference of foreign law from the provisions of public policy; 2) the incompatibility of the mentioned consequences must be, on the one hand, obvious and, on the other hand, sufficiently and consistently substantiated by a court or arbitration tribunal; 3) the difference between the legal, political or economic systems of the relevant foreign state from the systems of the court state cannot serve as a justification for refusing to apply the law of a foreign state.

The Lex Fori

2019 ◽  
pp. 172-194
Author(s):  
Adrian Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
International Law ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
English Court ◽  
Conflict Of Laws ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Foreign Law ◽  
The Law

This chapter examines of the role of the lex fori in English private international law before proceeding to examine the rules of the conflict of laws applicable in an English court. Issues for which the rules of the conflict of laws select the lex fori as the law to be applied include grounds for the dissolution (as distinct from nullity) of marriage, even if the marriage has little or nothing to do with the United Kingdom; or settlement of the distribution of assets in an insolvency even though there may be significant overseas elements. Where the rules of the conflict of laws select a foreign law, its application, even though it is proved to the satisfaction of the court, may be disrupted or derailed by a provision of the lex fori instead. The remainder of the chapter covers procedural issues; penal, revenue, and public laws; and public policy.

scholarly journals Comentarios sobre el Orden Público Internacional en sede arbitral internacional, su funcionalidad y su interrelación con el Derecho internacional público = Some reflections regarding International Public policy in international arbitration, its functionality and its interdependence with Public International Law

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 516
Author(s):  
Luis A. López Zamora
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
International Law ◽  
Policy Enforcement ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
International Arbitration ◽  
Public International Law ◽  
The Public ◽  
Arbitral Award ◽  
The Will ◽  
Ordre Public

 Resumen: El derecho del arbitraje internacional no es estrictamente internacional ni doméstico. A decir verdad, aquel cuerpo legal constituye un producto de la voluntad de las partes que han elegido resol­ver sus litigios mediante aquel tipo de mecanismo de solución de controversias. Ahora bien, aunque ello es así, dichas atribuciones presentan ciertos límites. Y es que, los laudos arbitrales internacionales formulados bajo aquellas libertades, son en estricto una forma de justicia privada y, como resultado de ello, los Estados en donde los mismos busquen ser ejecutados podrán rechazar su implementación en ciertas circunstancias. Una de aquellas circunstancias se produce cuando un laudo arbitral infringe el orden público (ordre public) del Estado donde éste busca ser ejecutado. Esta es una regla ampliamente reconocido, sin embargo, genera un problema. Y es que, la noción del orden público es contingente por naturaleza y, dado ello, ha sido nece­sario que su aplicación proceda solo en circunstancias excepcionales. Como resultado de esto, algunos aca­démicos y tribunales estatales han tratado de formular una noción del orden público de tipo internacional con el fin de establecer un contenido más restrictivo a aquella excepción. Sin embargo, esta terminología ha sido construida solo como una forma de identificar una sub-sección del orden público estatal. Esto lleva a ciertas preguntas: ¿Está el arbitraje internacional y, sus instituciones, circunscritas a elementos puramente domésticos? ¿Dónde queda la faceta internacional de los contratos de comercio internacional y de inver­siones si la excepción del orden público fuese a ser analizada desde un enfoque puramente estatal? Estas dudas han sido –tomadas en cuenta de alguna forma, en algunos sistemas legales, en donde el uso del orden público internacional ha sido estructurado en términos verdaderamente internacionales. Sin embargo, esto último también crea interrogantes a plantearse: ¿Qué implica hablar del orden público en el plano interna­cional? ¿Cuál es su contenido y, puede ser utilizado de forma práctica para excluir la ejecución de un laudo arbitral internacional? ¿Cuál es el rol del Derecho Internacional Público en todo esto? ¿Si el verdadero orden público internacional es utilizado, será aquel un punto de contacto entre el Derecho Internacional Público y el Derecho Internacional Privado? Estas y otras interrogantes serán tratadas en este espacio.Palabras clave: arbitraje internacional, orden público, orden público internacional, ejecución de laudos arbitrales, relación entre el derecho internacional público y el derecho internacional privado.Abstract: International arbitration is not domestic nor international in nature. In fact, the law appli­cable to that kind of proceedings can be considered a byproduct of the will of private parties. However, this wide attribution recognized to individuals have some limits. In this regard, it must be born in mind that arbitral awards represent a sort of private justice and, therefore, States requested to execute those kind of decisions can refuse their enforcement within their jurisdictions. One scenario that entails the non-enforcement of and arbitral award happens when the decision collides with the public policy (ordre public) of the State where is supposed to be implemented. This is widely recognized as a fundamental rule in international arbitration, nevertheless, a problem arises. The notion of public policy is contingent in nature and, because of that, it requires to be applied in very specific circumstances. That is why some academics and state tribunals have formulated the notion of international public policy as a term directed to narrow the content of that institution, but using to that end purely domestic legal content. In this sense, the term international public policy emerged as a merely sub-section of domestic public policy divested of any international meaning. In that context: ¿should international arbitration institutions (as the excep­tion of ordre public), be understood by purely domestic elements? ¿Where would be the international aspect of international commercial contract or investment if the exception of public policy is analyzed by purely domestic constructions? Those doubts have pushed in some systems, the formulation of in­ternational public policy in truly international terms. This is somehow welcomed, however, this usage creates additional doubts: ¿What does a public policy of the international realm entail? ¿What is its content and, can that be used in practical ways to exclude the enforcement of and international arbitral award? ¿What is the role of Public International Law in all of this? ¿If truly international public policy is used by domestic tribunals, would that be a point of connection between Public International Law and Private International Law? These and other questions will be entertained in this paper.Keywords: international arbitration, public policy, international public policy, enforcement of ar­bitral awards, public international law – private international law relationship.

