scholarly journals The fence post depth electrode technique to control both brain tumors and epileptic seizures in patients with brain tumor-related epilepsy

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yosuke Masuda ◽  
Ayataka Fujimoto ◽  
Mitsuyo Nishimura ◽  
Keishiro Sato ◽  
Hideo Enoki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Epileptic Seizure ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Seizure Onset ◽  
Tumor Removal ◽  
Depth Electrodes ◽  
Fence Post ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Group 1

Background: To control brain tumor-related epilepsy (BTRE), both epileptological and neuro-oncological approaches are required. We hypothesized that using depth electrodes (DEs) as fence post catheters, we could detect the area of epileptic seizure onset and achieve both brain tumor removal and epileptic seizure control. Methods: Between August 2009 and April 2018, we performed brain tumor removal for 27 patients with BTRE. Patients who underwent lesionectomy without DEs were classified into Group 1 (13 patients) and patients who underwent the fence post DE technique were classified into Group 2 (14 patients). Results: The patients were 15 women and 12 men (mean age, 28.1 years; median age 21 years; range, 5–68 years). The brain tumor was resected to a greater extent in Group 2 than Group 1 (P < 0.001). Shallower contacts showed more epileptogenicity than deeper contacts (P < 0.001). Group 2 showed better epilepsy surgical outcomes than Group 1 (P = 0.041). Conclusion: Using DEs as fence post catheters, we detected the area of epileptic seizure onset and controlled epileptic seizures. Simultaneously, we removed the brain tumor to a greater extent with fence post DEs than without.

Automated System for Epileptic Seizures Prediction based on Multi-Channel Recordings of Electrical Brain Activity

2018 ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Maksimenko ◽  
A. A. Harchenko ◽  
A. Lüttjohann
Keyword(s):  
Epileptic Seizure ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Brain Computer Interfaces ◽  
Electrical Brain Activity ◽  
Computer Interfaces ◽  
Prediction And Prevention ◽  
The Brain

Introduction: Now the great interest in studying the brain activity based on detection of oscillatory patterns on the recorded data of electrical neuronal activity (electroencephalograms) is associated with the possibility of developing brain-computer interfaces. Braincomputer interfaces are based on the real-time detection of characteristic patterns on electroencephalograms and their transformation  into commands for controlling external devices. One of the important areas of the brain-computer interfaces application is the control of the pathological activity of the brain. This is in demand for epilepsy patients, who do not respond to drug treatment.Purpose: A technique for detecting the characteristic patterns of neural activity preceding the occurrence of epileptic seizures.Results:Using multi-channel electroencephalograms, we consider the dynamics of thalamo-cortical brain network, preceded the occurrence of an epileptic seizure. We have developed technique which allows to predict the occurrence of an epileptic seizure. The technique has been implemented in a brain-computer interface, which has been tested in-vivo on the animal model of absence epilepsy.Practical relevance:The results of our study demonstrate the possibility of epileptic seizures prediction based on multichannel electroencephalograms. The obtained results can be used in the development of neurointerfaces for the prediction and prevention of seizures of various types of epilepsy in humans. 

scholarly journals Assessing efficacy and safety of rectally vs. intravenously administered Sibazon in treatment of generalized epileptic seizures in children

