Clinical Neurotology

Examination Techniques

Normal balance is the consequence of continuous interaction between visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive mechanisms. The vestibular system is a system in which head movements and positions cause mechanical forces to be transduced into electrochemical signals that are relayed to the central nervous system for the purpose of maintaining clear stable vision and equilibrium. With a basic understanding of physiology, common disease processes, and examination techniques, a correct diagnosis can generally be made at the bedside.

A case of fixation amnesia in Langerhans cell histiocytosis involving the central nervous system

Neurology neuropsychiatry Psychosomatics ◽

10.14412/2074-2711-2020-6-117-123 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 117-123

Author(s):

L. V. Lukina ◽

V. A. Mikhailov ◽

N. I. Ananyeva ◽

G. E. Mazo ◽

L. I. Sitnik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis ◽

Correct Diagnosis ◽

Brain Lesion ◽

Clinical Findings ◽

Langerhans Cell ◽

Unknown Etiology ◽

Bone Lesions ◽

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease with hitherto unknown etiology and pathogenesis. It is extremely rare for clinicians to encounter histiocytic lesions of the central nervous system (CNS); the proportion of cases of which is only 1–4% of all polysystemic and multifocal bone lesions. The paper describes a clinical case of fixation amnesia in a female patient with focal brain lesions in LCH. It depicts the most characteristic clinical features and presents an algorithm for the diagnosis of histiocytic brain lesion. The results of the experimental psychological examination of the patient are considered in detail and the clinical presentations of fixation amnesia are described. There are neuroimaging data showing the lesions in the hypothalamic-pituitary region and temporal bone, which involve the auditory structures. The clinical findings have led to the conclusion that both the clinical and neuroimaging patterns of histiocytic lesions in the CNS are non-specific, which complicates the diagnostic search in LCH. For correct diagnosis and timely treatment, it is necessary to perform a biopsy of the pathological focus, followed by histological and immunohistochemical examination of the material.

Laboratory Aids to Diagnosis in Mental Diseases

Journal of Mental Science ◽

10.1192/bjp.71.293.192 ◽

1925 ◽

Vol 71 (293) ◽

pp. 192-218

Author(s):

P. K. McCowan

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Correct Diagnosis ◽

Spinal Fluid ◽

Diagnostic Specificity ◽

Laboratory Methods ◽

Mental Diseases ◽

The Many

For some time past there has been an increasing use of laboratory methods in the diagnosis of mental disorders. The following aims at offering further proof of the undoubted value of this method of approach in such cases. There seems, however, to be a growing tendency, not devoid of danger, to ascribe diagnostic specificity to one or other of the many tests in use for such examinations. Although it is undoubtedly true that an exhaustive analysis of a spinal fluid may in many cases lead to a correct diagnosis of the clinical condition of the patient from whom the specimen has been taken, it only requires a study of the literature to show that none of the reactions or group of reactions obtained from the spinal fluid can be regarded as pathognomonic of any disease of the central nervous system.

Cysticercosis Involving Muscle of Mastication: A Review and Report of Two Cases

Case Reports in Dentistry ◽

10.1155/2013/814126 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sarbjeet Singh ◽

V. Sreenivasan ◽

Kanika Garg ◽

Nikhel Dev Wazir ◽

Jaspal Singh Rajput ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Taenia Solium ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Primary Site ◽

Common Disease ◽

Temporalis Muscle ◽

Mri Findings ◽

Larval Stages ◽

Cysticercosis is a parasitic infection caused by the larval stages of the parasitic cestode,Taenia solium. It is a common disease in developing countries where it is also endemic. The central nervous system (CNS) is the most important primary site of infection and the disease can present with solitary or multiple space occupying lesions. Cases of cysticercosis presenting as isolated muscle mass (pseudotumours) without involvement of the CNS have also been recently described in the literature. We present two cases who presented to us with pain, swelling, and tenderness involving the temporalis muscle along with trismus. Ultrasonography and MRI findings were suggestive of cysticercosis involving the temporalis muscle which resolved after the albendazole therapy.

Impaired neuro-motor control in chronic whiplash and tension-type headache

10.21203/rs.3.rs-257881/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jens Astrup ◽

