Epilepsy in later childhood and adulthood

2020 ◽  
pp. 5860-5882
Author(s):  
Arjune Sen ◽  
M.R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Epileptic Seizure ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Clinical Event ◽  
Unprovoked Seizure ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Structural Brain

Epilepsy is a common, serious neurological disease, with prevalence of 1% and a cumulative lifetime risk of 5%. An epileptic seizure is a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive, synchronous neuronal activity. Epilepsy is defined as a disorder of the brain characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures and by the neurobiological, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences of this condition. Traditionally epilepsy was diagnosed after a patient had two or more unprovoked seizures. However, a more modern definition of epilepsy would also include patients who have had an isolated seizure and have evidence for an enduring alteration in the brain that increases the likelihood of future seizures such as an ‘epileptiform’ electroencephalogram abnormality or an appropriate lesion on structural brain imaging (CT or MRI). Epilepsy cannot, though, be diagnosed unless there has been at least one clinical event compatible with an unprovoked seizure.

Epilepsy in later childhood and adulthood

2010 ◽  
pp. 4810-4826
Author(s):  
G.D. Perkin ◽  
M.R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Case History ◽  
Epileptic Seizure ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Structural Brain

Case History—A 33 yr old woman, known to have epilepsy, now presenting with odd behaviour. An epileptic seizure is a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. Epilepsy is defined as a disorder of the brain characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures and by the neurobiological, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences of this condition. The definition of epilepsy requires the occurrence of at least one epileptic seizure and evidence for an enduring alteration in the brain that increases the likelihood of future seizures such as an ‘epileptiform’ EEG abnormality, an appropriate lesion on structural brain imaging (CT or MRI), or the presence of recurrent (two or more) seizures. Epilepsy is a common, serious neurological disease, with prevalence 1% and a cumulative lifetime risk of 5%....

scholarly journals The State of the Art in Feature Extraction Methods for EEG Classification

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Hoger Mahmud Hussen
Keyword(s):  
Epileptic Seizure ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Eeg Classification ◽  
The World ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Eeg Features

Epileptic seizure is a neurological disease that is common around the world and there are many types (e.g. Focal aware seizures and atonic seizure) that are caused by synchronous or abnormal neuronal activity in the brain. A number of techniques are available to detect the brain activities that lead to Epileptic seizures; one of the most common one is Electroencephalogram (EEG) that uses visual scanning to measure brain activities generated by nerve cells in the cerebral cortex. The techniques make use of different features detected by EEG to decide on the occurrence and type of seizures. In this paper we review EEG features proposed by different researches for the purpose of Epileptic seizure detection, also analyze, and compare the performance of the proposed features.

Automated System for Epileptic Seizures Prediction based on Multi-Channel Recordings of Electrical Brain Activity

2018 ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Maksimenko ◽  
A. A. Harchenko ◽  
A. Lüttjohann
Keyword(s):  
Epileptic Seizure ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Brain Computer Interfaces ◽  
Electrical Brain Activity ◽  
Computer Interfaces ◽  
Prediction And Prevention ◽  
The Brain

Introduction: Now the great interest in studying the brain activity based on detection of oscillatory patterns on the recorded data of electrical neuronal activity (electroencephalograms) is associated with the possibility of developing brain-computer interfaces. Braincomputer interfaces are based on the real-time detection of characteristic patterns on electroencephalograms and their transformation  into commands for controlling external devices. One of the important areas of the brain-computer interfaces application is the control of the pathological activity of the brain. This is in demand for epilepsy patients, who do not respond to drug treatment.Purpose: A technique for detecting the characteristic patterns of neural activity preceding the occurrence of epileptic seizures.Results:Using multi-channel electroencephalograms, we consider the dynamics of thalamo-cortical brain network, preceded the occurrence of an epileptic seizure. We have developed technique which allows to predict the occurrence of an epileptic seizure. The technique has been implemented in a brain-computer interface, which has been tested in-vivo on the animal model of absence epilepsy.Practical relevance:The results of our study demonstrate the possibility of epileptic seizures prediction based on multichannel electroencephalograms. The obtained results can be used in the development of neurointerfaces for the prediction and prevention of seizures of various types of epilepsy in humans. 