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-210
Author(s):  
A. G. Prityko ◽  
K. V. Osipova ◽  
P. L. Sokolov ◽  
E. A. Ezhova ◽  
I. G. Kotel’nikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Blood Analysis ◽  
Intramuscular Administration ◽  
Final Visit ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Clonic Seizures ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Objective: to prove the therapeutic equivalence and similar safety profile of “Sibazon, rectal solution” (international nonproprietary name: diazepam) and “Sibazon, solution for intravenous and intramuscular administration” in children with primary generalized and bilateral tonic, clonic and tonic-clonic seizures.Material and methods. An open-label, randomized clinical trial on efficacy and safety was conducted in 20 patients suffering from epilepsy with generalized seizures aged 1 to 17 years. Clinical blood and urine tests, biochemical blood analysis were used for diagnostics (glucose, total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, urea, creatinine clearance), as well as data on electrocardiographic (ECG) and electroencephalographic (EEG) studies. The patients were divided into two groups: in Group 1 (n=8), a rectal solution was used, in Group 2 (n=12) – a solution for intravenous and intramuscular administration.Results. The number of cases in which seizures were completed within 10 minutes after using the drug without resuming within subsequent 60 minutes, in Group 1 was 7 (87.5%), and in Group 2 – 9 (75.0%) (Fisher exact test (FET): p=0.617). Repeated primary generalized or bilateral tonic/clonic/tonic-clonic seizures within 24 hours after drug administration, in Group 1 were absent in 5 (62.5%) patients, in Group 2 – in 6 (50%) (FET: p=0.670); within 48 hours after drug administration – in 5 (62.5%) and 7 (58.3%) children, respectively (FET: p=1.00). Physical examination revealed no pathology in all patients at the final visit. While comparing ECG and EEG data at the final visit, no inter-group differences were found by the number of children with deviations from the norm. The results of laboratory studies confirmed that using the studied drugs had no negative effect on the main indicators of clinical and biochemical blood tests as well as clinical urine analysis.Conclusion. The effectiveness of the rectal form of Sibazon in relieving pediatric generalized epileptic seizures is comparable to that of Sibazon for intramuscular administration. The drug rectal form, due to easy-to-use administration, is preferable for outpatient practice. “Sibazon, rectal solution” is safe and has good tolerability.

Epilepsy in later childhood and adulthood

2010 ◽  
pp. 4810-4826
Author(s):  
G.D. Perkin ◽  
M.R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Case History ◽  
Epileptic Seizure ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Structural Brain

Case History—A 33 yr old woman, known to have epilepsy, now presenting with odd behaviour. An epileptic seizure is a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. Epilepsy is defined as a disorder of the brain characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures and by the neurobiological, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences of this condition. The definition of epilepsy requires the occurrence of at least one epileptic seizure and evidence for an enduring alteration in the brain that increases the likelihood of future seizures such as an ‘epileptiform’ EEG abnormality, an appropriate lesion on structural brain imaging (CT or MRI), or the presence of recurrent (two or more) seizures. Epilepsy is a common, serious neurological disease, with prevalence 1% and a cumulative lifetime risk of 5%....

Safety and Usefulness of Insular Depth Electrodes Implanted Via an Oblique Approach in Patients with Epilepsy

2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (suppl_5) ◽  
pp. ONS471-ONS480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afif Afif ◽  
Stephan Chabardes ◽  
Lorella Minotti ◽  
Philippe Kahane ◽  
Dominique Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Temporal Epilepsy ◽  
Depth Electrodes ◽  
Small Series ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Oblique Approach ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Objective: This study investigates the feasibility, safety, and usefulness of depth electrodes stereotactically implanted within the insular cortex. Methods: Thirty patients with suspected insular involvement during epileptic seizure underwent presurgical stereotactic electroencephalographic recordings using 10 to 16 depth electrodes per patient. Among these, one or two electrodes were implanted via an oblique approach to widely sample the insular cortex. Results: Thirty-five insular electrodes were implanted in the 30 patients without morbidity. A total of 226 recording contacts (mean, 7.5 contacts/patient) explored the insular cortex. Stereotactic electroencephalographic recordings of seizures allowed the differentiation into groups: Group 1, 10 patients with no insular involvement; Group 2, 15 patients with secondary insular involvement; and Group 3, five patients with an initial insular involvement. In temporal epilepsy (n = 17), the insula was never involved at the seizure onset but was frequently involved during the seizures (11 out of 17). In fron-totemporal or frontal epilepsy, the insula was involved at the onset of seizure in five out of 13 patients. All patients in Groups 1 and 2 underwent surgery, with a seizure-free outcome in 76.2% of patients. In Group 3, only two of the five patients underwent surgery, with a poor outcome. In temporal lobe epilepsy, surgical outcome tended to be better in Group 1 compared with Group 2 in this small series: results were good in 83.3% (Engel I) versus 72.7%. Conclusion: Insula can be safely explored with oblique electrodes. In temporal lobe epilepsy, insular involvement does not significantly modify the short-term postoperative outcome. Future larger studies are necessary to clarify the long-term prognostic value of insular spread.

