Eating Disorders

2018 ◽  
pp. 285-300
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Bulimia Nervosa ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Personality Profiles ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Bulimic Symptoms ◽  
Developmental Features

The chapter discusses eating disorders (EDs), including anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). After an overview of these disorders, their developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorders within the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model and identify functionally distinct subtypes. The author proposes to distinguish between a fast spectrum subtype of EDs marked by dysregulated personality traits (high impulsivity, sensation seeking) and a prevalence of bulimic symptoms (F-EDs), and a slow spectrum subtype that comprises both overcontrolled and high-functioning personality profiles (S-EDs).

Panic and Agoraphobia

2018 ◽  
pp. 340-346
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Panic Attacks ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Autonomic Activity ◽  
Confined Spaces ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Developmental Features

The chapter discusses panic disorder and agoraphobia. Panic disorder is defined by recurring panic attacks, dramatic episodes in which a surge of autonomic activity is accompanied by rapidly escalating levels of fear and distress. Agoraphobia is the persistent fear of open or confined spaces, which often develops as a secondary response to panic attacks. After an overview of these disorders, their developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorders within the FSD model. The author concludes that panic and agoraphobia can be classified as defense activation (D-type) conditions.

The first epidemiology survey among Hungarian elite athletes: eating disorders, depression and risk factors

2009 ◽  
Vol 150 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mária Resch ◽  
Péter Haász
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Bulimia Nervosa ◽  
Elite Athletes

Az anorexia nervosa előfordulása magas az evészavarok szempontjából nagy kockázatú populációnak számító sportolók körében, amit anorexiaatlétika néven jegyez az irodalom. Célunk az evészavarok prevalenciájának felmérése a magyar élsportolók között. Betegek és módszerek: A 2008-ban megrendezésre kerülő olimpia előtt több magyarországi edzőtáborban kérdőíves vizsgálatot végeztünk: demográfiai és edzési adatok, anorexianervosa-felmérő teszt (ANIS) és bulimianervosa-felmérő kérdőív (BITE). Az adatokat SPSS programcsomag segítségével dolgoztuk fel. Eredmények: A különböző sportágakban (kajak-kenu, öttusa, kézilabda, kosárlabda, röplabda, súlyemelés) a 72 sportoló életkorátlaga 22±4,9 év. Testtömegindex-átlag (22,15±2,12 kg/m 2 ) a normáltartományban. Tizenkettő (16,7%) klinikai anorexia nervosa és 5 (6,9%) klinikai bulimia nervosa prevalencia. Legalább egy kóros tünet 73,6%-ban fordult elő az egész populációt tekintve. A sportolók közel egyharmada (29,2%) több alkalommal is átélt mély depresszív hangulatot, de biztosan egy letargiás epizódról 27 (37,5%) sportoló számolhat be. A súlyemelő-, a röplabda- és az öttusasportág versenyzői voltak inkább érintettek. Következtetések: Az átlagpopulációhoz viszonyítva a sportolók körében közel négyszeres az evési attitűdök és a klinikai evészavarok előfordulási gyakorisága, ami korrelál a nemzetközi adatokkal. Kiemelkedő a depressziós tünet gyakorisága, amelynek háttértényezői további részletes vizsgálatokra sarkallnak.

scholarly journals Weight suppression increases odds for future onset of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and purging disorder, but not binge eating disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 941-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Stice ◽  
Paul Rohde ◽  
Heather Shaw ◽  
Chris Desjardins
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Bulimia Nervosa ◽  
Binge Eating ◽  
Binge Eating Disorder ◽  
Purging Disorder ◽  
Weight Suppression ◽  
Current Weight

ABSTRACT Background Eating disorders affect 13% of females and contribute to functional impairment and mortality, but few studies have identified risk factors that prospectively correlate with future onset of anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), and purging disorder (PD). Identifying risk factors specific to each eating disorder is critical for advancing etiologic knowledge and designing effective prevention programs. Objectives This study examined whether weight suppression (the difference between a person's highest past weight at their adult height and their current weight) correlates with future onset of AN, BN, BED, and PD. Methods Data from 1165 young women with body image concerns (mean ± SD age: 21.9 ± 6.4 y) who completed annual diagnostic interviews over a 3-y follow-up period were examined. Logistic regression models evaluated the relation of baseline weight suppression to onset risk of each eating disorder controlling for age, dietary restraint, and intervention condition. Results Elevated weight suppression predicted future onset of AN (OR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.80), BN (OR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.62), PD (OR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.23, 1.74), and any eating disorder (OR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.56), but not BED (OR: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.89, 1.37). Highest past weight correlated with future onset of BN and PD but not onset of AN, BED, or any eating disorder, and baseline current weight was inversely related to future AN onset only, implying that women with the largest difference between their highest past weight and current weight are at greatest risk of eating disorders. Conclusions The results provide novel evidence that weight suppression correlates with future onset of eating disorders characterized by dietary restriction or compensatory weight control behaviors and suggest weight-suppressed women constitute an important risk group to target with selective prevention programs. These trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01126918 and NCT01949649.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

2018 ◽  
pp. 323-330
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Type Condition ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Physiological Symptoms ◽  
Developmental Features ◽  
Prolonged Response

The chapter discusses posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is a severe, prolonged response to witnessing or experiencing traumatic events that may manifest with a variety of cognitive, affective, and physiological symptoms, from irritability and hypervigilance to recurrent dreams and flashbacks. After an overview of this disorder, its developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorder within the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model. The author concludes that PTSD can be classified as a defense activation (D-type) condition.