Ch.1 General Provisions, General Provisions II: Arts 1.4–1.5—Mandatory rules, Art.1.4

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cuniberti Gilles
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
International Law ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Choice Of Law ◽  
The Public ◽  
Arbitration Clause ◽  
Mandatory Rules ◽  
Court Proceedings ◽  
The Relationship

This commentary focuses on Article 1.4, which clarifies the relationship between the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) and mandatory rules originating from sources external to the PICC. Mandatory rules are rules which cannot be derogated from by the parties, and are therefore mandatory for them. The typical rationale for making certain rules mandatory is to protect weaker parties or the public interest. Mandatory rules can be of two kinds: domestic mandatory rules and international mandatory rules. Art 1.4 covers relevant rules of private international law, choice of law rules applicable in court proceedings, arbitral tribunals, and origin of mandatory rules. It also discusses the applicability of the PICC to international contracts that include an arbitration clause, along with the application of mandatory rules by arbitral tribunals in relation to the doctrine of transnational public policy.

Part VI The Law of Property, 38 Trusts

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torremans Paul
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
International Law ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Choice Of Law ◽  
Mandatory Rules ◽  
The Hague ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Uk

This chapter examines the private international law rules governing trusts which are laid down in the Recognition of Trusts Act 1987 and its scheduled Convention. The Recognition of Trusts Act was passed in 1987 to enable the UK to give effect to the Convention, formally concluded in 1985 by the Hague Conference on Private International Law, on the Law Applicable to Trusts and on their Recognition. The chapter begins with a discussion of some preliminary issues, such as the definition of a trust, types of trust that fall within the 1987 Act, validity of the instrument of creation of the trust, and transfer of trust assets. It then considers the specific rules governing choice of law and the recognition of trusts, along with mandatory rules and public policy. It also looks at the variation of trusts and marriage settlements, citing the relevant provisions of the Variation of Trusts Act 1958.

scholarly journals Qualification of Concepts and its Problems in Cases with Foreign Element in Poland and the United Kingdom

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Bagan-Kurluta
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
International Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Functional Method ◽  
Internal Source ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Uniform Approach ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Foreign Law ◽  
The Law

