Adipositasprävention und non-communicable diseases

2012 ◽  
Vol 06 (04) ◽  
pp. 249-251
Author(s):  
M. Braun ◽  
J. Ried
Keyword(s):  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sich Eine ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health Assembly

ZusammenfassungDie 65. World Health Assembly hat die Bekämpfung nicht-übertragbarer Krankheiten in den Mittelpunkt globaler Aufmerksamkeit und Aktivität gerückt. Da Übergewicht bzw. Adipositas wesentliche Risikofaktoren für einen erheblichen Teil dieser Erkrankungen darstellen, kommt damit der Prävention (aber auch der Therapie) erhöhten Körpergewichtes in der Programmatik der WHO besondere Bedeutung zu. Gleichzeitig führen die hochgesteckten Ziele der WHO in das fundamentale Dilemma, dass es keine Instrumente gibt, die angestrebten Prävalenz- und Reduktionsraten im vorgegebenen Zeitrahmen zu erreichen. Daraus ergeben sich eine Reihe ethischer und sozialer Fragen, unter anderem nach dem zu Grunde gelegten Modell der Adipositas und den impliziten und expliziten Verantwortlichkeiten für ihre Bekämpfung.

Non-Communicable Diseases and Global Health Politics

2019 ◽  
pp. 626-659
Author(s):  
Roger Magnusson
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Response ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Health Politics ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Control

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes, are responsible for around 70 percent of global deaths each year. This chapter describes how NCDs have become prevalent and critically evaluates global efforts to address NCDs and their risk factors, with a particular focus on the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations (UN) system. It explores the factors that have prevented those addressing NCDs from achieving access to resources and a priority commensurate with their impact on people’s lives. The chapter evaluates the global response to NCDs both prior to and since the UN High-Level Meeting on Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases, held in 2011, and considers opportunities for strengthening that response in future.

scholarly journals Physical activity as a global risk factor for non-communicable diseases: time for action, what, why, when, who and how?

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E V Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Risk ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Discussion Paper ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Health Organization

Chronic, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) account for more than two-thirds of global mortality, at least 50% of which is preventable on the basis of modifiable lifestyle behaviours. In the wake of the UN Global Summit on NCDs, the World Health Organization produced a discussion paper that emphasised the need for a global monitoring framework and voluntary global targets for the prevention and control of NCDs.1 The WHO discussion paper presents 10 suggested voluntary targets including the reduction in deaths due to NCDs, cardiovascular disease and diabetes, an overall reduction in blood pressure and obesity, as well as reduced smoking, alcohol and dietary salt intake, increased screening for cervical cancer and the elimination of trans-fats from the food supply. Physical activity is notable by its absence from this critical list of voluntary global targets for preventing and controlling NCDs

scholarly journals Fairness evaluation of health financing between 2007 to 2010 in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guan Wang ◽  
Qing Shen
Keyword(s):  
Health Behavior ◽  
Health System ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Health Financing ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases

Abstract Background: Population aging and the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are increasingly a strain on health systems. The World Health Organization (WHO) uses fairness of health financing as one of the criteria for assessing health system performance. The Chinese government has undertaken a series of health reforms to reduce the pace of disease transition towards non-communicable diseases, as well as protecting people from catastrophic health expenditures. The aim of this study was to assess the fairness of health financing among the elderly with different health conditions in China during the year of 2007 to 2010. Methods: The data source was the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave 1, a national weighted data collected from adults older than 50 years. In this study, 10099 respondents were included for analysis. Chi-square and partial proportional odds model test were applied to assess the distribution of socioeconomic and health behavior factors among different chronic conditions. Fairness of healthcare financing analysis was used to evaluate how the burden of health financing is distributed according to the household ability to pay (ATP). Dominance tests were applied for comparing different ways of health financing among health conditions. Results: More than half of the elderly had at least one chronic condition, and around 20% people suffered from multi-morbidity. Several socioeconomic as well as health behavior factors were found associated with developing NCDs. Out-of-pocket payment dominated other health finance sources in Non-NCD, single morbidity and multi-morbidity groups with a regressive pattern. Even though mandatory insurance had covered more than 70% of the elder population in China, due to the relative lower proportion reimbursement for chronic diseases, people still had to pay a lot for seeking healthcare between 2007 to 2010. Conclusion: When reimbursement for chronic diseases is relatively low, high mandatory insurance coverage does not ensure fairness of health financing. The Chinese health system should be developed further in order to meet the needs of elderly with different chronic conditions.

scholarly journals Indirect cost of non-communicable diseases deaths in the World Health Organization African Region