Classification of seizures and epilepsy

2019 ◽  
pp. 935-944
Author(s):  
Andrew McEvoy ◽  
Tim Wehner ◽  
Victoria Wykes
Keyword(s):  
Focal Epilepsy ◽  
Focal Cortical Dysplasia ◽  
Hippocampal Sclerosis ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Recurrence Risk ◽  
Medical Emergency ◽  
Unprovoked Seizure ◽  
Generalized Seizures ◽  
The Brain

Epileptic seizures are transient neurologic alterations due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal cerebral activity. They may cause subjective symptoms (aura), and objective autonomic, behavioural, or cognitive alterations in any combination. Focal seizures are initially generated in one circumscribed area in the brain, whereas generalized seizures involve bihemispheric neuronal networks from the seizure onset. Epilepsy is a brain disease defined by the occurrence of two unprovoked seizures more than 24 h apart or one unprovoked seizure with underlying pathological or genetic factors resulting in a similar recurrence risk. Focal epilepsy syndromes are best classified by aetiology or anatomical area of origin. A seizure that does not self-terminate results in status epilepticus, and constitutes a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. Focal cortical dysplasia and hippocampal sclerosis are the commonest aetiologies of epilepsy amenable to surgical treatment and are reviewed here. The limbic pathway may be involved in seizure propagation, and the anatomy is described.

scholarly journals Management of patients with single and rare epileptic seizures

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
A. S. Kotov
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Medical Problems ◽  
Unprovoked Seizure ◽  
Life Study ◽  
History Of ◽  
Patients With Epilepsy ◽  
The Brain

Objective: to study the structure of the disease and develop tactics of treatment of patients with single and rare epileptic seizures. Materials and methods. 1200 patients with epilepsy were examined, 103 patients were identified who had no more than 3 seizures throughout their life. Study included evaluation of anamnesis, clinical and neurological examination, routine electroencephalography and/or videoelectroencephalographic monitoring, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Results. Relapse of seizures in individuals with a history of follow-up occurred in 32 % of cases; epileptogenic changes in magnetic resonance image and, especially, anatomical and electro-clinical correlation of the epilepsy focus were associated with the risk of relapse. Conclusions. The decision on drug therapy after the first unprovoked seizure should be based on the ratio of the risk of repeated seizures and the risk of side effects. This solution should be individual and take into account not only medical problems, but also the preferences of the patient and his family members.

scholarly journals The fence post depth electrode technique to control both brain tumors and epileptic seizures in patients with brain tumor-related epilepsy

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yosuke Masuda ◽  
Ayataka Fujimoto ◽  
Mitsuyo Nishimura ◽  
Keishiro Sato ◽  
Hideo Enoki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Epileptic Seizure ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Seizure Onset ◽  
Tumor Removal ◽  
Depth Electrodes ◽  
Fence Post ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Group 1

Background: To control brain tumor-related epilepsy (BTRE), both epileptological and neuro-oncological approaches are required. We hypothesized that using depth electrodes (DEs) as fence post catheters, we could detect the area of epileptic seizure onset and achieve both brain tumor removal and epileptic seizure control. Methods: Between August 2009 and April 2018, we performed brain tumor removal for 27 patients with BTRE. Patients who underwent lesionectomy without DEs were classified into Group 1 (13 patients) and patients who underwent the fence post DE technique were classified into Group 2 (14 patients). Results: The patients were 15 women and 12 men (mean age, 28.1 years; median age 21 years; range, 5–68 years). The brain tumor was resected to a greater extent in Group 2 than Group 1 (P < 0.001). Shallower contacts showed more epileptogenicity than deeper contacts (P < 0.001). Group 2 showed better epilepsy surgical outcomes than Group 1 (P = 0.041). Conclusion: Using DEs as fence post catheters, we detected the area of epileptic seizure onset and controlled epileptic seizures. Simultaneously, we removed the brain tumor to a greater extent with fence post DEs than without.