scholarly journals The Level of Reactive Carbonyl Derivatives of Proteins, Malondialdehyde, and Catalase Activity in the Brain of Rats after Therapy Following Chronic Unpredictable Moderate Stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (A) ◽  
pp. 691-698
Author(s):  
Yelena Valerievna Yepifantseva ◽  
Mayra Galimzhanovna Abdrakhmanova ◽  
Yelena Vladimirovna Pozdnyakova ◽  
Polina Sergeyevna Semenikhina ◽  
Ruslan Andreevich Belyayev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Disorders ◽  
Oxidative Metabolism ◽  
Protein Carbonylation ◽  
Carbonyl Derivatives ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Group 1

BACKGROUND: Understanding the mechanisms of the behavioral disorders’ emergence under the influence of chronic stress is the most important aspect of the subsequent development of a strategy for its therapy and prevention. Changes in the oxidative metabolism processes can be decisive in the development of the pathogenetic cascade in the brain. Information about these processes can be obtained by studying protein carbonylation, lipid peroxidation, and catalase activity (CA). The complexity of the therapeutic impact in various behavioral disorders implies the search for new pharmacological substances and the study of the previously known drugs’ effects based on the available scientific data. AIM: The aim of the study was to study the reactive carbonyl derivatives of proteins (RCDP), malondialdehyde (MDA), and CA in the brain of rats after therapy following chronic unpredictable moderate stress (CUMS). METHODS: Forty male outbred rats weighing 450–500 g were used in this study. For 21 days, all animals were exposed to the diverse stress factors for developing the CUMS. The animals were divided into four groups of 10 rats, each using randomized selection. The rats of one group were euthanized by decapitation with subsequent brain harvesting (Group 4). Remaining three groups of rats were treated with placebo (Group 1), harmine hydrochloride (Group 2), and amitriptyline (Group 3) for 21 days. Upon completion of therapy, all rats were also euthanized by decapitation with subsequent brain harvesting. The levels of RCDP, MDA, and CA were studied in their brain, and after that, we compared the multiple studied indicators in four groups. RESULTS: The results of the rat brain examinations in four groups showed that RCDP level in Group 2 was significantly lower than in Group 4 (p = 0.000). Similarly, in Group 1, it was lower than in Group 4 (p = 0.021), plus, it did not differ statistically from the harmine hydrochloride group (p = 1,000). Indicators of Groups 3 and 4 did not have any significant differences in RCDP level, too, (p = 0.799); however, the RCDP level in Group 2 was significantly lower than in Group 3 (p = 0.040). MDA indicators did not show significant differences; however, a tendency for lower values was revealed in Group 1 (p = 0.233) and Group 2 (p = 0.151). CA in Group 4 was lower than that in Group 1 (p = 0.000), Group 2 (p = 0.001), and Group 3 (p = 0.003) contemporaneously, while all treatment groups were comparable (p = 1.000). CONCLUSION: The result of exposure to chronic stress can be reproduced with the best quality in the CUMS model. The neurobiological foundations of the model make it possible to assess biochemical markers of oxidative metabolism and evaluate the possibilities of pharmacological correction of stress-induced behavioral disorders. To assess the mechanisms of autoregulation of oxidative metabolism, this study included a placebo group (Group 1), the level of RCDP in which was significantly higher in comparison with Group 3 and Group 4 and slightly lower than in Group 2. In this study, harmine hydrochloride demonstrated activity exceeding amitriptyline, particularly limiting the process of protein carbonylation, not noted for amitriptyline. According to the results of the RCDP assessment in the CUMS model, the process of protein carbonylation can be considered to be one of the significant factors in the deactivation of neurotransmitters. The CA levels determined in all groups allowed us to consider this marker as the most sensitive to the effects of stress, which possibly has an inhibitory effect on catalase, as its activity in all groups after therapy was more than two-fold higher than in animals right after CUMS. We can assume that CA plays an important role in starting the processes of autoregulation of oxidative metabolism. The study was carried out as a part of the implementation of the scientific and technical program No. BR05236584 “Development of new herbal preparations and their pharmacological and clinical studies” (O.0820). (2018–2020) in the priority area, “Life and Health Sciences.”