10.3823/2304 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joses Muthuri Kirigia ◽  
Germano M Mwabu ◽  
James Machoki M'Imunya ◽  
Rosenabi Deborah Karimi Muthuri ◽  
Lenity Honesty Kainyu Nkanata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Total Loss ◽  
Human Capital Approach ◽  
World Health ◽  
African Region ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
The Impact

Background: In 2012, a total of 9 398 809 deaths from all causes occurred in the WHO African Region; out of which 2 788 381 (29.67%) were due to non-communicable diseases (NCD). The objective of this study was to estimate future gross domestic product (GDP) losses associated with NCD deaths in the African Region for use to advocate for increased investments into prevention and management of NCDs. Methods: Human capital approach is used to estimate non-health GDP losses associated with NCD deaths. Future non-health GDP losses were discounted at 3%. The analysis was done for three income groups of countries and six age groups. One-way sensitivity analysis at 5% and 10% discount rates was undertaken to assess the impact on expected non-health GDP loss estimates.Results: The 2 788 381 NCD deaths that occurred in the African Region in 2012 are estimated to have resulted in a total discounted GDP loss of Int$ 61 302 450 005. Out of that total loss, 20.36% was borne by those aged 0-4 years; 12.76% by 5-14 years; 16.64% by 15-29 years; 44.93% by 30-59 years; 2.99% by 60-69 years; and 2.33% by those aged 70 years and above. Thus, those aged between 15 and 59 years bore 61.57% of the GDP losses.Approximately 47.4%, 33.1% and 19.5% of the total loss was borne by high and upper middle-, lower middle- and low-income countries respectively. The average total non-health GDP loss was Int$ 21 985 per NCD death. The average non-health GDP lost per NCD death was Int$ 54 534 for Group 1, Int$ 21 492 for Group 2 and Int$ 9 096 for Group 3. Conclusion: Premature NCD deaths are associated with substantive GDP losses in countries of the African Region. Therefore, unless African countries and their development partners bolster their investments to assure universal population coverage of cost-effective promotive, preventive and management interventions for NCDs, prospects of achieving the United Nations General Assembly Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) might be greatly undermined in Africa.Key words: Non-communicable diseases, non-health GDP loss, NCD prevention and management, human capital approach

Infection and immunity

2012 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
The World ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
Global Status

A key outcome in medical education is the training of doctors to acquire the knowledge and understanding of the basic science that underpins clinical practice. The graduate will be able to apply to medical practice biomedical scientific principles, method and knowledge relating to: anatomy, biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, immunology, microbiology, molecular biology, nutrition, pathology, pharmacology and physiology .’ (Tomorrow’s Doctors 2009, GMC, UK). In this, the last of the themed chapters of questions that map to the Oxford Handbook of Medical Sciences, we will test knowledge of infectious diseases and the host immune responses that counteract them. Despite the shift of the world health problem to non-communicable diseases in recent times (Global status report on non-communicable diseases 2010, World Health Organization), infectious diseases remain a major health problem in many parts of the world. Even in developed countries, epidemics and outbreaks of infections are not infrequent events, pandemics sporadically crop up at the least expected times. In addition, microorganisms constantly evolve to escape the host immune response and to develop resistance to treatments that have been developed. Therefore, we have no choice but to keep up our knowledge and to develop new treatments.

scholarly journals Integrated care of chronic degenerative non-communicable diseases and rehabilitation: the odd couple?

2017 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Balbi ◽  
Claudio Marcassa ◽  
Fabrizio Pisani ◽  
Giacomo Corica ◽  
Antonio Spanevello
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Integrated Care ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
Health Organization

Chronic degenerative non-communicable diseases affecting different organs and systems are considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the emergent epidemic in the third millennium...

scholarly journals The process of prioritization of non-communicable diseases in the global health policy arena

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 370-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Heller ◽  
Claire Somerville ◽  
L Suzanne Suggs ◽  
Sarah Lachat ◽  
Julianne Piper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Policy Community ◽  
Political Priority

