Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Rayner ◽  
Kremlin Wickramasinghe ◽  
Julianne Williams ◽  
Karen McColl ◽  
Shanthi Mendis
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Policy Cycle ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Key Concepts

This is a short chapter which describes the aims and the terminology of this book. This introductory chapter explains how the book is structured into five sections and which key concepts are included. It introduces the policy cycle, principles of prevention, and population-level approaches to prevention of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). It is important to recognize that it is neither feasible nor desirable to devote all resources to prevention. This chapter shows that there are considerable areas of overlap and prevention; cure and care can be seen to exist on a continuum of activities that are needed to successfully tackle any disease, including NCDs.

scholarly journals Global REnal Involvement of CORonavirus Disease 2019 (RECORD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Incidence, Risk Factors, and Clinical Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kam Wa Chan ◽  
Kam Yan Yu ◽  
Pak Wing Lee ◽  
Kar Neng Lai ◽  
Sydney Chi-Wai Tang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Renal Involvement ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases

Introduction: The quantitative effect of underlying non-communicable diseases on acute kidney injury (AKI) incidence and the factors affecting the odds of death among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) AKI patients were unclear at population level. This study aimed to assess the association between AKI, mortality, underlying non-communicable diseases, and clinical risk factors.Methods: A systematic search of six databases was performed from January 1, 2020, until October 5, 2020. Peer-reviewed observational studies containing quantitative data on risk factors and incidence of renal manifestations of COVID-19 were included. Location, institution, and time period were matched to avoid duplicated data source. Incidence, prevalence, and odds ratio of outcomes were extracted and pooled by random-effects meta-analysis. History of renal replacement therapy (RRT) and age group were stratified for analysis. Univariable meta-regression models were built using AKI incidence as dependent variable, with underlying comorbidities and clinical presentations at admission as independent variables.Results: Global incidence rates of AKI and RRT in COVID-19 patients were 20.40% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 12.07–28.74] and 2.97% (95% CI = 1.91–4.04), respectively, among patients without RRT history. Patients who developed AKI during hospitalization were associated with 8 times (pooled OR = 9.03, 95% CI = 5.45–14.94) and 16.6 times (pooled OR = 17.58, 95% CI = 10.51–29.38) increased odds of death or being critical. At population level, each percentage increase in the underlying prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and tumor history was associated with 0.82% (95% CI = 0.40–1.24), 0.48% (95% CI = 0.18–0.78), 0.99% (95% CI = 0.18–1.79), and 2.85% (95% CI = 0.93–4.76) increased incidence of AKI across different settings, respectively. Although patients who had a kidney transplant presented with a higher incidence of AKI and RRT, their odds of mortality was lower. A positive trend of increased odds of death among AKI patients against the interval between symptom onset and hospital admission was observed.Conclusion: Underlying prevalence of non-communicable diseases partly explained the heterogeneity in the AKI incidence at population level. Delay in admission after symptom onset could be associated with higher mortality among patients who developed AKI and warrants further research.

scholarly journals Metabolic indicators associated with non-communicable diseases deteriorated in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 outbreak: evidence from a two-center, retrospective, self-controlled study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Xue ◽  
Lizhen Xu ◽  
Yaqian Mao ◽  
Wei Lin ◽  
Jixing Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycosylated Hemoglobin ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Baseline Test

Abstract Background The current double epidemic of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and their vicious circle relationship causes adverse health effects at the population level and, at the same time, places a tremendous burden on the health care system. Our study aimed to investigate whether the metabolic indicators associated with NCDs in the general population have changed during the COVID-19 outbreak. Results We conducted a retrospective self-controlled study enrolling adult participants who received baseline test for metabolic indicators related to NCDs during January 1, 2019 and April 30, 2019 and were followed up on metabolic indicators in the same period in 2020. The follow-up total cholesterol was significantly increased than that of the baseline (4.73 (4.05, 5.46) mmol/L vs 4.71 (4.05, 5.43) mmol/L, p = 0.019; n = 3379). Similar results were observed in triglyceride (1.29 (0.91, 1.88) vs 1.25 (0.87, 1.81) mmol/L, p < 0.001; n = 3381), uric acid (330.0 (272.0, 397.0) vs 327.0 (271.0, 389.0) umol/L, p < 0.001; n = 3364), and glycosylated hemoglobin (6.50 (6.10, 7.30) vs 6.50 (6.10, 7.20) %, p = 0.013; n = 532). No significant difference was observed in low density lipoprotein, body mass index and blood pressure. Conclusions Metabolic indicators associated with non-communicable diseases deteriorated in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 outbreak. We should take action to prevent and control non-communicable diseases without delay.

Adipositasprävention und non-communicable diseases

2012 ◽  
Vol 06 (04) ◽  
pp. 249-251
Author(s):  
M. Braun ◽  
J. Ried
Keyword(s):  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sich Eine ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health Assembly

ZusammenfassungDie 65. World Health Assembly hat die Bekämpfung nicht-übertragbarer Krankheiten in den Mittelpunkt globaler Aufmerksamkeit und Aktivität gerückt. Da Übergewicht bzw. Adipositas wesentliche Risikofaktoren für einen erheblichen Teil dieser Erkrankungen darstellen, kommt damit der Prävention (aber auch der Therapie) erhöhten Körpergewichtes in der Programmatik der WHO besondere Bedeutung zu. Gleichzeitig führen die hochgesteckten Ziele der WHO in das fundamentale Dilemma, dass es keine Instrumente gibt, die angestrebten Prävalenz- und Reduktionsraten im vorgegebenen Zeitrahmen zu erreichen. Daraus ergeben sich eine Reihe ethischer und sozialer Fragen, unter anderem nach dem zu Grunde gelegten Modell der Adipositas und den impliziten und expliziten Verantwortlichkeiten für ihre Bekämpfung.

Health and Physical Activity in Urban Neighbourhoods. Case Study: Shah Alam City, Selangor, Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Oliver Hoon Leh Ling ◽  
Siti Nur Afiqah Mohamed Musthafa ◽  
Muhammad Solahuddin Hamzah ◽  
Marlyana Azyyati Marzukhi ◽  
Nurul Ashikin Mabahwi
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Neighbourhood Environment ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Urban Neighbourhoods

Environmental health is referring to the health of people in relation to environmental quality. Due to rapid urbanisation, more people are living in urban neighbourhoods. Urban planning and design aspects including the neighbourhood environment are potentially affecting the human healthy lifestyle and health condition. Thus, the relationship between Malaysian neighbourhood environmental aspects and human health has become the concern of this research. One of the neighbourhood units in Shah Alam city had been chosen as the study area for this purpose. Questionnaire survey had been carried out to examine the health condition and physical activeness of residents. Besides, the perception of residents on the quality of neighbourhood environmental aspects also had been collected in the questionnaire survey. The health condition of residents was measured by non-communicable diseases (NCD) and the physical activeness was measured in duration as well as the frequency of physical exercise activities. The study found that the quality of neighbourhood environmental aspects significantly increased the physical activeness of respondents. The physical activeness was positively associated with human health as measured in NCD (heart diseases and high blood pressure, HBP). It shows that neighbourhood environmental (physical and social) aspects are potentially affecting the healthy life of people living in the neighbourhood.Keywords: Healthy life, Neighbourhood environment, Non-communicable diseases (NCD), Physical activeness, Quality.

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