Finn Gyntelberg ◽

Anne-Marie Johansen ◽

Anders Lei ◽

Jacob Louis Marott

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Motor Control ◽

Reference Point ◽

Tension Type Headache ◽

Head Movements ◽

Laser Tracking ◽

Type Headache ◽

Chronic Whiplash

Abstract BackgroundThe purpose of this study is to support the hypothesis that the neuro-motor control of the neck muscles is impaired in the diseases of chronic whiplash and tension-type headache. This hypothesis is based on a previous study, and if confirmed, it indicates that the central nervous system may be part of the pathophysiology of these diseases. For further verification, we designed a laser tracking method for standardized and quantitative measurements of movements of head and hand. The hand was included as a presumed normal reference to the head movements.MethodsA new laser tracking instrument was designed to monitor the ability of a test-person to track a reference point on the wall by a laser fixed to the forehead or held in the hand. The reference point moves in runs of a circle or a square at three different speeds 10, 20 or 30 cm/sec thus providing 6 runs for both head and hand per test-person. We used a 1x1x1 m set-up geometry. The data of each run was processed on-line. Groups of 22 patients diagnosed with chronic whiplash associated disorder, 19 patients diagnosed with chronic tension-type headache and 37 control persons were compared.FindingsA small but highly significant dyscoordination of head movements was observed in both patients groups, and in whiplash also of the hand. InterpretationOur study confirms the hypothesis that the neuro-motor control of the neck muscles is impaired in both chronic whiplash and tension-type headache. In our view this observation implicates that the central nervous system may be involved in the primary pathology of both these diseases. Accordingly, we suggest a provisional term 'cervical dyssynergia' for these diseases, and suggest further studies along this paradigm.

Vestibular neuromodulation in neurology and psychiatry

V M BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY ◽

10.31363/2313-7053-2018-2-29-35 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 29-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. G. Naryshkin ◽

I. V. Galanin ◽

V. L. Kozlovskii ◽

V. Yu. Popov

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Vestibular System ◽

Neurological Disorders ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Peripheral Part ◽

Neural Connections ◽

Chemical Stimuli

Te paper overviews the state of the art in one of the most rapidly developing areas of treatment of various drug-resistant diseases of the central nervous system. Diﬀerent methods of vestibular neuromodulation and their comparative efcacy in the treatment of mental and neurological disorders are described. All those methods are based on neuroplasticity activation by means of application of physical, electrical or chemical stimuli on the peripheral part of the vestibular system, which leads to the restructuring of neural connections in the brainstem and in the midbrain.

New paradigms for the treatment of lysosomal storage diseases: targeting the endocannabinoid system as a therapeutic strategy

Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases ◽

10.1186/s13023-021-01779-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Edward H. Schuchman ◽

Maria D. Ledesma ◽

Calogera M. Simonaro

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Endocannabinoid System ◽

Lysosomal Storage Diseases ◽

Common Disease ◽

Lysosomal Storage ◽

Treatment Development ◽

Storage Diseases ◽

Lysosomal Diseases ◽

AbstractOver the past three decades the lysosomal storage diseases have served as model for rare disease treatment development. While these efforts have led to considerable success, important challenges remain. For example, no treatments are currently approved for nearly two thirds of all lysosomal diseases, and there is limited impact of the existing drugs on the central nervous system. In addition, the costs of these therapies are extremely high, in part due to the fact that drug development has focused on a “single hit” approach – i.e., one drug for one disease. To overcome these obstacles researchers have begun to focus on defining common disease mechanisms in the lysosomal diseases, particularly in the central nervous system, with the hope of identifying drugs that might be used in several lysosomal diseases rather than an individual disease. With this concept in mind, herein we review a new potential treatment approach for the lysosomal storage diseases that focuses on modulation of the endocannabinoid system. We provide a short introduction to lysosomal storage diseases and the endocannabinoid system, followed by a brief review of data supporting this concept.

Modern views on treatment of premenstrual syndrome

Medical alphabet ◽

10.33667/2078-5631-2019-3-25(400)-18-23 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (25) ◽

pp. 18-23

Author(s):

I. V. Kuznetsova

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Premenstrual Syndrome ◽

Alternative Therapy ◽

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder ◽

Evidence Base ◽

Common Disease ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Hormonal Fluctuations ◽

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common disease associated with a serious decrease in the quality of life of a woman, a violation of habitual life and working capacity. The etiology of PMS and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) has not yet been established, but it is clear that their development is associated with fluctuations in hormone levels within the ovulatory menstrual cycle and impaired balance of neurohormones in the central nervous system (CNS). In connection with these ideas, in the treatment of PMS, two main directions are used: the suppression of hormonal fluctuations and the effect on the central nervous system. Among the large number of drugs claimed for the treatment of PMS and PMDD, the so-called alternative therapy deserves special attention, in which several methods have a worthy evidence base for positive effects.

Providing aid during epileptic seizure

Vrač skoroj pomoŝi (Emergency Doctor) ◽

10.33920/med-02-2006-03 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 38-41

Author(s):

Ashot Karepetyan

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Normal State ◽

Epileptic Seizure ◽

Brain Structures ◽

Hereditary Diseases ◽

Common Disease ◽

State Transmission ◽

The Brain

Epilepsy is a fairly common disease of the central nervous system, and it quite often appears in medical practice. The basis of this disease is the increased excitability of certain parts of the brain that occurs as a result of injuries, strokes, neoplasms, and some hereditary diseases. In the normal state, transmission between neurons is carried out using pulses, and in the case of a lesion, it can be a source of additional neuropulses, which leads to discoordinated excitation of the involved brain structures.