Abstract Although non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, the global policy response has not been commensurate with their health, economic and social burden. This study examined factors facilitating and hampering the prioritization of NCDs on the United Nations (UN) health agenda. Shiffman and Smith’s (Generation of political priority for global health initiatives: a framework and case study of maternal mortality. The Lancet 370: 1370–9.) political priority framework served as a structure for analysis of a review of NCD policy documents identified through the World Health Organization’s (WHO) NCD Global Action Plan 2013–20, and complemented by 11 semi-structured interviews with key informants from different sectors. The results show that a cohesive policy community exists, and leaders are present, however, actor power does not extend beyond the health sector and the role of guiding institutions and civil society have only recently gained momentum. The framing of NCDs as four risk factors and four diseases does not necessarily resonate with experts from the larger policy community, but the economic argument seems to have enabled some traction to be gained. While many policy windows have occurred, their impact has been limited by the institutional constraints of the WHO. Credible indicators and effective interventions exist, but their applicability globally, especially in low- and middle-income countries, is questionable. To be effective, the NCD movement needs to expand beyond global health experts, foster civil society and develop a broader and more inclusive global governance structure. Applying the Shiffman and Smith framework for NCDs enabled different elements of how NCDs were able to get on the UN policy agenda to be disentangled. Much work has been done to frame the challenges and solutions, but implementation processes and their applicability remain challenging globally. NCD responses need to be adapted to local contexts, focus sufficiently on both prevention and management of disease, and have a stronger global governance structure.

scholarly journals Prevalence of risk factors of non-communicable diseases among rural population of Bidar

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 2681
Author(s):  
Mahesh B. Tondare ◽  
Naveenkumar G. Havale ◽  
Rahul C. Bedre ◽  
Pallavi Kesari
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Status Report ◽  
Socioeconomic Class ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Unskilled Workers

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) global status report on NCDs in 2010 showed that NCDs are the highest leading cause of death over the developed and developing countries. More than 36 million people died from NCDs in 2008 from cardiovascular diseases (48%), cancers (21%), chronic respiratory diseases (12%), and diabetes (3%). Methods: The present study carried out among 2957 rural population in rural field practice area of department of community medicine. Using the WHO STEPS approach, information on risk factors of non-communicable diseases (NCD) like socio demographic, behavioural, physiological and physical measurements were obtained through standardized protocol. Results: Among the 2957 people studied 48.6% were in age group of 15–35 years. 68.1% were having education below secondary/higher secondary. 47.2% belonged to lower middle and 39.6% belonged to lower socioeconomic class. 44.8% of them were either farmers or labour/ unskilled workers. In the studied population 29.93% were currently using tobacco either in the form of chewing or smoking, among these 98.42% were males. 27.29% were currently consuming alcohol, of these males comprised 97.77%. Among the studied population 13.3% were hypertensive and 3.42% were diabetics. Conclusions: In this study majority belonged to lower middle or lower socioeconomic class, with occupation as either farmer or labour/ unskilled workers. Among those who consumed tobacco and alcohol as risk factors for NCD, majority were males. The prevalence of hypertension was more compared to diabetes. 

scholarly journals Theoretical grounds for assessing health risks factors caused by self-isolation

2021 ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
O.V. Mitrokhin ◽  
◽  
N.A. Ermakova ◽  
E.V. Belova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Risk Factors ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Theoretical Substantiation ◽  
Isolation Index

Billions of people had to face self-isolation for several months due to COVID-19 pandemic; given that, it seems quite vital to provide theoretical grounds for sanitary-hygienic health risk assessment. Our research objects were people who had to self-isolate during CIVID-19 pandemic. In our research we provided theoretical substantiation for priority health risk factors determined by hypodynamia, hypoxia, improper nutrition, distorted work and leisure regime, and psychoemotional strain. These factors can result in growing morbidity with non-communicable diseases among population. Our research goal was to give theoretical grounds for sanitary-hygienic assessment of health risk factors caused by self-isolation, to reveal priority health risk factors causing morbidity with non-communicable diseases, and to give recommendations on how to prevent it. We applied analytical, information, and statistical procedures in our research. Data were obtained from regulatory and legal documents on sanitary-hygienic standardization in the Russian Federation, specifically, data on nutrition hygiene, occupational hygiene, children and teenagers hygiene, etc.; we also revised scientific works published by Russian and foreign authors and analyzed documents issued by the World Health Organization as well as by public healthcare authorities in different countries during COVID-19 pandemic. When developing theoretical grounds for sanitary-hygienic assessment of health risk factors causing morbidity with non-communicable diseases due to self-isolation, we determined priority risk factors and suggested certain hygienic criteria for assessing self-isolation. We provided theoretical substantiation for a suggested hygienic self-isolation index and its score estimate. The existing system for sanitary-hygienic standardization in the RF fixes requirements for nutrition, work, and leisure regime as well as people’s physical activity; it was applied for performing hygienic assessment of self-isolation and self-isolation index score estimates. We suggested certain activities aimed at minimizing health risks under self-isolation; these activities were based on sanitary-hygienic standards. Since hypodynamia and hypoxia are primary sanitary-hygienic health risk factors, we suggest sticking to adequate nutrition with optimal energy capacity, proper physical activity, as well as proper work and leisure regimes.

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