scholarly journals Feasibility of imaging epileptic seizure onset with EIT and depth electrodes

NeuroImage ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 311-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Witkowska-Wrobel ◽  
Kirill Aristovich ◽  
Mayo Faulkner ◽  
James Avery ◽  
David Holder
Keyword(s):  
Epileptic Seizure ◽  
Seizure Onset ◽  
Depth Electrodes

scholarly journals PENGARUH PEMBERIAN MAKANAN RENDAH LEMAK TERHADAP MORFOLOGI SEL DAN EKSPRESI RESEPTOR-1 NEUROTENSIN (NTSR-1) PADA MUKOSA USUS TIKUS WISTAR JANTAN

2017 ◽  
pp. 166-169
Author(s):  
Gatot Suparmanto ◽  
Wahyu Dwi Agussafutri
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Intestinal Cells ◽  
Dual Function ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Neurotensin Receptor ◽  
High Feed ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Neurotensin Receptor 1 ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Group 1

ABSTRAK Neurotensin merupakan protein yang memiliki fungsi ganda dan bekerja di otak dan usus sehingga sering disebut sebagai neuropeptida yang berperan sebagai neurtrasmitter saat di otak di otak dan disebut hormon saat berada di gastrointestinal dan bertujuan mengatur gerakan lambung,duodenum dan usus, serta sekresi asam lambung, penyerapan klorida dan air di usus besar, keberadaan neurotensin paling banyak terdapat di jejunoileum yaitu 85% dan neurotensin reseptor-1(NTSR-1) adalah reseptor terbanyak di jejunoileum. Makanan rendah lemak adalah makanan yang memiliki kadar lemak di bawah 25% dan memiliki pengaruh terhadap motilitas usus dan juga otak. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian makanan rendah lemak terhadap morfologi sel dan ekspresi reseptor-1 neurotensin (NTSR-1) di mukosa usus. Tikus wistar jantan berusia 3 bulan berjumlah 20 ekor di bagi kedalam 2 kelompok, Kelompok 1 diberikan makanan rendah lemak AIN 93 M kelompok 2 diberikan pakan tinggi lemak AIN-93G, perlakuan dilakukan selama 30 hari, kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan Imunnohistokimia (IHC) dan pembacaannya menggunakan software IHC reader yang menghitung berdasarkan penyerapan warna pada slide,dan dilakukan pemeriksaan Hemotoxilin Eosin untuk mengetahui morfologi sel di usus Penelitian ini menunjukkan hasil rerata yaitu: kelompok 1 dengan pakan standar yaitu AIN 93M menunjukkan hasil rerata 51,08± 18,13 dengan rentang nilai 6,03-96,14. kelompok 2 dengan pakan AIN 93G didapatkan hasil 107,74± 18,67 dengan rentang nilai 61,34-154,13. Hasil pengamatan IHC pada pewarnaan HE menunjukkan tidak ada perubahan morfologi pada sel usus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan pemberian makanan tinggi lemak (AIN 93 G) dapat memicu sekresi neurotensin lebih tinggi. Makanan rendah lemak (AIN 93 M) tidak memicu sekresi neurotensin dan tidak merubah morfologi sel usus.   Kata kunci: neurotensin, , jejunoileum, imunohistokimia     .ABSTRACT Neurotensin is a protein that has a dual function and work in the brain and the gut so often referred to as neuropeptides that act as neurtrasmitter current in the brain in the brain and is called hormone while in the gastrointestinal and respiratory stomach, duodenum and colon, as well as acid secretion Stomach, chloride and air absorption in the colon, found most neurotensin in jejunoileum ie 85% and neurotensin receptor-1 (NTSR-1) receptors in jejunoileum. Low-fat foods are foods that have a fat content below 25% and have an effect on the motility of the intestine and also the brain.This study aimed to determine the effect of food on the fat and cell morphology and expression of neurotensin receptor-1 (NTSR-1) in the intestinal mucosa. Rats Wistar male aged 3 months to 20 fish inside into two groups, Group 1 was given a low fat diet AIN 93 M group 2 is given high feed fat AIN-93g, this treatment is carried out for 30 days, then examined Imunnohistokimia (IHC) and the reading using IHC reader software that calculates based on the color absorption on the slide, and Hemotoxilin Eosin examination to determine the morphology of cells in the intestin. This study showed that the average results: group 1 with a standard feed that is AIN 93m shows the results mean 51.08 ± 18.13 with a range of values from 6.03 to 96.14. Group 2 with AIN 93G feed result of 107,74 ± 18,67 with value range 61,34-154,13. And the result of IHC observation on HE staining shows no morphological changes in intestinal cells. The results of this study showed that using a high-fat diet (AIN 93 G) could pass the secretion of higher neurotensin. Low-fat foods (AIN 93 M) do not escape neurotensin secretion and can not alter the morphology of intestinal cells.   Keywords: neurotensin ,, jejunoileum, immunohistochemistry

