Neuroimaging technologies

2020 ◽  
pp. 101-112
Author(s):  
Mark Woolrich ◽  
Mark Jenkinson ◽  
Clare Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Experimental Medicine ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

The brain is a highly complex system that is inaccessible to biopsy, which puts human brain imaging at the heart of our attempts to understand psychiatric disorders. Imaging has the potential to uncover the pathophysiology, provide biomarkers for use in the development and monitoring of treatments, and stratify patients for studies and trials. This chapter introduces the three main brain imaging technologies that are used to assay brain structure and function: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), molecular imaging positron emission tomography (PET), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT); electrophysiology [electroencephoaography (EEG)]; and magnetoencephalograpy (MEG). The chapter outlines the principles behind their use and the nature of the information that can be extracted. Together, these brain imaging methods can provide complementary windows into the living brain as an increasingly essential suite of tools for experimental medicine in psychiatry.

Neuroimaging in dementia and depression

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
John O'Brien ◽  
Bob Barber
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Brain Mapping ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Photon Emission Computed Tomography

Neuroimaging is traditionally divided into structural and functional imaging. Structural imaging looks at brain structure or anatomy and includes computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Functional techniques seek to examine the physiological functioning of the brain, either at rest or during activation, and include single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), MRI spectroscopy, functional MRI (fMRI) and encephalographic brain mapping. Although fMRI, MRI spectroscopy and brain mapping are likely to have clinical applications in the near future, the main imaging modalities of current clinical relevance to psychiatrists are CT, MRI and SPECT, which will be the focus of this article.

scholarly journals Relative Function: Nuclear Brain Imaging in United States Courts

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Rushing ◽  
Daniel D. Langleben
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Functional Imaging ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Neuropsychological Testing ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Neuropsychological testing—medical imaging of the brain structure and function—allows the expert to inform the court on the brain structure and function of the forensic examinee. Supported by extensive clinical use, neuropsychological testing and structural imaging in the form of computerized tomography and structural magnetic resonance imaging have achieved general acceptance in court. However, functional imaging such as functional MRI and nuclear medicine techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET), have faced more admissibility challenges. While functional imaging is becoming an increasingly important tool in assessing neuropsychiatric illness, we surmise that evidentiary challenges are largely related to the phase of trial in which the nuclear study is offered as evidence. This article will review the basic science of functional nuclear imaging including PET and single photon emission computed tomography. We will then review cases where admissibility of these techniques has been challenged and consider whether and how nuclear brain imaging can influence the outcome of the trial.

Neuroimaging

2020 ◽  
pp. 183-206
Author(s):  
Sana Suri ◽  
Vyara Valkanova ◽  
Verena Heise ◽  
Claire E. Sexton ◽  
Klaus P. Ebmeier
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Old Age Psychiatry ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Neuroimaging provides a way of examining the structure and function of the brain in life. This chapter gives an up-to-date summary of the methods employed in research and clinic, what is involved for the patient in taking part in imaging, and both current clinical applications as well as those about to enter general old age psychiatry practice. Magnetic resonance imaging and imaging with ionizing radiation, such as X-ray computed tomography (CT), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET), are covered. Additionally, it provides a short summary of the applications and potential of electro- and magnetophysiological techniques. It summarizes the current and potential use of neuroimaging methods in diagnosis, prognosis, understanding illness mechanisms, and the brain mechanisms that confer resilience against the brain diseases of old age.

Zinc Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Use as MRI Contrast Agents

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Bárcena ◽  
Chalermchai Khemtong ◽  
Girija S. Chaubey ◽  
Chase W. Kessinger ◽  
J. Ping Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide ◽  
Mri Contrast Agents ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Mri Contrast ◽  
Early Detection Of Disease ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Molecular imaging has become a rapidly evolving field used in various applications to target macromolecules and biological process [1,2]. Various imaging systems, such as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), computerized tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), use non-invasive techniques that provide disease-specific information through diagnostic imaging. Early detection of disease demonstrates the potential benefit of these systems.

Brain imaging in epilepsy

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 438-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Epilepsy Surgery ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Ct Scanning ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Epileptic Focus ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Cerebral Pathology

Brain imaging with MRI identifies structural cerebral pathology that may give rise to seizures. The greatest yield is from MRI at 3T using epilepsy protocols, and reported by expert neuroradiologists who possess the full clinical data. X-ray CT scanning has a role in assessing patients with seizures in the context of an acute neurological illness. Identifying a relevant structural lesion with MRI is fundamental in the consideration of epilepsy surgery; it is crucial to establish if a lesion is relevant to the epilepsy or not. If no lesion is identified, developmental MRI and image processing may identify a subtle abnormality. Positron-emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) may identify focal functional abnormalities that infer the location of an epileptic focus. Functional MRI is useful for localising eloquent cortex, and tractography delineates crucial white matter tracts, so that these may be avoided in epilepsy surgery. Reviewing data in three dimensions aids visualisation of structural relationships and helps surgical planning.

scholarly journals Metals in Imaging of Alzheimer’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 9190
Author(s):  
Olga Krasnovskaya ◽  
Daniil Spector ◽  
Alexander Zlobin ◽  
Kirill Pavlov ◽  
Peter Gorelkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Photon Emission Computed Tomography

One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the deposition of amyloid plaques in the brain parenchyma, which occurs 7–15 years before the onset of cognitive symptoms of the pathology. Timely diagnostics of amyloid formations allows identifying AD at an early stage and initiating inhibitor therapy, delaying the progression of the disease. However, clinically used radiopharmaceuticals based on 11C and 18F are synchrotron-dependent and short-lived. The design of new metal-containing radiopharmaceuticals for AD visualization is of interest. The development of coordination compounds capable of effectively crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) requires careful selection of a ligand moiety, a metal chelating scaffold, and a metal cation, defining the method of supposed Aβ visualization. In this review, we have summarized metal-containing drugs for positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of Alzheimer’s disease. The obtained data allow assessing the structure-ability to cross the BBB ratio.

