Resecting Epilepsy

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Schmidt ◽  
Simon Shorvon
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Exciting Time ◽  
The Brain

The evolution of surgery for epilepsy in the late nineteenth century was partly the consequence of new ideas about the localisation of function in the brain and advances in the understanding of the physiological nature of epilepsy. This was an exciting time of discovery, and really fundamental and novel principles were enunciated which have stood the test of time. New techniques of investigation, including electroencephalography or magnetic resonance imaging, have since led to more accurate ‘targeting’, allowing the elucidation of the anatomical underpinning of epilepsy to be based, not only on semiology as in the earlier years, but also on more objective structural and functional measures. However, the fact remains that most surgery is based on the concept that resecting ‘bad’ tissue, and thus removing the ‘focus’ of epilepsy, will cure the condition—a postulation which has not changed since the time of Jackson (and which has its roots in earlier superstition). Such theories of epilepsy are surely gross simplifications, and the absence of any subsequent paradigm shift is why surgery has really not advanced conceptually much in the last 50 years. Technique and technology have profoundly changed, but the theoretical basis, generally speaking, has not.

Сauses of Dizziness in Patients with Suspected Stroke

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-221
Author(s):  
E. V. Shevchenko ◽  
G. R. Ramazanov ◽  
S. S. Petrikov
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Heart Rhythm ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Peripheral Vestibulopathy ◽  
Suspected Stroke ◽  
The Brain

Background Acute dizziness may be the only symptom of stroke. Prevalence of this disease among patients with isolated dizziness differs significantly and depends on study design, inclusion criteria and diagnostic methods. In available investigations, we did not find any prospective studies where magnetic resonance imaging, positional maneuvers, and Halmagyi-Curthoys test had been used to clarify a pattern of diseases with isolated acute dizziness and suspected stroke.Aim of study To clarify the pattern of the causes of dizziness in patients with suspected acute stroke.Material and methods We examined 160 patients admitted to N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine with suspected stroke and single or underlying complaint of dizziness. All patients were examined with assessment of neurological status, Dix-Hollpike and Pagnini-McClure maneuvers, HalmagyiCurthoys test, triplex scans of brachiocephalic arteries, transthoracic echocardiography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain with magnetic field strength 1.5 T. MRI of the brain was performed in patients without evidence of stroke by CT and in patients with stroke of undetermined etiology according to the TOAST classification.Results In 16 patients (10%), the cause of dizziness was a disease of the brain: ischemic stroke (n=14 (88%)), hemorrhage (n=1 (6%)), transient ischemic attack (TIA) of posterior circulation (n=1 (6%)). In 70.6% patients (n=113), the dizziness was associated with peripheral vestibulopathy: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (n=85 (75%)), vestibular neuritis (n=19 (17%)), Meniere’s disease (n=7 (6%)), labyrinthitis (n=2 (1,3%)). In 6.9% patients (n=11), the cause of dizziness was hypertensive encephalopathy, 1.9% of patients (n=3) had heart rhythm disturbance, 9.4% of patients (n=15) had psychogenic dizziness, 0.6% of patients (n=1) had demyelinating disease, and 0.6% of patients (n=1) had hemic hypoxia associated with iron deficiency anemia.Conclusion In 70.6% patients with acute dizziness, admitted to hospital with a suspected stroke, peripheral vestibulopathy was revealed. Only 10% of patients had a stroke as a cause of dizziness.

Studying Language with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

2019 ◽  
pp. 71-93
Author(s):  
Stefan Heim ◽  
Karsten Specht
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Online Data ◽  
The Times ◽  
Study Designs

Since the discoveries of language-sensitive brain areas in the late nineteenth century, the localization of the language network in the brain has been the subject of neurolinguistics research. Especially during the times of the two world wars and until the 1980s, head and brain injuries in soldiers as well as in civil patients served as the main data source. The advent of neuroimaging techniques roughly 100 years later was a milestone, providing online data from the living brain. This chapter presents functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as the most frequently used technique, the physical basics, appropriate experimental study designs, and perspectives for novel developments for neurolinguistics research in the active and passive brain.

scholarly journals Perceiving actions before they happen: psychological dimensions scaffold neural action prediction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A Thornton ◽  
Diana I Tamir
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Social World ◽  
Action Space ◽  
Action Prediction ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psychological Dimensions ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The social world buzzes with action. People constantly walk, talk, eat, work, play, snooze and so on. To interact with others successfully, we need to both understand their current actions and predict their future actions. Here we used functional neuroimaging to test the hypothesis that people do both at the same time: when the brain perceives an action, it simultaneously encodes likely future actions. Specifically, we hypothesized that the brain represents perceived actions using a map that encodes which actions will occur next: the six-dimensional Abstraction, Creation, Tradition, Food(-relevance), Animacy and Spiritualism Taxonomy (ACT-FAST) action space. Within this space, the closer two actions are, the more likely they are to precede or follow each other. To test this hypothesis, participants watched a video featuring naturalistic sequences of actions while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning. We first use a decoding model to demonstrate that the brain uses ACT-FAST to represent current actions. We then successfully predicted as-yet unseen actions, up to three actions into the future, based on their proximity to the current action’s coordinates in ACT-FAST space. This finding suggests that the brain represents actions using a six-dimensional action space that gives people an automatic glimpse of future actions.

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