scholarly journals The untrained response of pet dogs to human epileptic seizures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Anthony Powell ◽  
Alastair Ruffell ◽  
Gareth Arnott
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Seizure Onset ◽  
Pet Dogs ◽  
Behavioural Changes ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain and a seriously debilitating condition, which has been associated with injury, social stigmatisation and in some cases, sudden unexpected and premature death. A sense of profound isolation is felt by many individuals with epilepsy, and this community has expressed an urgent desire for an early warning system to allow them time to prepare for seizure onset. Surveys of dog owners with epilepsy have previously reported that some dogs can predict the onset of a seizure. Therefore, the current study investigated the hypothesis that if pet dogs were exposed to seizure-related odours which apparently emanated from their owners, they would respond by demonstrating attention seeking behaviours. This provides the first empirical test of this phenomenon in dogs that have not previously been trained for seizure alerting. This study, therefore, explores the propensity of pet dogs to anticipate and respond to human epileptic seizure onset in a controlled experimental investigation. Using a repeated measures design of experiment, recordings were made of the reactions of 19 untrained pet dogs to odours from sweat samples provided by three people with epilepsy and two people without epilepsy (controls). The sweat samples were from pre-ictal, ictal and post-ictal phases. Odours from the harvested sweat samples were randomly delivered to individual dogs in a test area, using two bespoke pieces of apparatus called Remote Odour Delivery Mechanisms, (RODMs). Behavioural changes by the dogs on encountering the odour samples were recorded by video for later analysis. Consistent with our hypothesis, seizure-associated odours evoked behavioural changes in the dogs, concordant with attention seeking attempts and thereby supporting the view that seizures are accompanied by a distinctive odour.

