Social Anxiety Disorder

2018 ◽  
pp. 347-352
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Type Condition ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Developmental Features

The chapter discusses social anxiety disorder (SAD) or “social phobia”, a condition marked by persistent fears and/or anxieties about social situations (including public speaking and other types of performance) that expose the person to scrutiny by others. After an overview of this disorder, its developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorder within the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model. The author concludes that SAD can be classified as a defense activation (D-type) condition.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

2018 ◽  
pp. 319-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Type Condition ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Developmental Features ◽  
Very High

The chapter discusses generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), a chronic state of excessive, uncontrollable anxiety and worry about a number of different events and activities. Generalized anxiety co-occurs with depression at very high rates and shares the same genetic risk factors. After an overview of this disorder, its developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorder within the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model. The author concludes that GAD can be classified as a defense activation (D-type) condition.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

2018 ◽  
pp. 323-330
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Type Condition ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Physiological Symptoms ◽  
Developmental Features ◽  
Prolonged Response

The chapter discusses posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is a severe, prolonged response to witnessing or experiencing traumatic events that may manifest with a variety of cognitive, affective, and physiological symptoms, from irritability and hypervigilance to recurrent dreams and flashbacks. After an overview of this disorder, its developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorder within the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model. The author concludes that PTSD can be classified as a defense activation (D-type) condition.

scholarly journals Personalized Models of Internalizing Symptoms for Women with Social Anxiety Disorder and Depression

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn Piccirillo ◽  
Thomas Rodebaugh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Internalizing Symptoms ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Depressive Episodes

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) constitutes an important risk factor for major depressive disorder (MDD) and women are at greater risk for both disorders and their comorbidity. Despite much research examining risk factors for MDD specifically, there is limited research evaluating how individuals with SAD transition into depressive episodes. Clinical and theoretical evidence suggests that each individual may exhibit a unique personalized pattern of risk factors. These idiographic patterns may contradict group-level findings. In this study, women (N = 35) with SAD and a current or past major depressive episode completed ecological sampling of their mood and emotional experience five times a day for a month via a smartphone application. These data were analyzed using idiographic analyses to construct individual-level models of each woman’s mood. A multilevel model was constructed to determine risk factors for group-level intra-daily sadness (i.e., depressed mood). Some group-level relationships were consistent with previous research; however, most women’s models demonstrated few, and differing, risk factors for intra-daily sadness. We also examined the spread of individual-level estimates taken from group and idiographic models to determine the extent to which multilevel models can estimate individual-level effects. Implications for integrating results from idiographic methodology into existing theoretical models of psychopathology and clinical practice are discussed.

The impact of alcohol use disorders and alcohol consumption on treatment-seeking individuals with social anxiety disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-122
Author(s):  
Mirjana Subotic-Kerry ◽  
Andrew J. Baillie ◽  
Lexine A. Stapinski ◽  
Maree J. Abbott ◽  
Jo MacDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorders ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
The Impact

Comorbid social anxiety and alcohol use disorders (SAD-AUD) in the community and the complex interactions that occur between these disorders have emerged as a significant clinical, public health, and research issue. The authors examined (a) the rates of comorbid SAD-AUD, (b) the impact of comorbid SAD-AUD on outcomes targeting social anxiety disorder, and (c) the effect of pretreatment alcohol consumption and alcohol use before, during, and after social situations on a composite measure of social anxiety in 172 adults presenting with social anxiety disorder. There was low incidence of AUD in this sample of individuals with SAD. Results indicated that alcohol consumption did not lead to worse social anxiety symptoms; however, alcohol use before and during social situations was associated with more severe social anxiety symptoms. These findings suggest that the function of alcohol use may be more important than the overall level of alcohol use and has implications for treatment.

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladan Starcevic, MD, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
The Status ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
Severe Psychopathology

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is conceptualized as an excessive and/or unreasonable fear of situations in which the person’s behavior or appearance might be scrutinized and evaluated. This fear is a consequence of the person’s expectation to be judged negatively, which might lead to embarrassment or humiliation. Typical examples of feared and usually avoided social situations are giving a talk in public, performing other tasks in front of others, and interacting with people in general. Although the existence of SAD as a psychopathological entity has been known for at least 100 years, it was only relatively recently, with the publication of DSM-III in 1980, that SAD (or social phobia) acquired the status of an ‘‘official’’ psychiatric diagnosis. The term social anxiety disorder has been increasingly used instead of social phobia, because it is felt that the use of the former term conveys more strongly the pervasiveness and impairment associated with the condition and that this term will promote better recognition of the disorder and contribute to better differentiation from specific phobia (Liebowitz et al., 2000). Like generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder is common and controversial. Unlike generalized anxiety disorder, which is described in different ways by different diagnostic criteria and different researchers and clinicians, SAD does not suffer from a ‘‘description problem.’’ It is not particularly difficult to recognize features of SAD; what may be difficult is making sense of these features. Main issues associated with SAD are listed below…. 1. Where are the boundaries of SAD? How well is SAD distinguished from ‘‘normal’’ social anxiety and shyness on one hand, and from severe psychopathology on the other? 2. Is there a danger of ‘‘pathologizing’’ intense social anxiety by labeling it a psychiatric disorder? How can the distress and suffering of people with high levels of social anxiety be acknowledged if they are not given the corresponding diagnostic label? 3. Is SAD a bona fide mental disorder? 4. Can the subtyping scheme (nongeneralized vs. generalized SAD) be supported? 5. Is there a spectrum of social anxiety disorders?

Panic and Agoraphobia

2018 ◽  
pp. 340-346
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Panic Attacks ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Autonomic Activity ◽  
Confined Spaces ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Developmental Features

The chapter discusses panic disorder and agoraphobia. Panic disorder is defined by recurring panic attacks, dramatic episodes in which a surge of autonomic activity is accompanied by rapidly escalating levels of fear and distress. Agoraphobia is the persistent fear of open or confined spaces, which often develops as a secondary response to panic attacks. After an overview of these disorders, their developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorders within the FSD model. The author concludes that panic and agoraphobia can be classified as defense activation (D-type) conditions.

Prevalence and features of spontaneous recurrent images in social anxiety disorder: findings from a Korean community sample

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da Eun Suh ◽  
Kyung-Ah Chang ◽  
Ji Un Hwang ◽  
Jung-Hye Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Distress Level ◽  
Negative Images

AbstractBackground:Previous studies have indicated that people with social anxiety disorder (SAD) often experience spontaneous, recurrent images (SRI). It was assumed that Koreans with interdependent self-views may contain more features related to social contexts in their self-images than those reported in Western cultures.Aims:In the present study, we aimed to explore the prevalence and content of SRIs in individuals with SAD in Korea. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between features of SRIs and variables of SAD.Method:Sixty-four individuals with SAD (27.00 ± 7.42 years, 64.1% female), diagnosed with SAD, completed self-report questionnaires related to social anxiety. Afterwards, a semi-structured interview was used to assess features and content of the individuals’ SRI.Results:Thirty (47%) of the participants reported experiencing SRIs in social situations. The content of the SRIs were classified under three themes: negative self-images, negative images of others, and abstract images. The distress level of SRIs was positively associated with social phobia scales (r = .385, p < .05) and physical anxiety symptoms (r = .478, p < .05). Frequency of SRIs was positively associated with avoidance scores (r = .402, p < .05).Conclusions:The results demonstrated differences in the prevalence and content of the SRIs between Western and non-Western cultures. Fewer individuals with SAD in Korea reported having SRIs, and the content of these SRIs involved people other than the self. Some features of SRIs were associated with variables of SAD.

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