scholarly journals From Zn(II) to Cu(II) Detection by MRI Using Metal-Based Probes: Current Progress and Challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 436
Author(s):  
Kyangwi P. Malikidogo ◽  
Harlei Martin ◽  
Célia S. Bonnet
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Agents ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Hyperfine Shift ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Zinc and copper are essential cations involved in numerous biological processes, and variations in their concentrations can cause diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and cancers. Hence, detection and quantification of these cations are of utmost importance for the early diagnosis of disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) responsive contrast agents (mainly Lanthanide(+III) complexes), relying on a change in the state of the MRI active part upon interaction with the cation of interest, e.g., switch ON/OFF or vice versa, have been successfully utilized to detect Zn2+ and are now being developed to detect Cu2+. These paramagnetic probes mainly exploit the relaxation-based properties (T1-based contrast agents), but also the paramagnetic induced hyperfine shift properties (paraCEST and parashift probes) of the contrast agents. The challenges encountered going from Zn2+ to Cu2+ detection will be stressed and discussed herein, mainly involving the selectivity of the probes for the cation to detect and their responsivity at physiologically relevant concentrations. Depending on the response mechanism, the use of fast-field cycling MRI seems promising to increase the detection field while keeping a good response. In vivo applications of cation responsive MRI probes are only in their infancy and the recent developments will be described, along with the associated quantification problems. In the case of relaxation agents, the presence of another method of local quantification, e.g., synchrotron X-Ray fluorescence, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) techniques, or 19F MRI is required, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Contribution of neuroimaging to the differential diagnosis of dementias and other late life psychiatric disorders

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Förstl ◽  
F. Hentschel
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Cranial Computed Tomography ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Single Photon Emission Computed ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Relevant Work ◽  
Photon Emission Computed Tomography

IntroductionThis is a review of recent and clinically relevant work on neuroimaging and its contribution to the diagnosis of neurodegenerative or other neurological and psychiatric diseases in older patients. Earlier research has been summarized in our previous review. We include publications on cranial computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), on single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), electroencephalo-graphy (EEG), and on other methods.

scholarly journals Cell-Based Tracers as Trojan Horses for Image-Guided Surgery

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 755
Author(s):  
Vincent Q. Sier ◽  
Margreet R. de Vries ◽  
Joost R. van der Vorst ◽  
Alexander L. Vahrmeijer ◽  
Cornelis van Kooten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Image Guided Surgery ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Guided Surgery ◽  
Image Guided ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Passive Tracers ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Surgeons rely almost completely on their own vision and palpation to recognize affected tissues during surgery. Consequently, they are often unable to distinguish between different cells and tissue types. This makes accurate and complete resection cumbersome. Targeted image-guided surgery (IGS) provides a solution by enabling real-time tissue recognition. Most current targeting agents (tracers) consist of antibodies or peptides equipped with a radiolabel for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) labels, or a near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) dye. These tracers are preoperatively administered to patients, home in on targeted cells or tissues, and are visualized in the operating room via dedicated imaging systems. Instead of using these ‘passive’ tracers, there are other, more ‘active’ approaches of probe delivery conceivable by using living cells (macrophages/monocytes, neutrophils, T cells, mesenchymal stromal cells), cell(-derived) fragments (platelets, extracellular vesicles (exosomes)), and microorganisms (bacteria, viruses) or, alternatively, ‘humanized’ nanoparticles. Compared with current tracers, these active contrast agents might be more efficient for the specific targeting of tumors or other pathological tissues (e.g., atherosclerotic plaques). This review provides an overview of the arsenal of possibilities applicable for the concept of cell-based tracers for IGS.

Brain Imaging Technologies: How, What, When and Why?

1999 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evian Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Imaging Technologies ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Brain

Objective: Innovations in physics and computing technology over the past two decades have provided a powerful means of exploring the overall structure and function of the brain using a range of computerised brain imaging technologies (BITs). These technologies offer the means to elucidate the patterns of pathophysiology underlying mental illness. The aim of this paper is to explore the current status and some of the future directions in the application of BITs to psychiatry. Method: Brain imaging technologies provide unambiguous measures of brain structure (computerised tomography and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) and also index complementary measures of when (electroencephalography, event related potentials, magnetoencephalography) and where (functional MRI, single photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography) aspects of brain activity occur. Results: The structural technologies are primarily used to exclude a biological cause in cases of a suspected psychiatric disorder. The functional technologies show considerable potential to delineate subgroups of patients (that may have different treatment outcomes), and evaluate objectively the effects of treatment on the brain as a system. What is seldom emphasised in the literature are the numerous inconsistencies, the lack of specificity of findings and the simplistic interpretation of much of the data. Conclusion: Brain imaging technologies show considerable utility, but we are barely scratching the surface of this potential. Simplistic over-interpretation of results can be minimised by: replication of BIT findings, judicious combination of complementary methodologies, use of appropriate activation tasks, analysis with respect to large normative databases, control for performance, examining the data ‘beyond averaging’, delineating clinical subtypes, exploring the severity of symptoms, specificity of findings and effects of treatment in the same patients. The technological innovation of BITs still far outstrips the sophistication of their use; it is essential that the meaning and mechanisms underlying BITmeasures are always evaluated with respect to prevailing models of brain function across disciplines.

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