Antisense Inhibition of Central, But not Peripheral Renin Angiotensin System Decreased Arterial Pressure in Chronic Phase of Two-Kidney, One Clip Hypertensive Rats

Hypertension ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 36 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. 729-729
Author(s):  
Shuntaro Kagiyama ◽  
S M Galli ◽  
M. Ian Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Chronic Hypertension ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Group 1

P198 Introduction: The systemic renin angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in blood pressure (BP) regulation during the development of two-kidney, one clip hypertension (2K1C). Its contributions decrease with time after constriction of the renal artery. During the chronic phase, the peripheral RAS returns to normal, nevertheless for months the hypertension is sustained. We hypothesized that during this phase of 2K1C hypertension, the brain RAS contributes to the maintenance of high BP. Methods: Therefore, we studied in the role of brain RAS by decreasing the synthesis of angiotensinogen (AGT) and angiotensin type 1a receptors (AT1R) with intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ODN). The response of systolic BP (SBP) to AS-ODN to AGT was studied at 6 mo(Group 1) and the response to AS-ODN to AT1R at 10 mo post clipping (Group 2). Each group was divided into AS-ODN, sense or inverted ODN, and saline subgroups. All groups were implanted with ICV cannulae one week before treatment. SBP was monitored by tail cuff method. Plasma and brain angiotensin II (AngII) content was measured by radioimmunoassay in all treated 2K1C groups and in nonclipped rats. Results: The results show that in Group 1, at 6 mo post clipping, the ICV AS-ODN to AGT (200 μg/kg, n=5) significantly decreased SBP(≈−22±6 mmHg, P<0.05)compared to sense ODN and saline group (n=5). The hypothalamic AngII content in sense ODN and saline groups was significantly (P<0.05) higher than in nonclipped rats. AS-ODN to AGT reduced the elevated hypothalamic AngII level. Plasma AngII was significantly decreased in the clipped group (40±12 pg/ml) compared with nonclipped group (75±8 pg/ml). In Group 2, 10 mo post clipping, the ICV injection of AS-ODN to AT1R (250 μg/kg, n=6) significantly decreased SBP(≈−26±8 mmHg, P<0.05) for 3 days post injection, compared to inverted ODN. In contrast, intravenous AS-ODN to AT1R in dose of 250-500 μg/kg did not affect SBP. Conclusion: These results suggest that the brain RAS plays an important role in maintaining the elevated SBP in chronic hypertension phase.

EFFECTS OF SEVERE HEMORRHAGE ON IN VIVO BRAIN AND SMALL INTESTINE MITOCHONDRIAL NADH AND MICROCIRCULATORY BLOOD FLOW

2008 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 177-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIRA M. MANDELBAUM ◽  
EFRAT BARBIRO-MICHAELY ◽  
MICHAEL TOLMASOV ◽  
AVRAHAM MAYEVSKY
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Energy State ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Tissue Blood Flow ◽  
Clinical Environment ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Group 1

Severe body stress induced by hypoxemia and hypotension may lead to total body energy state deterioration. The perfusion of the most vital organs is maintained at the expense of "less vital" organs. In the present study, we used a multi-site multi-parametric (MSMP) monitoring system for real-time evaluation of tissue blood flow (TBF) and mitochondrial NADH fluorescence of the brain and the small intestine following hemorrhage. In Group 1, uncontrolled hemorrhage, mean arterial pressure (MAP) was decreased to 40 mmHg within 2 minutes and shed blood was re-infused after 30 minutes. In Group 2, controlled hemorrhage, during the 30 minutes of hemorrhage, MAP was kept at 40 mmHg. During hemorrhage, in both groups, the intestinal TBF and NADH deteriorated, while the brain remained relatively well protected. In Group 1, all parameters partly recovered within the hemorrhage phase, while in Group 2, complete recovery occurred only after resuscitation. At the end of the experiment, both models showed a decrease in intestinal viability (TBF decreased, NADH increased), while the brain metabolic state in Group 2 declined slightly. Our unique multi-parametric monitoring device demonstrated that, under hemorrhage, the small intestine responded entirely differently from the brain. This may suggest the potential usefulness of the monitoring of less vital organs, as proxy organs, in critical conditions such as massive hemorrhage. The present study also highlights the importance of mitochondrial function monitoring in similar conditions in the clinical environment.

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