Febrile Seizure Plus and PCDH19-Related Epilepsy Syndromes

2019 ◽  
Vol 08 (03) ◽  
pp. 074-078
Author(s):  
Irfan Ali ◽  
Dave F. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Febrile Seizure ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Causative Factor ◽  
Epilepsy Syndrome ◽  
Unprovoked Seizure ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
False Sense ◽  
The Brain

AbstractEpilepsy is a disorder of the brain characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures. Practically, a patient has epilepsy if having two unprovoked seizures more than 24 hours apart, one unprovoked seizure and significant risk of another seizure, or epilepsy syndrome. Seizures induced by fever do not therefore fit this classification. An initial febrile seizure may therefore cause a false sense of security in children who evolve to febrile seizure plus syndromes. Sodium channel defects seem to predominate as the main causative factor for febrile seizure plus syndromes. More severe pathological variants, such as Dravet's syndrome, have phenotypic similarities to other fever-associated epileptic encephalopathies, including those caused by mutations in protocadherin 19 (PCDH19). The clinical presentations, investigational studies, and management of febrile seizure plus syndrome, as well as epilepsies associated with PCDH19 mutations will be reviewed.

Comparative investigation of machine learning algorithms for detection of epileptic seizures

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Akash Sharma ◽  
Neeraj Kumar ◽  
Ayush Kumar ◽  
Karan Dikshit ◽  
Kusum Tharani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epileptic Seizure ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Comparative Investigation ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Prediction Time ◽  
The Right ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
The Brain

In modern day Psychiatric analysis, Epileptic Seizures are considered as one of the most dreadful disorders of the human brain that drastically affects the neurological activity of the brain for a short duration of time. Thus, seizure detection before its actual occurrence is quintessential to ensure that the right kind of preventive treatment is given to the patient. The predictive analysis is carried out in the preictal state of the Epileptic Seizure that corresponds to the state that commences a couple of minutes before the onset of the seizure. In this paper, the average value of prediction time is restricted to 23.4 minutes for a total of 23 subjects. This paper intends to compare the accuracy of three different predictive models, namely – Logistic Regression, Decision Trees and XGBoost Classifier based on the study of Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and determine which model has the highest rate of detection of Epileptic Seizure.

Epilepsy and epilepsy-related behaviour disorders among people with intellectual disability

2012 ◽  
pp. 1860-1870
Author(s):  
Matti Iivanainen
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Antiepileptic Drugs ◽  
Epileptic Seizure ◽  
Stable Condition ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Epileptic Syndrome ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Eeg Changes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Symptoms And Signs

Epilepsy is defined as at least one epileptic seizure; this in practice means two or more epileptic seizures unprovoked by any immediate identifiable cause during a relatively short period of time. Epileptic seizure is a clinical manifestation presumed to result from an abnormal and excessive discharge of a set of neurones in the brain. An epileptic syndrome is a cluster of symptoms and signs including type of seizure, mode of seizure recurrence, neurological findings, and neuroradiological or other findings of special investigations, customarily occurring together. An epileptic syndrome can have more than one cause or the cause may remain unknown; consequently outcomes may be different. Pseudoseizure is used to denote epilepsy-like seizures without concomitant EEG changes. Epilepsy and intellectual disability are symptoms of brain origin. The former is an unstable condition, where during the seizure or ictally the behaviour of a person with epilepsy is abnormal, but between the seizures or interictally there is no affect of epilepsy on his or her behaviour. Intellectual disability is a more or less stable condition. However, the categories of the degrees of intellectual disability are neither absolute nor static, as some children may move up or down between them. This chapter deals with the diagnosis, manifestations, behavioural disorders, frequency, aetiology, treatment, effects of antiepileptic drugs on behaviour, and prognosis of epilepsy in people with intellectual disability.

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