Psychosocial Risk Factors for Eating Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna Jacobi ◽  
Kristian Hütter ◽  
Eike Fittig
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Bulimia Nervosa ◽  
Psychosocial Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
Sample Case

This chapter provides an updated overview of risk factors for eating disorders, on the basis of the risk factor taxonomy described by (Kraemer et al., 1997). It summarizes risk factors identified in longitudinal studies and markers and retrospective correlates from cross-sectional studies through April 2002 for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, identifies new studies published between May 2002 and June 2015, and integrates them into the earlier review. The updated review confirms that longitudinal evidence on risk factors is strongest for nonspecific eating disorder diagnoses including subclinical forms and weakest for participants with diagnoses of anorexia nervosa. When strict criteria for caseness are applied, the majority of risk factors were not able to predict distinct diagnoses and only very few risk factors were confirmed in more than one sample. Case prediction, specificity, and replication therefore remain the biggest challenges in risk factor research for eating disorders.

Social Anxiety Disorder

2018 ◽  
pp. 347-352
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Type Condition ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Developmental Features

The chapter discusses social anxiety disorder (SAD) or “social phobia”, a condition marked by persistent fears and/or anxieties about social situations (including public speaking and other types of performance) that expose the person to scrutiny by others. After an overview of this disorder, its developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorder within the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model. The author concludes that SAD can be classified as a defense activation (D-type) condition.

Specific Phobias

2018 ◽  
pp. 331-339
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Specific Phobias ◽  
Developmental Features

The chapter discusses specific phobias, one of the most common categories of psychopathology. Phobias are exaggerated fears of particular objects of situations, from animals and heights to flying and being exposed to blood, injections, and injuries. After an overview of these disorders, their developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorders within the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model. The author concludes that phobias can be classified as defense activation (D-type) conditions.

The Autism Spectrum

2018 ◽  
pp. 243-260
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
De Novo Mutations ◽  
Life History Variation ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Developmental Features

The chapter discusses autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Autism is defined by a triad of symptoms: impairments in social interaction, impairments in communication, and restricted/repetitive behaviors and interests. After an overview of this disorder, its developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorder within the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model and identify functionally distinct subtypes. The author proposes to distinguish between a slow spectrum subtype with normal or high IQ and a major role of common alleles (S-ASD) and a subtype unrelated to life history variation, with high rates of intellectual disability and a major role of rare and de novo mutations (O-ASD).

scholarly journals Integrated prevention of obesity and eating disorders: barriers, developments and opportunities

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 2295-2309 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sánchez-Carracedo ◽  
Dianne Neumark-Sztainer ◽  
Gemma López-Guimerà
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Bulimia Nervosa ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Exciting Development

AbstractObjectiveThe serious consequences of obesity and eating disorders (ED), difficulties encountered in treatment and the high prevalence of these conditions are important reasons to develop efforts aimed at their prevention. The implementation of integrated interventions aimed at preventing risk factors for both obesity and ED constitutes a very exciting development. In the present paper we discuss and review the main reasons for an integrated approach to the spectrum of eating- and weight-related problems, which include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, anorexic and bulimic behaviours, unhealthy dieting practices, body dissatisfaction, binge-eating disorder, overweight and obesity. Given differences between the fields with regard to current perspectives and objectives, key barriers to an integrated approach to prevention are discussed. In order to show the possibilities of development of this approach, we review the main contributions made to date in the fields of both obesity and ED prevention. In particular, environmental approaches in the prevention of obesity and ED are reviewed, given their potential for preventing a broad spectrum of eating- and weight-related problems. Furthermore, several examples of initiatives that have utilized an integrated approach to prevention are discussed.DesignNarrative review.ConclusionsWe recommend a scenario in which the two fields share knowledge to enhance the difficult work of preventing and treating both ED and obesity.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

2018 ◽  
pp. 353-366
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Not Just Right Experiences ◽  
Harm Prevention ◽  
Developmental Features

The chapter discusses obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a condition defined by the presence of intrusive mental contents (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions). After an overview of this disorder, its developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorder within the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model and identify functionally distinct subtypes. The author proposes to distinguish between a female-biased defense activation subtype (D-OCD) primarily motivated by harm prevention and marked by elevated anxiety and/or disgust, and a male-biased slow spectrum subtype (S-OCD) primarily motivated by feelings of incompleteness and imperfection (“not just right” experiences).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document