Abstract Qualification is the basic instrument used in the process of application of the law. It is impossible to apply the law without conducting it. The main internal source of collision law in Poland, Act of private international law dated February 4th, 2011, does not specify how to carry on the process of the qualification, and doctrine is of the opinion that the Polish court applying foreign law should interpret the foreign concepts according to the rules of this law and give them such meanings as this law assigns to them. But also there are four doctrinal proposals concerning methods of qualification. The first one (with various modifications) is relatively popular in a number of countries, while the Polish doctrine has the greatest respect for the latter: 1) lex fori approach, 2) lex causae approach, 3) autonomous method and 4) functional method (or collision lex fori approach). The English judge applying the rules derived from his own internal law remembers about the function of private international law - and therefore takes into account the rules and institutions adopted in the foreign laws. That is application of lex fori approach modified because of the function of collision law, indeed reminiscent of a functional method. However, due to the lack of a uniform approach to qualification and identification of the only way to proceed by the doctrine and case law, it is permissible to move away from the use of this method. For instance it is possible to use the lex causae approach, if it leads to an equitable solution. Lack of regulation of qualification gives a person applying the law a freedom, but at the same time leads to uncertainty about the effects.

Part 2 National and Regional Reports, Part 2.1 Africa: Coordinated by Jan L Neels and Eesa A Fredericks, 16 Morocco: Moroccan Perspectives on the Hague Principles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaher Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
International Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Statutory Law ◽  
The Hague ◽  
The Law

This chapter examines Moroccan perspectives on the Hague Principles. In Morocco, the sources of private international law applicable to international commercial contracts are both of a national and an international nature. International sources include mainly treaties and, to a lesser extent, international customs to which the Moroccan courts may refer in particular cases. National sources are statutory law, case law, and scholarly writings. Case law has always played a vital role in the development and the interpretation of the rules applicable to international commercial contracts. It is indeed the role of the courts to determine the scope of law chosen by the parties and to delimit the boundaries of international public policy as a limit to the application of the law chosen by the parties. Moroccan courts consider international customs as important sources in respect of international contracts and arbitration. Having frequently used the universally accepted principles of private international law, Moroccan courts could easily draw on the Hague Principles to find solutions to certain questions that have not been addressed by the legislature.

United in Diversity – Regional Unification of the Conflict-of-law Rules in Matters of Matrimonial Property Regimes

2019 ◽  
pp. 160-178
Author(s):  
Lucie Zavadilová
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
International Law ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
The Public ◽  
General Part ◽  
Substantive Law ◽  
Fundamental Values ◽  
Property Regimes ◽  
Conflict Of Law

The unification of the conflict-of-law rules in matters of matrimonial property regimes at EU level seeks to mitigate differences in substantive law in particular legal systems. The aim of this contribution is to analyse the doctrine of overriding mandatory provisions and consider the applicability of the public policy exception, which limit the application of the law otherwise applicable determined in compliance with the unified conflict-of-law rules. The question author addresses in this paper is whether these institutes of the general part of private international law provide for sufficient safeguards to protect the fundamental values and public interests of the forum law in matters of matrimonial property regimes.

scholarly journals Bribery and International Commercial Arbitration – the Role of Mandatory Rules and Public Policy

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Pavić
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
The Body ◽  
Criminal Behaviour ◽  
Commercial Arbitration ◽  
International Commercial Arbitration ◽  
The Public ◽  
Additional Problem ◽  
Mandatory Rules

Although designed to resolve private disputes, usually commercial in nature, arbitration may nevertheless encounter during its course allegations of impropriety and criminal behaviour. In the context of international commercial arbitration, the most common of those are allegations of bribery. However, tribunals may adjudicate only matters of private law and, should they establish existence of bribery, may draw only civil law consequences thereof. An additional problem in this respect is determining the body of rules that will be applicable in defining the very notion of bribery, since some aspects of bribery are almost universally prohibited, while the others are banned only in certain jurisdictions. In determining the law applicable to the matters of bribery, tribunals then face choice-of-law dilemmas. Each of the public policy techniques (overriding mandatory provisions, international and/or transnational) has its strengths and weaknesses. 

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Jerker B. Svantesson
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Reform Initiatives ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The Law

This chapter introduces the topic of the book with particular focus on displaying its diversity. It brings attention to the challenges we face, especially due to our current territoriality-focused paradigm. It hints at the tools—the law reform initiatives—needed to solve the Internet jurisdiction puzzle. Finally, this chapter outlines and discusses a set of fundamental assumptions that have impacted how the author views this area of law. Based on those fundamental assumptions, it is argued that the Internet serves humanity best where it caters for cross-border interaction governed by law: law with an appropriate reach determined not merely by national territoriality but also by broader international interests that transcend the public/private international law divide.

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